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The objective of this study was to determine whether increasing levels of dietary safflower oil would alter unsaturated fat (especially CLA) and tocopherol content of lamb, animal performance, carcass characteristics, or color stability of lamb muscle tissue. Targhee x Rambouillet wethers (n = 60) were assigned to one of three diets (four pens per treatment with five lambs per pen) in a completely random design. Diets were formulated with supplemental safflower oil at 0 (control), 3, or 6% (as-fed basis) of the diet. Diets containing approximately 80% concentrate and 20% roughage were formulated, on a DM basis, to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and to meet or exceed NRC requirements for Ca, P, and other nutrients. A subsample of 12 wethers per treatment was selected based on average BW (54 kg) and slaughtered. Carcass data (LM area, fat thickness, and internal fat content) and wholesale cut weight (leg, loin, rack, shoulder, breast, and foreshank), along with fatty acid, tocopherol, and color analysis, were determined on each carcass. The LM and infraspinatus were sampled for fatty acid profile. Increasing safflower oil supplementation from 0 to 3 or 6% increased the proportion of linoleic acid in the diet from 49.93 to 55.32 to 62.38%, respectively, whereas the percentage of oleic acid decreased from 27.94 to 23.80 to 20.73%, respectively. The percentage of oil in the diet did not (P > or = 0.11) alter the growth and carcass characteristics of lambs, nor did it alter the tocopherol content or color stability of meat. Increasing levels of safflower oil in lamb diets decreased (P < 0.01) the weight percentage of oleic acid in the infraspinatus and LM, and increased linoleic acid (P < 0.01). Oil supplementation increased (P < 0.01) the weight percentage of various isomers of CLA in muscle, with the greatest change in the cis-9,trans-11 isomer. Supplementation of sheep diets with safflower oil, up to 6% of the diet, resulted in increasing levels of unsaturated fatty acids and CLA in the lean tissue, without adversely affecting growth performance, carcass characteristics, or color stability of lamb.

The number of irrigated hectares in eastern Montana and western North Dakota continues to increase and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) producers are converting from flood to sprinkler irrigation. This study provides needed information on the relative yield and quality of sugarbeet under furrow-flood irrigation and low-pressure sprinkler irrigation. Sugarbeet was planted in a field with flood and sprinkler irrigation capability. Half of the planted area was irrigated using furrow flood irrigation and half was irrigated using a low-pressure overhead linear sprinkler system. Ground water was sampled during the growing season under both irrigation systems and analyzed for nitrate-N concentration. Nitrate-N concentration of irrigation water and run-off water was also measured. The type of irrigation did not affect stand, sucrose concentration, or root yield. Sodium (Na), potassium (K) and amino-N concentrations were significantly greater under sprinkler irrigation than under flood irrigation. Because of higher impurities, sugarbeet produced under sprinkler irrigation had greater sucrose loss to molasses (SLM) and lower extraction than sugarbeet produced under flood irrigation. Greater nitrate-N concentration was detected in ground water under flood irrigation than under sprinkler irrigation, and nitrate-N was detected in run-off water from flood irrigation. These data indicate that more leaching and run-off of available N occurs in a flood irrigation system than in a sprinkler irrigation system and that sprinkler irrigated sugarbeet probably needs less applied N than flood-irrigated sugarbeet because of reduced N losses to leaching and run-off.

Fifty wether lambs were used in a 48-day finishing study to evaluate the effects of feeding diets high in linoleic acid on animal performance, carcass characteristics and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of muscle and fat tissue. Lambs were fed either a safflower supplemented diet containing 6% oil from safflower seeds or a control diet containing no added oil. Morlin safflower seeds, containing 37% oil with 79% linoleic acid, were utilized. Lambs fed the safflower supplemented diet had greater (P=0.04) ADG than those fed the control diet (0.29±0.01 kg per day versus 0.25±0.01 kg per day, respectively). Gain to feed ratio was greater (P=0.02) for lambs fed the safflower than control diet (14.8±0.54 kg/100 kg of feed versus 12.7±0.54 kg/100 kg of feed, respectively). Dressing percent, internal fat weight and longissimus muscle area did not differ (P>0.30) between lambs fed safflower or control diets. However, back fat thickness tended to be greater (P=0.17) for the lambs fed safflower diet (4.03±0.48 mm versus 3.03±0.48 mm, for safflower versus control lambs, respectively). Fat content of muscle tissue was greater (P=0.02) in safflower supplemented lambs (4.3±0.23 g/100 g muscle tissue versus 3.4±0.23 g/100 g muscle tissue for safflower versus control lambs, respectively). Safflower supplemented lambs had 2.3 percentage units lower (P=0.004) oleic acid (C18:1), 2.6 percentage units higher (P

