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Alumina (Al2O3) is an advanced ceramic material developed for different applications as refractories, precision tools, pacemaker, etc. Solid state sintering of alumina or matrix ceramic composites (CMCs) compacts starts from powders. Once method to produce high quality aluminum oxide powders is the sol-gel technique. Alumina begins as pseudo-crystallized aluminum hydroxide gel which is produced under moderate reaction conditions trough a colloidal suspension. In this work, Al2O3 powder was produced by precipitation of pseudoboehmite (PB) through sol-gel process. Subsequently, a mixture of Al2O3/SiC powders with 5 wt.% of SiC as reinforcement was produced. This mixture was used to manufacture green compacts by uniaxial pressing at 440 MPa. Afterward, some samples were applied a heat treatment (pre-sintered) at 1200°C for 6 h in air. Sintering was carried out in a vertical dilatometer Linseis L75 V up to 1500°C for 2h under argon atmosphere. Pseudobohemite, alumina powders and Al2O3/SiC composites were characterized through X-ray diffraction technique and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Dilatometric shrinkage data into densification curves obtained were analyzed. Images obtained with SEM showed a uniform Al2O3 powder morphology of submicron size, otherwise Al2O3/SiC composite images showed the interaction of the reinforcement particles on the ceramic matrix. Experimental results demonstrated the pre-sintering reduce the decomposition of SiC particles on the compact surface. This behavior was attributed to formation of SiO2 around the reinforcement particle due it act as protective barrier.

Lanthanum aluminate-lanthanum zirconate composite was synthesized by using coprecipitation and powders were dried by spray-drying. Pseudoboehmite was used as a precursor of lanthanum aluminate during the precipitation process. Highly crystalline phases were obtained. Lanthanum zirconate exhibits a pyrochlore structure at lower synthesis temperature (>1500°C). Due drying technique lanthanum aluminate particles appear surrounded by lanthanum zirconate. No other remaining phases were observed and the phase distribution in the composite was homogeneous.

This paper discusses the development of a coating made of solid waste and residual biomass and its application as ecological solar absorber coating. This absorbent solar coating is made with a binder that consists of essential grapefruit rind oil and expanded polystyrene, both obtained from waste materials, as well as forest biomass soot (FBS) processed by mechanical grinding and used as a functional photothermal material. This mixture produces a paint that can be applied to metallic substrates to form a solar energy-absorbing surface. The characterization and evaluation is shown in three steps: (a) Characterization of the materials using XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and IR; (b) coating evaluation using AFM, optical characterization to measure solar absorption, TG to determine the operating temperature and laser flash analysis to determine thermal conductivity; and (c) a testing with thermosolar technology to determine the thermal parameters of solar cookers. It has been identified that the pseudo-amorphous carbon in FBS has solar energy absorption capacity due to the sp2-sp3 bonds present in this kind of carbon, associated with the material’s graphitic domain. Also, results show that the coating can be used with thermosolar technologies operating above 250 °C with a solar absorption index above 96%, and it has thermally-efficient properties. In addition, the coating, it shows better results with solar cookers than other coatings used with this technology, increasing cooking power, so it can potentially be employed with various thermosolar technologies due to the replicability of its materials, its low environmental impact and low economic cost.

In this work, multiple-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were purified with an acid treatment and subsequently dispersed using commercial surfactants, such as amino trimethyl phosphonic acid and nonyl...

In this work, MWCNTs were dispersed using the Hamelia patens plant extract and then decorated with AgNPs synthesized with the same aqueous extract as a reducing agent. The UV–Vis technique evaluates the products as a catalyst in the degradation of methylene blue dye during four repetition cycles. SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–Vis studied the products' size, structure, and morphology. SEM studies show MWCNTs successfully dispersed employing the stabilizing agents present in the Hamelia patens aqueous extract. Also, SEM and UV–Vis studies showed synthesized AgNPs and homogeneously dispersed on MWCNTs using Hamelia patens aqueous extract. XRD studies identified the mixture of Ag-cubic and C-hexagonal phases. At the same time, Raman spectroscopy determines MWCNTs structural defects caused by the AgNPs decoration. TEM illustrates AgNPs decorated on the MWCNTs surface with two average particle sizes attributed to Ostwald ripening. MWCNTs with smaller diameters are better decorated than those with larger diameters. HRTEM images illustrated that smaller AgNPs cause better surface decoration regardless of MWCNTs diameter. The CV technique shows that the MWCNTs decoration substantially improves the transport of electrons in the material. Finally, the AgNPs/MWCNTs showed a degradation efficiency of 86% for methylene blue in the first cycle and 44% after four cycles.

