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7. Characteristics and Clinical Course of Adult in-Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Bogotá, Colombia

Author

Marisol Izquierdo, Javier Leonardo Galindo, L. Prieto, J.R. Lutz Peña, Jorge Carrillo, and K. Parra

Subjects
Mechanical ventilation, medicine.medical_specialty, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Area under the curve, Overweight, medicine.disease, Comorbidity, Obesity, Pneumonia, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Background: SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread worldwide causing a crisis in healthcare systems. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and to explore risk factors of death, critical care admission and use of invasive mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Bogota, Colombia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data were extracted from electronic records. Univariate and multivariable methods were performed to investigate the relationship between each variable and clinical outcome at 28 days of follow-up. Results: Between March 20 and June 30, 2020, 377 adults (56.8% male) were included in the study, of whom 85 (22.6%) died. Non-survivors were older on average than survivors (mean age, 56.7 years [SD 15.8] vs. 70.1 years [SD 13.9]) and more likely male (28 [32.9%] vs. 57 [67.1%]). Most patients had at least one underlying disease (333 [88.3%]), including arterial hypertension (149 [39.5%]), overweight (145 [38.5%]), obesity (114 [30.2%]) and diabetes mellitus (82 [21.8%]). Frequency of critical care admission (158 [41.9%]) and invasive mechanical ventilation (123 [32.6%]) was high. Age over 65 years (OR 9.26, 95% CI 3.29-26.01;p=0.00), ICU admission (OR 12.37, 95% CI 6.08-25.18;p=0.00), and arterial pH higher than 7.47 (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.08-0.74;p=0.01) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Model based on clinical characteristics on admission yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.869. Discussion and Conclusions: To december 2020, this single-center study is the first report of hospitalized adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Andean subregion. In this study of in-hospital patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia frequency of death was similar to what has been reported. ICU admission and use of invasive mechanical ventilation was high and most patients had a mild pneumonia at admission, according to CURB-65 and qSOFA scores. Most of our patients had at least one comorbidity. The prevalence of obesity was considerably higher than the overall prevalence in Colombian adults. Further studies may help to understand the impact of high-altitude on Covid-19 outcomes given Bogota is situated at an altitude of 2,640 mamsl . Figure. Receiver ROC curves for (a) the model of age, ICU admission and arterial pH as a predictor of in-hospital mortality (area under the curve 0.869), and (b) the model of age, male sex, peripheral oxygen saturation and white blood cell count as a predictor of invasive mechanical ventilation due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (AUC 0.761).

Published
2021
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8. Spontaneous Pneumothorax with or Without Pulmonary Cysts in Patients Diagnosed with Covid-19 Pneumonia

Author

J.R. Lutz Peña, M.A. Izquierdo, V. Rivillas, L.F. Jimenez, Jorge Carrillo, and J.L. Galindo Pedraza

Subjects
Mechanical ventilation, medicine.medical_specialty, COPD, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Positive pressure, Ischemia, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Pneumonia, Interstitial matrix, Pneumothorax, medicine, Radiology, Respiratory system, business
Abstract

Introduction Covid-19 is a recent outbreak of pneumonia caused by severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). It affects mainly the lungs causing pneumonia and complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome. Computed tomography (CT) plays a key role in diagnosis, the most common findings are bilateral, peripheral and basal ground-glass opacities. Pneumothorax secondary to SARS-CoV2 infection is rare and seems to develop later in the course of the disease, its mechanism is not completely understood. There are several reports about Covid-19 and pneumothorax, but few descriptions associated with pulmonary cysts. We describe seven cases of pneumothorax in patients with Covid-19, some of them with pulmonary cysts. Case descriptions We found a series of seven patients with Covid-19 pneumonia with pneumothorax, some as the initial presentation and some developing after the course of the disease, two to three weeks after initial symptoms. Patients were male, most of them in their fifties, two were former smokers and two had COPD. Only one patient had mechanical ventilation, two of them had pulmonary cysts in the CT scan which were not documented before. A Multifocal upper lobe consolidations. B. 29 days later. Left upper-lobe subpleural cystic lesions, ground-glass opacities, right pneumothorax. Discussion The course of Covid-19 depends on the damage caused by the virus and the host's immune response. CT scan is of great value in diagnosis and monitoring of progression and complications. The most common patterns are ground-glass opacification (88%), peripheral distribution (76%), bilateral (87.5%) and multilobe involvement (78.8%). Pneumothorax or cysts in Covid-19 have been described in few case reports. Pneumothorax seems to occur after two weeks of symptom onset, predominantly in male patients. Liu et al. described a series of two men with pneumothorax and peripheral pulmonary cysts after 26 and 40 days of symptom onset;cysts decreased in number and size in subsequent images. Other reports have described cysts or bullae. Pneumothorax seems to develop later in the course of the disease and they are most likely related to the reparation process. Mechanical ventilation with positive pressure is not associated with all cases. The pathogenesis of pulmonary cysts formation in Covid-19 is not well understood. Proposed mechanisms of cystic lung disease include necrosis due to ischemia, remodeling of interstitial matrix, and bronchial obstruction with distal overinflation phenomenon. Information regarding mechanism of pneumothorax in patients with lung infection secondary to Covid-19 is not yet completely understood, but cysts formation may play a role.