Study 1, pregnant crossbred, first-calf heifers (n = 149; BW 493.8 ± 6.3) received gestation diets: control (CON), or added safflower seeds (SAFF), raw soybeans (SOY), or sunflower seeds (SUN). Diets were formulated isocaloric-isonitrogenous, contained 2.4, 4.7, 3.8, or 5.1% fat, and were fed for the last 65.3 ± 4.6 d precalving. Supplemental fat feeding was terminated at calving. Diet effects on dam BW or condition scores and calf birth BW, calving difficulty, and dam estrous cyclicity were generally nonsignificant (P>0.10). Fat-supplemented dams had greater pregnancy rates (P

Germplasm evaluation of ex situ collections is needed to document collection characteristics, enhance utilization, and to determine collection needs. The objectives of this study were to (1) provide oil and meal evaluation information for a major portion of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) collection, (2) compare ranges, variances and means between 203 core and 797 non-core accessions, and (3) determine if region of origin could be differentiated based on accession oil and meal characteristics. Means of the core and non-core accessions differed for % oil, palmitic acid, stearic acid, α-tocopherols, and phenolic glucosides (both bitter and cathartic) (P

Previous studies have suggested that tyrosinaemia type I may be associated with reduced glutathione availability due to conjugation of tyrosinaemia-associated reactive intermediates with glutathione. In the present study, the glutathione/ glutathione S-transferase system of two tyrosinaemia patients and three healthy controls were characterized by administering the racemic sedative drug bromisoval, a probe drug for assessing glutathione conjugation activity in vivo. Furthermore, concentrations of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase class alpha (GSTA) isoenzymes as well as the glutathione S-transferase class mu phenotype were assessed in the blood of six tyrosinaemia patients. The excretion of bromisoval mercapturates in healthy children was comparable to that observed in healthy adults. Tyrosinaemia patients were found to have a very high urinary recovery of bromisoval mercapturates (> or = 60% of the dose compared to about 30% for healthy, age-matched children and adults), which could be attributed mainly to a higher urinary excretion of the mercapturate derived from S-bromisoval. Healthy children and adults predominantly excrete the (R)-bromisoval mercapturate. The differences in amount excreted as well as in stereoselectivity of the urinary excretion of bromisoval mercapturates in tyrosinaemia patients are possibly related to an increased activity of specific glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes. Plasma glutathione and blood cell glutathione disulphide concentrations in tyrosinaemia patients were normal. Low blood cell glutathione concentrations were in general found only in two patients with a poor clinical condition. These results indicate that, in contrast to previous suggestions, reduced glutathione availability is not a generalized problem in (stabilized) tyrosinaemia patients.

Irrigated sugarbeet growers traditionally overseed their crop to assure adequate stands, then hand thin to a final population. The extra seed and hand labor costs may possibly be eliminated. The objective of this study was to determine optimum seed spacing for the greatest sucrose production in nonthinned sugarbeet. AC-102' sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) was planted at 10-, 15-, 19-, and 23-cm intrarow seed spacings for 4 yr in Sidney, MT, to determine optimum seed spacing for greatest sucrose production of nonthinned sugarbeet. The fall ridging/spring deridging system was used to assure sufficient moisture for emergence (...)

Prepubertal F1 heifers (n = 246; from crossbred dams bred to either Hereford [H], Limousin [L], or Piedmontese [P] sires) were fed 1.9% (LF) or 4.4% (HF) dietary fat from 254+/-4 d of age until they reached puberty or the breeding season started. Safflower seeds (37% oil with 79% linoleic acid) were the added fat source. Blood samples and backfat thickness measurements were obtained from 60 randomly selected heifers representing the sire breeds and diets studied. In addition, five H-sired heifers from both diets were serially bled at 28-d intervals. Total gain, ADG, body condition score, and backfat thickness were affected by sire breed (P0.001) but not diet. Backfat thickness was affected (P0.01) by the diet x time on feed interaction. Diet did not affect pubertal age (P0.10) but tended (P = 0.08) to affect the percentage of heifers pubertal by the beginning of breeding (June 4). Sire breed effects on puberty age at beginning of breeding, percentage pubertal at the beginning of breeding, and puberty age during the entire study were all highly significant. The effect of the diet x sire breed interaction on percentage of heifers pubertal at beginning of breeding (P0.05) was 74.4 vs 76.3% in H-sired, 69.8 vs 60.5% in L-sired, and 76.2 vs 97.6% in P-sired heifers (LF vs HF, respectively). Number of AI services per pregnancy and final pregnancy percentage were not affected by diet or the diet x sire breed interaction. Diet affected progesterone (P0.05) and cholesterol (P0.001) concentrations, and sire breed tended to affect (P = 0.06) cholesterol concentrations. The effect of the diet x time on feed interaction on cholesterol concentrations was highly significant. There were no effects of diet or sample period on insulin or growth hormone concentrations in serially collected blood samples. We conclude that effects of supplemental dietary fat may be breed-dependent and hypothesize that a feeding period of approximately 60 d duration may be more appropriate than the 162 d used in this study.