In this work, the Al-10Mg nanostructured alloy was synthesized by high-energy mechanical milling. Subsequently, the powders consolidated under a uniaxial pressing in the air. The as milled powders were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). SEM and XRD also characterized the sintered samples. Vickers microhardness of sintered Al-10Mg alloy was measured. SEM, XRD, and TEM characterizations show that the Al-10Mg alloy was synthesized after 10 h milling. The X-ray powder analysis of the structural parameters showed the increment with the time of the lattice parameter, strain as well as the solubility of Mg in Al. Besides, XRD and TEM studies showed that the crystallite size was reaching an average value of 19 nm after 10 h milling. XRD patterns of the all sintered specimens show the formation of the MgAl2O4 spinel phase. After powders compaction, the specimen sintered at 420?C for 2 h shows microhardness of 125 HV.

This study presents a prospective study for the potential exploitation of pelagic Sargassum spp. as a solid biofuel energy source. It was carried out in three stages. First we conducted a morphological, physical-chemical, and structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (DRX), respectively. Second we evaluated the material&rsquo, s functional properties as a solid biofuel based on its calorific value and the quantification of polymeric components like hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, as well as thermogravimetric and differential analysis to study the kinetics of its pyrolysis and determine parameters like activation energy (Ea), reaction order (n), and the pre-exponential factor (Z). Third we analyzed the energetic potential considering the estimated volume of pelagic Sargassum spp. that was removed from beaches along the Mexican Caribbean coast in recent years. Results of the kinetic study indicate that Sargassum spp. has an enormous potential for use as a complement to other bioenergy sources. Other results show the high potential for exploiting these algae as an energy source due to the huge volumes that have inundated Caribbean, West African, and northern Brazil shorelines in recent years. As a solid biofuel, Sargassum spp. has a potential energy the order of 0.203 gigajoules (GJ)/m3. In the energy matrix of the residential sector in Mexico, its potential use as an energy source is comparable to the national consumption of firewood. The volume of beachcast Sargassum spp. that was removed from ~8 km of coastline around Puerto Morelos, Mexico in 2018&ndash, 2019, could have generated over 40 terajoules/year of solid biofuel.

In the present work, Y4Zr3O12 bulk ceramics doped with Yb3+ and Pr3+ were characterized to assess their structural, mechanical, thermal and optical properties. Specimens were synthesized by the polymerizable complex method and sintered as pellets at 1550 °C for 2 h. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers-indentation method, thermodilatometry, laser flash method, diffuse reflectance and luminescence spectroscopies. All compositions exhibit cubic like-fluorite structure, low thermal conductivity, moderate fracture toughness and thermal expansion coefficient values comparable to those of other yttria-stabilized zirconias. Regarding the optical properties, diffuse reflectance spectra support the oxidation of praseodymium from Pr3+ to Pr4+ in the Pr-doped specimens. When irradiated under an IR laser (975 nm), only the pellet containing Yb3+ showed white light emission at low and room pressures, but not the undoped, and those pellets doped or codoped with Pr. These results demonstrate that it is possible to produce white light not only in nanostructured systems but also in bulk ceramic oxides, and that the introduction of additional electronic states within the band gap of the host associated with the Pr, inhibits the generation of the white light.