Published
2021
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9. Irradiation of a silicon-strip detector for the ALICE experiment at LHC

Author

C. Suire, D. Bonnet, M Germain, C. Gojak, J. Baudot, J.P. Coffin, L Arnold, W. Dulinski, C. Kuhn, J.R. Lutz, G. Guillaume, A Tarchini, B. Hippolyte, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Readout electronics, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, chemistry, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, Irradiation, ALICE (propellant), 010306 general physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

The ALICE detector at LHC is a complex apparatus which makes use, in its inner tracking-system part, of silicon-strip detectors (SSD). These sensors will be exposed to radiations which might possibly harm their performance as well as that of the associated readout electronics. In the framework of a R&D, a detection module, incorporating SSD and readout electronics, has been irradiated with 20 MeV protons up to 530 krad . Results relative to the static and the dynamic characteristics of this module are presented and discussed.

Published
2002
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10. The STAR Time Projection Chamber

Author

K.H. Ackermann, N. Adams, C. Adler, M. Aluyshin, M.A. Ananeva, M. Anderson, G. Averichev, A. Bacher, J. Balewski, O. Balrannikova, J. Baudot, S. Bekele, R. Bellwied, S. Bennett, J. Berger, W. Betts, H. Bichsel, F. Bieser, L. Bland, C. Blyth, A. Bogdanov, B.E. Bonner, R. Bossingham, A. Boucham, S. Bouvier, F.P. Brady, E. Braithwaite, W. Braithwaite, R.L. Brown, V. Budilov, C. Byrd, H. Caines, N. Carlin, J. Carroll, D. Cebra, M.-L. Chen, W. Chen, Y. Chen, S. Chernenko, M. Cherney, A. Chikanian, J.T.M. Chrin, W. Christie, J.-P. Coffin, L. Conin, T.M. Cormier, J. Cramer, H.J. Crawford, A. Das, W. Deng, A.A. Derevschikov, L. Didenko, W. Dominik, J.E. Draper, V. Dunin, J. Dunlop, H. Dyke, W.R. Edwards, V. Eckardt, A.V. Efremov, V. Emelianov, J. Engelage, G. Eppley, B. Erazmus, A. Etkin, P. Fachini, V. Faine, M.I. Ferguson, H. Fessler, E. Finch, Y. Fisyak, D. Flierl, K.J. Foley, D. Fritz, N. Gagunashvili, M. Germain, V. Ghazikhanian, M. Gilkes, S. Giliberto, J. Grabski, O. Grachov, D. Greiner, L.C. Greiner, V. Grigoriev, E. Gushin, H. Gutbrod, T.J. Hallman, D. Hardtke, J.W. Harris, M. Heffner, S. Heppelmann, A. Hirsch, E. Hjort, G.W. Hoffmann, M. Horsley, H. Huang, T. Humanic, H. Huemmler, T. Huyck, G.J. Igo, Yu.I. Ivanshin, P. Jacobs, W. Jacobs, S. Jacobson, R. Jared, P. Jones, E.G. Judd, F. Jundt, M. Kaplan, V. Kaplin, D. Keane, V. Khodyrev, J. Klay, S. Klein, L. Kolobashkina, A. Konstantinov, L. Kotchenda, I. Kotov, M. Kramer, P. Kravtsov, C. Kuhn, G.J. Kunde, R. Kutuev, M. Lamont, J.S. Lange, B. Lasiuk, F. Laue, A. Lebedev, Z. Lee, T. LeCompte, B. Leonhardt, V. Leontiev, null Leszczynski, M.J. LeVine, Q. Li, Z. Li, C.J. Liaw, J. Lin, S.J. Lindenbaum, H. Liu, M. Lisa, A. Ljubicic, W. Llope, G. LoCurto, H. Long, R.S. Longacre, W.A. Love, J.R. Lutz, D. Lynn, L. Madansky, R. Majka, T.M. Makarenko, A. Maliszewski, S. Margetis, K. Marks, L. Martin, J. Marx, H.S. Matis, Yu. Matulenko, T.S. McShane, A. Meshanin, Yu. Melnik, A. Michalon, B. Miller, Z. Milosevich, N. Minaev, R.M. Minor, J. Mitchell, V.A. Moiseenko, D. Moltz, C.F. Moore, M.G. Munhoz, G.S. Mutchler, J.M. Nelson, P. Nevski, V. Nikitin, B. Nilsen, L. Nogach, S. Nurushev, J. Nystrand, G. Odyniec, A. Ogawa, C.A. Ogilvie, V. Okorokov, D. Olson, A. Oltchak, G. Ott, G. Paic, S. Pandey, Y. Panebratsev, S.Y. Panitkin, A. Pavlinov, T. Pawlak, W. Peryt, V. Perevoztchikov, V.A. Petrov, Yu. Petukhov, W. Pinganaud, E. Platner, J. Pluta, N. Porile, J. Porter, A.M. Poskanzer, M. Przewlocki, D. Prindle, E. Potrebenikova, C. Pruneau, G. Rai, O. Ravel, R.L. Ray, D. Razin, S. Razin, J. Reid, F. Retiere, A. Ridiger, J. Riso, H.-G. Ritter, J.B. Roberts, D. Roehrich, O. Rogachevskiy, A. Rollefson, J.L. Romero, C. Roy, M. Runco, D.E. Russ, V. Rykov, I. Sakrejda, P. Saltz, J. Sandweiss, A.C. Saulys, I. Savin, J.J. Schambach, R.P. Scharenberg, N. Schmitz, L.S. Schroeder, A. Schuettauf, M. Schulz, J. Seger, D. Seliverstov, J. Seyboth, P. Seyboth, A. Shalnov, K. Shestermanov, Y. Shi, V.S. Shvetsov, I.N. Silin, N. Smirnoff, R. Snellings, L. Soloviev, J. Sowinski, H.M. Spinka, B. Srivastava, E. Stephenson, R. Stock, M. Strikhanov, B. Stringfellow, H. Stroebele, C. Struck, E. Sugarbaker, C. Suire, A. Sustich, T.J. Symons, E.M. Szanto, A. Szanto de Toledo, J. Takahashi, A. Tang, D. Thein, J.H. Thomas, V. Tikhomirov, V. Tikhonov, M.B. Tonjes, T. Trainor, S. Trentalange, M. Tokarev, V. Trofimov, O. Tsai, C. Tull, K. Turner, T. Ullrich, D.G. Underwood, G. VanBuren, A.M. VanderMolen, A. Vanyashin, A. Vasiliev, I.M. Vasilevski, S. Vigdor, S. Voloshin, C.Q. Vu, F. Wang, H.J. Ward, D. Weerasundra, R. Wells, T. Wenaus, G.D. Westfall, J.P. Whitfield, C. Whitten, H. Wieman, R. Willson, S. Wissink, R. Witt, L. Wood, N. Xu, Z. Xu, A. Yakutin, E. Yamamoto, J. Yang, P. Yepes, A. Yokosawa, V. Yurevich, J. Zhang, W.M. Zhang, N. Zhidkov, D. Zimmerman, R. Zoulkarneev, A. Zubarev, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and STAR

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Time projection chamber, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Track (disk drive), Resolution (electron density), Observable, Star (graph theory), Engineering physics, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, Stars, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Data analysis, Nuclear Experiment, business, 010306 general physics
Abstract

The STAR Time Projection Chamber was successfully operated during the first RHIC run in 2000. Most of the STAR contributions reported in these proceedings are based on the analysis of data from the TPC. In this article, we show that the performance achieved by the TPC, in terms of track reconstruction, position resolution, and particle identification are well suited for measuring precise and reliable physics observables.

Published
1999
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11. An important step forward in continuous spectroscopic imaging of ionising radiations using ASICs

Author

P. Fessler, G. Prevot, J.P. Coffin, H Eberlé, J.R. Lutz, Francois Krummenacher, B. Schwaller, Benoit Hilt, C. de Raad Iseli, D Huss, M.H Sigward, C Voltolini, and A. Renouprez

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Offset (computer science), Application-specific integrated circuit, Statistical noise, Detector, Electronic engineering, Image processing, Dead time, Instrumentation, Charge amplifier, Voltage
Abstract

Characterization results are given for an original ASIC allowing continuous acquisition of ionising radiation images in spectroscopic mode. Ionising radiation imaging in general and spectroscopic imaging in particular must primarily be guided by the attempt to decrease statistical noise, which requires detection systems designed to allow very high counting rates. Any source of dead time must therefore be avoided. Thus, the use of on-line corrections of the inevitable dispersion of characteristics between the large number of electronic channels of the detection system, shall be precluded. Without claiming to achieve ultimate noise levels, the work described is focused on how to prevent good individual acquisition channel noise performance from being totally destroyed by the dispersion between channels without introducing dead times. With this goal, we developed an automatic charge amplifier output voltage offset compensation system which operates regardless of the cause of the offset (detector or electronic). The main performances of the system are the following: the input equivalent noise charge is 190 e rms (input non connected, peaking time 500 ns), the highest gain is 255 mV/fC, the peaking time is adjustable between 200 ns and 2 μs and the power consumption is 10 mW per channel. The agreement between experimental data and theoretical simulation results is excellent.

Published
1999
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12. In-beam performance of the ALICE silicon strip detectors

Author

F. Agnese, O. Borysov, P. Timmer, M. Szuba, S. Plumeri, J.D. Schippers, Paolo Camerini, C.J. Oskamp, Paulus Gerardus Kuijer, V.N. Borshchov, C. Kuhn, L. Bosisio, Z. Radiojevic, Giacomo Contin, R. Grosso, Gennady Zinovjev, F. Benedosso, O. Sokolov, C. Gojak, H. Seppanen, E. Fragiacomo, Giacomo Vito Margagliotti, S.N. Igolkine, N. Grion, W. Peryt, R. Kluit, Gerardus Nooren, A.P. de Haas, O.M. Listratenko, D. Bonnet, I. Rachevskaia, S.K. Kiprich, J.R. Lutz, Rinaldo Rui, S. Piano, Markku Oinonen, A. van den Brink, Marco Bregant, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, F., Agnese, F., Benedosso, D., Bonnet, V. N., Borshchov, O., Borysov, L., Bosisio, M., Bregant, A., VAN DEN BRINK, Camerini, Paolo, Contin, Giacomo, E., Fragiacomo, C., Gojak, N., Grion, R., Grosso, A. P., DE HAAS, S. N., Igolkine, S. K., Kiprich, R., Kluith, C., Kuhn, P. G., Kuijer, O. M., Listratenko, J. R., Lutz, Margagliotti, Giacomo, G. J. L., Nooren, M., Oinonen, C. J., Oskamp, W., Peryt, S., Piano, S., Plumeri, Z., Radiojevic, I., Rachevskaia, Rui, Rinaldo, J. D., Schipper, H., Seppnen, O., Sokolov, M., Szuba, P., Timmer, and G., Zinovjev

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, Efficiency, Particle detector, law.invention, Telescope, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], Optics, law, Particle telescope, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], ALICE ITS, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Physics, Spatial resolution, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], business.industry, Detector, Semiconductor detector, chemistry, ALICE (propellant), business, 29.40.Wk, 29.40.Gx, Beam (structure), Double-sided AC silicon strip detector
Abstract

This paper presents the beam test results of the first four double-sided silicon strip modules built for the inner tracker of ALICE detector. The basic detector performance was studied with the focus made on the efficiency and spatial resolution determination. A fast method for the determination of the spatial resolution of the sensors in the telescope is described.

Published
2006
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13. The ALICE vertex detector: Focus on the micro-strip layers

Author

Z. Radivojevic, I. Tymchuk, Rinaldo Rui, Paolo Camerini, J. Aaltonen, D. Bonnet, Mathias Osterberg, A.N. Sokolov, O. Clausse, E. Fragiacomo, Giacomo Vito Margagliotti, I. Rachevskaia, Markku Oinonen, J.R. Lutz, N. Grion, C. Kuhn, L. Bosisio, V. Zeter, F. Littel, F. Agnese, Henri Seppänen, S. Piano, Paulus Gerardus Kuijer, C.J. Oskamp, S. Nikkinen, C. Wabnitz, V. Antonova, Gennady Zinovjev, I. Kassamakov, O. Borysov, M. Imhoff, M.H Sigward, S. Plumeri, R. Kluit, Gerardus Nooren, V.N. Borshchov, M. Protsenko, A.P. de Haas, A. Listratenko, Giacomo Contin, F. Faleschini, A. van den Brink, Marco Bregant, J. Kostyshin, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, A.A. V.V., M., Bregant, O., Borysov, L., Bosisio, Camerini, Paolo, Contin, Giacomo, F., Faleschini, E., Fragiacomo, N., Grion, Margagliotti, Giacomo, S., Piano, I., Rachevskaia, Rui, Rinaldo, A. P., DE HAAS, R., Kluit, P. G., Kuijer, G. J. L., Nooren, C. J., Oskamp, A. N., Sokolov, A., VAN DEN BRINK, F., Agnese, D., Bonnet, O., Clausse, M., Imhoff, C., Kuhn, F., Littel, J. R., Lutz, S., Plumeri, M. H., Sigward, C., Wabnitz, V., Zeter, M., Oinonen, J., Aaltonen, I., Kassamakov, S., Nikkinen, Z., Radivojevic, I, H., Seppnen, M., Sterberg, V., Antonova, V., Borshchov, A., Listratenko, M., Protsenko, J., Kostyshin, I. TYMCHUK AND G., Zinovjev, and National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, ALICE, 0103 physical sciences, ALICE ITS, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Tracking system, ALICE, microstrip, chemistry, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Vertex detector, ALICE (propellant), Focus (optics), business, microstrip, 29.40.Wk, 29.40.Gx, Double-sided AC silicon strip detector
Abstract

The ALICE experiment, which is being installed at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, is designed to operate in a high-track density environment which is typical of relativistic heavy ions physics. This paper reports the main characteristics of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) of ALICE and describes the Silicon Strip Detector, which forms the two outermost layers of the ITS.

Published
2005
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14. Assembly and validation of the ALICE silicon microstrip detector

Author

Paolo Camerini, Giacomo Contin, S.K. Kiprich, A. van den Brink, F. Agnese, I. Tymchuk, F. Faleschini, Paulus Gerardus Kuijer, O. Borysov, M. Imhoff, C. Kuhn, F. Littel, S. Plumeri, L. Bosisio, F. Benedosso, R. Kluit, Gerardus Nooren, A. Listratenko, C.J. Oskamp, Gennady Zinovjev, S. Piano, Serja Nikkinen, A.P. de Haas, O. Clausse, V. Antonova, V.N. Borshchov, J.R. Lutz, Giacomo Vito Margagliotti, Marco Bregant, A.N. Sokolov, E. Fragiacomo, Z. Radivojevic, Rinaldo Rui, V. Zeter, N. Grion, Mathias Osterberg, Henri Seppänen, Markku Oinonen, C. Wabnitz, I. Rachevskaia, D. Bonnet, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (INFN, Sezione di Trieste), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ALICE, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), M., Bregant, O., Borysov, L., Bosisio, Camerini, Paolo, Contin, Giacomo, F., Faleschini, E., Fragiacomo, N., Grion, Margagliotti, Giacomo, S., Piano, I., Rachevskaya, Rui, Rinaldo, F., Benedosso, A. P., DE HAAS, R., Kluit, P. G., Kuijer, G. J. L., Nooren, C. J., Oskamp, A. N., Sokolov, A., VAN DEN BRINK, F., Agnese, D., Bonnet, O., Clausse, M., Imhoff, C., Kuhn, F., Littel, J. R., Lutz, S., Plumeri, C., Wabnitz, V., Zeter, M., Oinonen, S., Nikkinen, Z., Radivojevic, H., Seppanen, M., Osterberg, V., Antonova, V., Borshchov, S. K., Kiprich, A., Listratenko, I., Tymchuk, and G., Zinovev

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking system, Double-sided, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, AC silicon strip detector, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, ALICE (propellant), Connection (algebraic framework), ALICE ITS, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, 29.40.Wk, 29.40.Gx, Silicon microstrip detectors
Abstract

The two outermost layers of the ALICE Inner Tracking System consist of 1698 double-sided silicon microstrip modules, which form the Silicon Strip Detector (SSD). The SSD modules offer several novelties, which include the use of TAB-bonding technique for the connection of the front-end electronic via thin aluminium-polyimide cables. The module as well as its parts will be described and the assembling procedure illustrated.

Published
2005
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15. Assembly and validation of the SSD silicon microstrip detector of ALICE

Author

F. Littel, Giacomo Contin, F. Faleschini, C.J. Oskamp, Henri Seppänen, I. Rachevskaia, J.R. Lutz, A. Listratenko, A.N. Sokolov, V. Zeter, S. Plumeri, Paolo Camerini, O. Borysov, Giacomo Vito Margagliotti, I. Kassamakov, C. Wabnitz, M.H. Sigward, Gennady Zinovjev, V.N. Borshchov, N. Grion, J. Aaltonen, D. Bonnet, S. Nikkinen, J. Kostyshin, Paulus Gerardus Kuijer, A. van den Brink, F. Agnese, Marco Bregant, M. Imhoff, L. Bosisio, I. Tymchuk, S. Piano, Z. Radivojevic, Rinaldo Rui, O. Clausse, R. Kluit, Gerardus Nooren, Markku Oinonen, M. Protsenko, A.P. de Haas, V. Antonova, E. Fragiacomo, Mathias Osterberg, C. Kuhn, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (INFN, Sezione di Trieste), National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Dipartimento di Fisica [Trieste], Università degli studi di Trieste, Utrecht University [Utrecht], National Institute for Subatomic Physics Nikhef [Amsterdam] (NIKHEF), Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), University of Helsinki, Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physical Sciences (ELECTRONICS RESEARCH UNIT, DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES), NOKIA Research Center, Nokia, Scientific and Technological Research Institute of Instrument Engeneering (SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INSTRUMENT ENGENEERING), Scientific and Technological Research Institute of Instrument Engeneering, Department of High Energy Density Physics, Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU)-National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), ALICE, M., Bregant, O., Borysov, Bosisio, Luciano, Camerini, Paolo, Contin, Giacomo, F., Faleschini, E., Fragiacomo, N., Grion, Margagliotti, Giacomo, S., Piano, I., Rachevskaia, Rui, Rinaldo, A. P., DE HAAS, R., Kluit, P. G., Kuijer, G. J. L., Nooren, C. J., Oskamp, A. N., Sokolov, A., VAN DEN BRINK, F., Agnese, D., Bonnet, O., Clausse, M., Imhoff, C., Kuhn, F., Littel, J. R., Lutz, S., Plumeri, M. H., Sigward, C., Wabnitz, V., Zeter, M., Oinonen, J., Aaltonen, I., Kassamakov, S., Nikkinen, Z., Radivojevic, H., Seppanen, M., Osterberg, V., Antonova, V., Borshchov, A., Listratenko, M., Protsenko, J., Kostyshin, I., Tymchuk, G., Zinovje, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), and National Institute for Subatomic Physics [Amsterdam] (NIKHEF)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking system, double-sided AC silicon strip detector, Test protocol used, 01 natural sciences, Electrical connection, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Electronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], ALICE (propellant), ALICE ITS, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, 29.40.Wk, 29.40.Gx, Silicon microstrip detectors
Abstract

The Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) forms the two outermost layers of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) of ALICE. The SSD detector consists of 1698 double-sided silicon microstrip modules. The electrical connection between silicon sensor and front-end electronics is made via TAB-bonded aluminium polyimide cables (chip-cables). The module assembly is challenging because of the module geometry and the use of chip-cables. This article describes the assembly procedure and the test protocol used.

Published
2005
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16. The STAR silicon strip detector (SSD)

Author

Damien Bonnet, G. Renault, C. Suire, J. Castillo, S. Bouvier, S. Radomski, G. Guilloux, T. Milletto, P. Szarwas, O. Ravel, C. Roy, Frederic Lefevre, D. Roy, M. Przewlocki, W. Peryt, Adam Ryszard Kisiel, Christian Claude Kuhn, A. Maliszewski, L. Martin, A. Tarchini, J. Baudot, Boris Hippolyte, J.R. Lutz, L. Gaudichet, C. Gojak, B. Erazmus, L.M. Rigalleau, J. Pluta, L. Lakehal-Ayat, P. Leszczynski, A. Boucham, T. Pawlak, C.LeMoal, L. Arnold, C. Renard, Malgorzata Anna Janik, J. Grabski, M. Germain, C. Drancourt, J. P. Coffin, M. Guedon, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and STAR

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Extrapolation, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Electronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Tape-automated bonding, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Tracking system, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Charged particle, chemistry, business
Abstract

The STAR Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) completes the three layers of the Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) to make an inner tracking system located inside the Time Projection Chamber (TPC). This additional fourth layer provides two dimensional hit position and energy loss measurements for charged particles, improving the extrapolation of TPC tracks through SVT hits. To match the high multiplicity of central Au+Au collisions at RHIC the double sided silicon strip technology was chosen which makes the SSD a half million channels detector. Dedicated electronics have been designed for both readout and control. Also a novel technique of bonding, the Tape Automated Bonding (TAB), was used to fullfill the large number of bounds to be done. All aspects of the SSD are shortly described here and test performances of produced detection modules as well as simulated results on hit reconstruction are given., 11 pages, 8 figures, 1 table

Published
2003

17. Radiation damages in double-sided silicon strip module

Author

C. Gojak, G. Guillaume, J. Baudot, C. Suire, J.P. Coffin, L Arnold, B. Hippolyte, D. Bonnet, W. Dulinski, C. Kuhn, M Germain, J.R. Lutz, A Tarchini, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ALICE

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking system, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Optics, chemistry, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Radiation damage, Irradiation, ALICE (propellant), business, Instrumentation
Abstract

The ALICE detector at LHC is a complex apparatus which makes use, in its inner tracking system part, of silicon-strip detectors (SSD). These sensors will be exposed to radiations which might possibly harm their performance as well as that of the associated readout electronics. In the framework of an R&D, a detection module, incorporating SSD and readout electronics, has been irradiated with 20 MeV protons up to 50 krad for the readout electronics and up to 530 krad for the SSD. Results relative to the static and the dynamic characteristics of this module are presented and discussed.

Published
2001

18. Irradiation of a silicon-strip detector and readout chips for the ALICE experiment at LHC

Author

C. Kuhn, S Higueret, M Germain, L Arnold, G. Guillaume, W. Dulinski, J.R. Lutz, F.F Kuntz, J.P. Coffin, D. Bonnet, A Tarchini, C. Suire, J. Baudot, A. Michalon, F. Jundt, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Silicon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Readout electronics, Particle irradiation, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Electronics, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], ALICE (propellant), Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

The ALICE detector at LHC is a complex apparatus which makes use, in the internal-tracking-system part, of silicon-strip detectors. These sensors will be exposed to particle irradiation which might harm their performances as well as those of their readout electronics. In the framework of R&D of these detectors and of their associated electronics, a module, associating a strip detector and ALICE 128C readout chips, has been irradiated with 20 MeV protons beyond the dose expected to be deposited over the whole ALICE experiment (∼ 10 krad within about 10 years of running). Results relative to the static and dynamic characteristics of this module are presented and discussed.

Published
1999

19. Modern tandem control systems

Author

J.R. Lutz, J.C. Marsaudon, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Workstation, Standardization, business.industry, Modular design, law.invention, Data acquisition, Software, Interfacing, law, Control system, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Systems engineering, business, Instrumentation, Computer technology
Abstract

Nowadays, tandem electrostatic accelerators can benefit greatly from the growing possibilities provided by modern control facilities. Controlling an electrostatic accelerator first requires the solution of technological problems raised by the necessity of fitting inside the tank equipment which is highly stressed by the physical environment. Then, these controls can take advantage of new techniques which appear on the market. Present computer technology provides cheap powerful workstations for efficient operator interfacing, and new modular and distributed control concepts have been developed for general use in experimental physics, in data acquisition and in control systems. The general trend towards standardization is now accepted for both hardware and software and this brings benefits to the designer and the user.

Published
1993

20. The Vivitron process control

Author

J.R. Lutz, J.C. Marsaudon, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Terminal (electronics), Control system, Process control, Shields, Mechanical engineering, Control equipment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Field (computer science), Beam (structure)
Abstract

The operation of the Vivitron electrostatic accelerator, which was designed in 1981 and has been under construction at the CRN since 1985, needs a dedicated process control system. The study and design of this control system started in 1987. Little knowledge is available in this field for electrostatic accelerators. The timing problems are generally small but the Vivitron specific structure, with seven porticos (large field-shaping shields) in the tank and sophisticated beam handling in the terminal, requires control equipment operating inside the tank under extremely severe conditions. Several steps are necessary to achieve the full control system. Some tests in the existing MP accelerator, used as a pilot machine, supplied practical information about the environment inside the accelerator tank. They also provided better knowledge of the beam behavior, especially inside the accelerator tube.

Published
1990

21. MP tests for the Vivitron process control

Author

G. Biechel, J.R. Lutz, J.A. Persigny, R. Baumann, G. Rech, R. Knaebel, D. Stadelmann, E. Kapps, Ch. Muller, J.C. Marsaudon, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Data processing, Data acquisition, Terminal (electronics), Control system, Process control, Control engineering, Control equipment, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The operation of the Vivitron electrostatic accelerator under construction at the CRN needs a specific conrol set-up. The study and design of this control system started in 1987. Several steps are needed to achieve the full size control system. Some tests in the MP used as pilot machine supplied a better knowledge of the beam behavior, especially inside the terminal, and also practical information about surrounding accelerator conditions inside the tank.

Published
1990

22. Visualisation polychrome par Mosaïque

Author

J.R. Lutz and A. Muser

Subjects
Data visualization, Dimension (vector space), business.industry, Computer science, Computer graphics (images), Polychrome, General Medicine, business, Spectrum (topology)
Abstract

It is now possible, with relatively modest means, to build polychrome data displays to add another dimension to data visualization. These displays are able to show single and multiparametric spectra in different modes (isometric, map, slice). The size of the displayed spectrum depends principally on the caracteristics of the refresh memory. This latter can be suppressed by a wired program. In this article the choice of the different options taken will be discussed.

Published
1973
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23. ALICE: Physics performance report, volume II

Author

Aamodt, K, Quintana, Aa, Achenbach, R, Acounis, S, Adamova, D, Adler, C, Aggarwal, M, Agnese, F, Rinella, Ga, Ahammed, Z, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, N, Ahmad, S, Akindinov, A, Akishin, P, Aleksandrov, D, Alessandro, B, Alfaro, R, Alfarone, G, Alici, A, Alme, J, Alt, T, Altinpinar, S, Amend, W, Andrei, C, Andres, Y, Andronic, A, Anelli, G, Anfreville, M, Angelov, V, Anzo, A, Anson, C, Anticic, T, Antonenko, V, Antonczyk, D, Antinori, F, Antinori, S, Antonioli, P, Aphecetche, L, Appelshauser, H, Aprodu, V, Arba, M, Arcelli, S, Argentieri, A, Armesto, N, Arnaldi, R, Arefiev, A, Arsene, I, Asryan, A, Augustinus, A, Awes, Tc, Aysto, J, Azmi, Md, Bablock, S, Badala, A, Badyal, Sk, Baechler, J, Bagnasco, S, Bailhache, R, Bala, R, Baldisseri, A, Baldit, A, Ban, J, Barbera, R, Barberis, Pl, Barbet, Jm, Barnafoldi, G, Barret, V, Bartke, J, Bartos, D, Basile, M, Basmanov, V, Bastid, N, Batigne, G, Batyunya, B, Baudot, J, Baumann, C, Bearden, I, Becker, B, Belikov, J, Bellwied, R, BELMONT MORENO, E, Belogianni, A, Belyaev, S, Benato, A, Beney, Jl, Benhabib, L, Benotto, F, Beoe, S, Berceanu, I, Bercuci, A, Berdermann, E, Berdnikov, Y, Bernard, C, Berny, R, Berst, Jd, Bertelsen, H, Betev, L, Bhasin, A, Baskar, P, Bhati, A, Bianchi, N, Bielcik, J, Bielcikova, J, Bimbot, L, Blanchard, G, Blanco, F, Blau, D, Blume, C, Blyth, S, Boccioli, M, Bogdanov, A, Boggild, H, Bogolyubsky, M, Boldizsar, L, Bombara, M, Bombonati, C, Bondila, M, Bonnet, D, Bonvicini, V, Borel, H, Borotto, F, Borshchov, V, Bortoli, Y, Borysov, O, Bose, S, Bosisio, L, Botje, M, Bottger, S, Bourdaud, G, Bourrion, O, Bouvier, S, Braem, A, Braun, M, BRAUN MUNZINGER, P, Bravina, L, Bregant, M, Bruckner, G, Brun, R, Bruna, E, Brunasso, O, Bruno, Ge, Bucher, D, Budilov, V, