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Introduction: The lack of accepted homogeneous criteria for the definition of some demyelinating diseases makes diagnostic characterization difficult and limits data interpretation and therapeutic recommendations. Recurrent encephalomyelitis (ADE-R) along with borderline cases of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is especially controversial. Objective: To describe the clinical and radiological evolution of an adult-onset ADE-R versus NMO case throughout 9 years of follow-up. Patient and methods: Our patient presented with severe symptoms of rhombencephalomyelitis and the cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed large lesions, with gadolinium enhancement in brainstem and spinal cord, correlating with the clinical picture. Infectious aetiology was excluded, IgG index was normal and NMO antibodies were negative. After treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and plasmapheresis, there was excellent recovery in the acute phase. During follow-up, seven relapses have occurred, mainly in the spinal cord, with good recovery and the same symptomatology, albeit with different severity. Immunosuppressive treatment was introduced since the beginning. Conclusions: Our case shares common features of both ADE-R and NMO, illustrating that diagnostic characterization is not easy in spite of current criteria. Resumen: Introducción: La falta de criterios homogéneos aceptados para la definición de algunas de las patologías desmielinizantes dificulta la caracterización diagnóstica limitando la reproducibilidad de los resultados y las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Especialmente controvertidas son las formas de encefalomielitis recurrentes (EAD-RR) y otras formas infrecuentes de neuromielitis óptica (NMO). Objetivo: Describimos la evolución clínico-radiológica de un caso de EAD-RR del adulto versus NMO, seguida durante 9 años. Paciente y métodos: La paciente debutó con síntomas severos de rombencefalomielitis y la resonancia magnética (RM) craneal y medular mostraron lesiones extensas, con captación de gadolinio en el tronco encefálico y de la médula, acorde con los síntomas clínicos de la paciente. Se excluyó etiología infecciosa, el índice IgG fue normal y fueron negativos los anticuerpos para NMO. Tras tratamiento con corticoides por vía intravenosa y plasmaféresis la recuperación del episodio fue excelente. Durante el seguimiento ha presentado 7 recurrencias, preferentemente medulares, con buena recuperación, que reproducen con severidad variable los mismos síntomas. Desde el inicio ha recibido tratamiento inmunosupresor. Conclusiones: Nuestro caso comparte características clínicas con EAD-RR y NMO e ilustra que, pese a los criterios vigentes, la caracterización diagnóstica de estas entidades no es fácil. Keywords: Rhombencephalomyelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Recurrent myelitis, Multiple sclerosis, Palabras clave: Rombencefalomielitis, Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada (ADEM), Neuromielitis óptica (NMO), Mielitis recurrente, Esclerosis múltiple

Resumen: Introducción: La falta de criterios homogéneos aceptados para la definición de algunas de las patologías desmielinizantes dificulta la caracterización diagnóstica limitando la reproducibilidad de los resultados y las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Especialmente controvertidas son las formas de encefalomielitis recurrentes (EAD-RR) y otras formas infrecuentes de neuromielitis óptica (NMO). Objetivo: Describimos la evolución clínico-radiológica de un caso de EAD-RR del adulto versus NMO, seguida durante 9 años. Paciente y métodos: La paciente debutó con síntomas severos de rombencefalomielitis y la resonancia magnética (RM) craneal y medular mostraron lesiones extensas, con captación de gadolinio en el tronco encefálico y de la médula, acorde con los síntomas clínicos de la paciente. Se excluyó etiología infecciosa, el índice IgG fue normal y fueron negativos los anticuerpos para NMO. Tras tratamiento con corticoides por vía intravenosa y plasmaféresis la recuperación del episodio fue excelente. Durante el seguimiento ha presentado 7 recurrencias, preferentemente medulares, con buena recuperación, que reproducen con severidad variable los mismos síntomas. Desde el inicio ha recibido tratamiento inmunosupresor. Conclusiones: Nuestro caso comparte características clínicas con EAD-RR y NMO e ilustra que, pese a los criterios vigentes, la caracterización diagnóstica de estas entidades no es fácil. Abstract: Introduction: The lack of accepted homogeneous criteria for the definition of some demyelinating diseases makes diagnostic characterization difficult and limits data interpretation and therapeutic recommendations. Recurrent encephalomyelitis (ADE-R) along with borderline cases of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are especially controversial. Objective: To describe the clinical and radiological evolution of an adult-onset ADE-R versus NMO case throughout 9 years of follow-up. Patient and methods: Our patient presented with severe symptoms of rhombencephalomyelitis and the cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed large lesions, with gadolinium enhancement in brainstem and spinal cord, correlating with the clinical picture. Infectious aetiology was excluded, IgG index was normal and NMO antibodies were negative. After treatment with intravenous corticosteroids and plasmapheresis, there was excellent recovery in the acute phase. During follow-up, seven relapses have occurred, mainly in the spinal cord, with good recovery and the same symptomatology, albeit with different severity. Immunosuppressive treatment was introduced since the beginning. Conclusions: Our case shares common features of both ADE-R and NMO, illustrating that diagnostic characterization is not easy in spite of current criteria. Palabras clave: Rombencefalomielitis, Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada (ADEM), Neuromielitis óptica (NMO), Mielitis recurrente, Esclerosis múltiple, Keywords: Rhombencephalomyelitis, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), Recurrent myelitis, Multiple sclerosis