This paper reports on an investigation into the thermally stimulated luminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) characteristics of novel luminescent phosphor. A new Pr3+-doped, lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3)-based luminescent phosphor is developed. Samples of LaAlO3:Pr3+ were irradiated to beta doses, in air, from 0.1Gy up to 50Gy and then were analyzed using both TL and continuous wavelength OSL (CW-OSL) techniques to determine their luminescent characteristics. This phosphor shows a TL glow curve, after its irradiation to beta radiation, with two TL peaks: one located around 160°C and a second at 300°C. CW-OSL response presented a fast decay into the first 20s of blue light stimulation. TL and CW-OSL response as a function of beta radiation dose were linear in the studied dose range. The high sensitivity of the CW-OSL and TL response will make this phosphor suitable for beta radiation detection. Finally, the kinetic parameters of activation energy, frequency factor and kinetic order were analyzed in the TL response using computerized glow curve deconvolution based on general order kinetic model.

Thermally and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) are known stimulated phenomena in condensed matter that can be used for luminescent material characterization. Both thermally and optically processes have become a successful practical tool in radiation dosimetry. Special attention is dedicated to bioceramic as a material of choice for many dosimetric applications. This paper reports experimental results of dysprosium trivalent ion doped lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3:Dy3+) using thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques. Samples of LaAlO3:Dy3+ were irradiated to beta doses, in air, from 1.6 Gy up to 26 Gy and then were analyzed using both TL and OSL techniques to determine their luminescent properties. Nanostructured powders were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction technique. Luminescent phosphors show a thermoluminescent glow curve obtained being exposed beta radiation of two peaks: one located at around 160 °C and the second one at 215 °C. Meanwhile, OSL decay is exponential form. TL and OSL response as a function beta radiation dose was linear in the studied dose interval (from 1.6 Gy up to 26 Gy). The very good sensitivity and moderate fading will make this phosphor suitable for beta radiation detection, using both TL and OSL techniques.

A series of highly-active catalysts were obtained from the same precursor and calcined at different temperatures to generate single-phase anatase and anatase-rutile composite powders. Performance of the catalysts was compared with the P25 reference and assessed through the measurement of the optical properties of the materials and calculation of the efficiency of the photodegradation of a multifunctional dye, acid blue 9. X-ray diffraction, porosimetry, UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies were used to analyze the physico-chemical properties of the catalysts and to test their stability under reaction conditions. Through the calculation of the reaction rate and total organic carbon (TOC) observables as well as the apparent and true quantum efficiency parameters we analyzed quantitatively the performance of the materials. We observe that a high surface area anatase sample showed optimum activity and adequate selectivity towards full mineralization. The catalysts were subjected to sedimentation and recycling experiments and the catalytic performance compared on the basis of the true quantum efficiency. The use of this last parameter leads to different conclusions than those supported by an analysis based in the kinetic constant, reaction rate or apparent quantum efficiency. The high quantum efficiency and easy recovery after repeated experiments shown by the catalysts were interpreted on the basis of the characterization results.

In this work, we present a unique crystal growth synthesis of χ-Al2O3 accompanied with α-Cr:Al2O3 at room temperature. Raman spectroscopy and additions of Cr2O3 are key to identifying α-Cr:Al2O3 in trace amounts by the room temperature synthesis of ruby (α-Cr:Al2O3). The presence of this phase is further confirmed with HRTEM. The raw materials are pseudoboehmite and Cr2O3 that are treated mechano-chemically for the successful synthesis of ruby and χ-Al2O3. A thermal analysis approach is provided to explain the significant temperature reduction for the complete transformation to α-Cr:Al2O3 during annealing. The α-Cr:Al2O3 synthesized at room temperature acts as the seed or hetero site for nucleation and is responsible for a temperature drop of approximately 200 °C (up to 867 °C). This material is ideal for optics, photonics, defense, energy storage and harvesting, among other strategic applications.

The present study shows a solar air heating system, made up of a thermal accumulator of limestone and gravel, as well as aggregates of soot from forest biomass as a photothermal material for solar absorption. This research is divided into three stages: (a) the construction of the solar air heating system with soot-gravel-limestone composite materials (b) the optothermal characterization of the system: using UV–VIS-NIR spectrophotometry to estimate solar absorptivity, scanning electron microscopy to analyze the morphology of materials, thermographic analysis, and experimental evaluation with solar irradiance to determine the thermal efficiency and to carry out an exergy analysis (c) the development of a mathematical model to infer the behavior of the system, allowing the theoretical variation of the materials and properties involved to optimize the construction and characterization process. The results show that soot, as a photothermic material, increases the solar absorption capacity of thermal accumulators of gravel and limestone above 90%, and contributes to reaching maximum accumulated temperatures above 60℃. In this system, the cooling curve is slow and the temperature gradient at the end of the solar day exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 15 °C. The mathematical model is functional and had an approximate error of 4% with respect to the experimental analysis. This proposal with low environmental impact and low cost materials has favorable photothermic properties for its implementation in more complex solar thermal technologies.

This work presents an alternative method to prepare rare-earth doped lanthanum aluminates materials for thermoluminescent (TL) dosimetry applications. Modified Pechini´s method was using to prepare praseodymium doped LaAlO 3 powders. LaAlO 3 :Pr 3+ powders were prepared using La(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O, Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O, Pr(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O, citric acid, and ethylene glycol. The solution was heated to 80 °C for its polyesterification reaction. The obtained powders were submitted at different thermal treatment from 700 up to 1600 °C. The structural and morphological characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy techniques. TL glow curves of the X-ray irradiated samples showed one peak for europium and praseodymium dopants, meanwhile for powders doped with dysprosium ion showed two peaks. The technique is low cost, faster and it produces homogeneous particles can be used as thermoluminescent phosphors.

Thermoluminescent (TL) response of trivalent praseodymium ion doped lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3:Pr3+) obtained by Pechini method and Spray Dryer was studied. TL response of LaAlO3:Pr3+ powders submitted at 1600 °C exhibited one peak centered at 157 °C. Sensitivity of LaAlO3:Pr3+ was improved in around 90 times compared with undoped LaAlO3. TL response as a function of wavelength showed a maximum in 230 nm. Dosimetric characteristics of LaAlO3:Pr3+ under UVR radiation effects were analyzed. Evaluation of activation energy was obtained by Glow Fit v.1.3 software. Experimental results about thermoluminescent characteristics of LaAlO3:Pr3+ suggest as good candidate to be employed as a complementary thermoluminescent device with other TL phosphors as aluminum oxide

Pseudo-boehmite is the best precursor during synthesis of gamma alumina, because only the removal of water by calcination at about 447 °C is required. The control of operating variables during synthesis of pseudo-boehmite: the supersaturation of the solutions is a factor of special importance, additionally the pH, temperature, impurities and nature of the reagents [3] , [4] . Ensure purity of this material and these variables determine the morphology, texture and it structures of the precipitate. Therefore, it is relevant to follow phenomena that occur during synthesis, in order to predict yield and quality of the final product. In this work, synthesis of pseudo-boehmite was developed by the method of precipitation, using industrial grade aluminum sulfate supersaturated solution and concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28%) as reactants; this known method was improved decreasing reaction temperature below the boiling point of ammonia. Temperature control of the reactant medium was reached by data acquisition and automatic manipulation of the heating medium. It is shown that operating the reactor at isothermal conditions ensures the final quality of the pseudo-boehmite produced. Download : Download high-res image (235KB) Download : Download full-size image

Herein reported are the synthesis and the photocatalytic activity of MWCNT/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts obtained by microwave-assisted method using titanium butoxide as precursor. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, UV–vis, FTIR, surface area (BET) and photoluminescence. The characterization results showed that the addition of MWCNT did not provide structural changes on TiO2. The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized materials were investigated using acid blue 9 dye as a model molecule. The results indicate an enhancement on photocatalytic activity by the addition of low amount of MWCNT (1 and 3 wt%). The improvement is attained to the synergic effect between TiO2 and MWCNT which reduces the electron–hole pair recombination according with the photoluminescence study. In this way, a proposed schema for the enhanced photoactivity of the MWCNT/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst is discussed.