Effects of prepartum fat supplementa- tion of the dam on cold tolerance of calves were determined in two studies. In Exp. 1, 22 F1, crossbred heifers gestating F2 calves received diets containing either 1.7 or 4.7% dietary fat starting at d 230 ± 2do f gestation. Safflower seeds ( Carthamus tinctorius) containing 37% oil with 79% linoleic acid were the supplemental fat source in isocaloric-isonitrogenous diets. Calves were separated from their dams at birth, fed pooled dairy-cow colostrum, muzzled to prevent sucking, and returned to their dams in a heated (22°C) barn for 3.5 h. At 4 h of age, a jugular catheter was inserted. At 5 h of age, calves were placed in a 0°C room for 140 min and rectal temperatures and blood samples were obtained at 10- and 20-min intervals. Blood was assayed for glucose, cortisol, and cholesterol. In Exp. 2, 18 multiparous, crossbred beef cows bred to Murray Grey sires were randomly assigned to receive diets containing either 1.7 or 3.1% dietary fat starting at 235 ± 2 d gestation. Safflower seeds were used as the supplemental fat source in isocaloric-isonitrogenous diets. At d 260 of gestation, premature parturition was induced in one-half of the cows from each diet group by feeding Ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa) needles. Experimental protocols were the same as in Exp. 1, except that cold exposure was at 9°C for 200 min. Rectal temperatures were affected in Exp. 1 by time and diet × time (both P < .01) and diet × calf sex ( P < .05) and in Exp. 2 by calf age ( P < .05), time, and calf age × time (both P < .01). Plasma cortisol concentrations were affected by time ( P < .01) and calf sex × time ( P < .05) in Exp. 1 and by time ( P < .01) in Exp. 2. Cholesterol concentrations in Exp. 1 were affected by diet × time ( P < .05) and in Exp. 2 by time ( P < .05). Plasma glucose concentra- tions were affected in Exp. 1 by diet ( P < .05) and in Exp. 2 by calf age, time, and calf age × time (all P < .01). We conclude from Exp. 1 that feeding heifers supplemental fat during late gestation increased glucose concentrations in the newborn calf, resulting in favorable responses in body temperature in the cold-stressed newborns. This increase in substrate availability suggests a potential positive effect on heat generation in newborns during sustained periods of cold stress. In Exp. 2, premature calves had com- promised cold tolerance possibly due to impaired shivering or brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.

Effects of feeding pregnant dams supplemental dietary fat during the last 55 d of gestation on cold tolerance of newborn crossbred calves with (Piedmontese cross, P, n = 15) or without (Hereford cross, H, n = 16) the muscle hypertrophy allele was determined. Primiparous F1 dams gestating F2 calves of the respective breeds were assigned randomly within breed to receive gestation diets containing either 2.2 (Low Fat; LF) or 5.1% fat (High Fat; HF). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds containing 37% oil with 79% linoleic acid were the supplemental fat source in diets formulated to be isocaloric-isonitrogenous. At parturition, calves were separated from their dams, fed 38 degrees C pooled dairy cow colostrum (30 mL/kg BW), muzzled to prevent suckling, and returned to their dams in a heated (22 degrees C) room for 3.5 h. At 4 h of age (birth = 0 h), a catheter was inserted into the jugular vein. At 5 h of age, calves were placed in a 0 degrees C room for 140 min, and rectal temperatures and blood samples were obtained at 10- and 20-min intervals. Blood was assayed for cortisol and glucose. Rectal temperature was affected by diet (P

Le but de cette etude est de determiner l'importance de la maladie causee par Alternaria spp. sur Carthamus tinctorius et d'etudier son developpement en champ