Resumen: Las enfermedades desmielinizantes pueden ser origen de catástrofes neurológicas por diversas razones. Las formas rápidamente progresivas o los episodios agudos graves pueden constituir serias amenazas para el paciente. Por otro lado, los propios procesos diagnósticos, los errores de identificación e incluso los tratamientos pueden llevar a la catástrofe en sí mismos. En este artículo se revisan las formas catastróficas más frecuentes. Abstract: Demyelinating diseases may cause neurological catastrophes in several ways. Rapidly progressing disease or severe acute bouts may seriously threaten the patient's life. Diagnostic procedures, errors in identifying the clinical picture and even treatments themselves may result in a catastrophe. This article reviews the most frequent catastrophic scenarios. Palabras clave: Esclerosis múltiple, Neuromielitis óptica, Leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva, Catástrofes desmielinizantes, Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, Optic neuromyelitis, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Demyelinating catastrophes

Introduction and objective: Teriflunomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent approved for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). We examined teriflunomide outcomes in patients with RRMS under clinical practice conditions in Spain. Material and methods: Non-interventional, retrospective study at 15 sites in the Autonomous Region of Madrid and nearby regions. Effectiveness (relapses, EDSS, gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesions and new/enlarged T2-weighted lesions), safety (adverse events), and reasons for discontinuation during the 24 months after teriflunomide initiation were reported. Results: A total of 776 patients were included (mean [SD] age was 43.3 (9.8) years; 69.3% were female). Two-thirds (67.7%) of patients had received a prior treatment, with beta-interferons or glatiramer acetate (BRACE) as the most frequent (93.5%) treatment. After 24 months, teriflunomide significantly reduced the annualized relapse rate (ARR) by 72% (mean [95% confidence interval] 0.12 [0.10, 0.14] vs 0.43 [0.40, 0.47] at baseline; P

Background: Standard criteria for defining suboptimal response to disease-modifying treatment (DMT) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are lacking. Decision-making on how and when DMTs should be switched is challenging. The objective of the study was to identify areas of agreement on which and when specific assessments should be conducted to monitor patient response to DMT. Methods: A survey comprising 54 statements in nine categories was drafted by eight MS experts after gathering insight during four previous meetings of a total of 25 MS experts. For each statement, results were classified as being in general agreement (≥66.6% responded “Strongly agree” or “Agree”) or general disagreement (≥66.6% responded “Strongly disagree” or “Disagree”). Results: The survey was sent to 790 MS neurologists, 151 of whom participated (19%), and 98 (65%) completed it. General agreement and disagreement were reached for 45 and 2 statements, respectively, on different aspects of MS management, including treatment response, MS relapses, progression, disease activity measured by imaging and biomarkers, neuropsychological evaluation, brain volume loss, DMT switches due to lack of response and applicability to clinical practice. Conclusions: This study aims to provide guidance for the early identification of suboptimal response to DMT and for improving MS patient monitoring and treatment.