The intention of radiotherapy is to control and cure tumor while avoiding late effects caused by radiation. High energy photon beam dose can be determined by different modalities. In this paper, dosimetric properties of praseodymium doped lanthanum aluminate exited by X-ray beams are reported. LaAlO3:Pr3+ powders samples were prepared using modified Pechinis’s method. The formations of the obtained samples were confirmed by an X-ray diffraction patterns. TL glow curve and dosimetric characteristics of LaAlO3:Pr3+ powder samples were investigated under X-ray irradiation effects. All TL measurements were made using an automated Harshaw TL reader 5500. TL glow curves were obtained using a constant heating rate 10 °C/s from room temperature up to 350°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The dose response and minimum detectable dose (MDD) values of the samples were determined. Dosimetric characteristics of the samples were carefully analyzed. Experimental results of TL dosimetric characteristics of the powder samples appear to have potential application for high energy photon beam dose measurements.

An experimental-numerical methodology for failure analysis of the c-Al0.66Ti0.34N/Interface/M2 steel coating system is proposed here. This c-Al0.66Ti0.34N coating was deposited by the arc-PVD technique. The values of the elastic modulus, the fracture energy release rate and the nano-hardness of the coating were obtained by nanoindentation. Normal and shear stress limits of the interface, as well as the adhesive and cohesive critical loads, were measured with the scratch test method. A finite element analysis, using the experimental mechanical properties, was carried out to understand the relationship between the irreversible work vs. depth curve and the mechanical failure evolution of the coating-substrate system, associating the pop-in with nucleation, crack growth and cracking pattern. Extended finite element method (XFEM) was applied for modeling of the mechanical behavior of the coating; the cohesive zones approach was applied for modeling the interface and the Ramberg-Osgood law for modeling the substrate. This approach proposes an experimental-numerical methodology for failure analysis of hard coatings (monolithic body) allowing to calculate fracture energy of the coating material and to model cracking patterns caused by contact mechanics. This work is the first step to answer questions about multi-scale approaches for multi-functional multi-layer coatings to push their enhancements and further applications.

In this work we study brazing of Al2O3 to Ti with biocompatibility properties, using a Au-foil as joining element. Al2O3 was produced by sintering of powder at 1550°C. Al2O3 samples were coated with a 2 and 4μm thick of Mo layer and then stacked with Ti. Al2O3-Mo/Au/Ti combinations were joined at 1100°C in vacuum. Successful joining of Mo-Al2O3 to Ti was observed. Interface shows the formation of a homogeneous diffusion zone. Mo diffused inside Au forming a concentration line. Ti3Au and TiAu phases were observed.

Cathodo- and thermoluminescence emission of calcium phosphates, synthetized by chemical precipitation and characterized by X-ray diffraction, environmental scanning electronic microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy have been studied. Thermal treatment at 1100°C increases the crystallinity, a phase transition (hydroxylapatite + β-tricalcium phosphate → β-tricalcium phosphate) and an enhancement of the luminescence emission. Cathodoluminescence and thermoluminescence display a very complex spectra in the UV–IR range where the wavebands would be associated with the presence of (i) hydroxyl groups, (ii) nonbridging oxygen hole centers, (iii) excited oxygens, (iv) peroxy groups, and (v) residual iron ions in the lattice., A. Barrera-Villatoro thanks to UMSNH through the coordination of scientific research coordination CIC-UMSNH 12937 and to CONACYT under research project 177912 and 223069 for their support. C. Boronat thanks to “Consejería de Educación, Juventud y Deporte de la Comunidad de Madrid, Spain” and “Fondo Social Europeo, Belgium” (PEJ15/BIO/AI-0418) for the support provided under the “Operativo de Empleo Juvenil y la Iniciativa de Empleo Juvenil (YEI)” program (B.O.C.M. Núm.152. Orden 1880/2015, de 16 de junio del 2015).

The mechanical behavior and microstructure of highly densified, spherically shaped, polycrystalline Al2O3–YSZ composites, processed from pseudoboehmite powders by sol–gel is reported here. Processing was carried out by combining nanometric sized α-Al2O3 (120 nm) seeds and YSZ particles of tetragonal structure. The YSZ particles were homogeneously distributed in a coarse-grained matrix of alumina, both inside grains and along grain boundaries. Fracture surfaces, achieved by impact tests showed toughening effects of the zirconia particles. The tetragonality of the YSZ phase stability even after fracture events and fracture toughness measurements by Vickers indentation, where the crack tip interacts with YSZ particles, are all provided and discussed. The local mechanical properties, such as elastic modulus, indentation hardness and the onset of plastic deformation or fracture contact pressure of both YSZ particles and the Al2O3 matrix were quantified by nanoindentation. Evidence of coercive contact pressure was observed in YSZ from indentation stress–strain curves.

Mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation of ceramics of pure YAG, as well as doped with 2 and 5 at% Eu and Nd synthesized by a modification of the Pechini-type precursor method that includes the formation of spherical agglomerates by spray drying, are reported. The densification of sintered doped samples was successfully achieved at temperatures as low as 1550 °C in air using nanometric-sized powders produced by high-energy ball milling. A slight increase in the lattice parameter due to Eu and Nd additions to the YAG was observed, as expected, but effectively no change in mechanical properties was observed. Within the standard deviation, the hardness was 22 GPa and the elastic modulus was 315 GPa for all samples. These values are more than twice as large as those previously reported for amorphous fibers prepared with the same compositions but similar to literature reports for single crystals.

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with (K0.48Na0.52)0.96Li0.04Nb0.85Ta0.15O3 composition were sintered by conventional pressureless (PLS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques. A comparative analysis of the sintering effect on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties was conducted. The SPS treated specimen revealed an enhancement in the piezoelectric properties as compared to the PLS counterpart. The piezoelectric and dielectric parameters of PLS sintered sample were k ′ p = 0.41 , s ′ 11 E = 11.80 × 10 − 12 m 2 / N , d ′ 31 = − 55.7 ( pC / N ) , e ′ 33 T = 464.5 and tan δ = 0.010 at 10 kHz, whereas these parameters for the SPS sintered sample were k ′ p = 0.50 , s ′ 11 E = 12.20 × 10 − 12 m 2 / N , d ′ 31 = − 66.17 ( pC / N ) , e ′ 33 T = 557.4 and tan δ = 0.024 at 10 kHz. The piezoelectric properties enhancement of the SPS treated sample is attributed to, both the lower sintering temperature and the higher density achieved over the PLS sintered sample.

We report the structural and mechanical characterization of yttrium aluminum garnet fibers obtained with Eu and Nd additions by the melt-extraction method (ME). Powders were synthesized by the modified citrate precursor method. This method produces in a single step of heat treatment the pure YAG phase avoiding the formation of YAlO 3 , Y 4 Al 2 O 9 or Y 2 O 3 phases. Rare earth additions delay proportionally to the added quantity of dopant the crystallization temperature of the YAG phase. Using crystalline powders, cylindrical fibers (20–30 μm) in an amorphous state irrespective of doping type and amount were obtained by ME. Nanoindentation tests were carried out showing hardness and reduced elastic modulus of 5.8 ± 0.3 and 79.3 ± 4.9 GPa for pure YAG fibers, respectively. 2 at.% additions of Nd to the YAG phase lead to an increment in hardness and reduced elastic modulus (9.1 and 128.6 GPa, respectively). However, further increments of Eu or Nd (5 at.%) cause a clear degradation of the mechanical properties respective to the values reached with 2 at.% of rare earth additions. This degradation effect seems to be correlated to the atomic interaction due to difference between radii of Eu and Nd, respective to Y.

This paper presents the experimental results of the thermoluminescence (TL) induced by gamma radiation in synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) obtained by the precipitation method, using Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 and calcined at different temperatures. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. TL response as a function of gamma radiation dose was in a wide range, where intensity was enhanced in the sample annealed at 900 °C, which tricalcium diphosphate (TCP) phase appear. Fading of the TL was also studied.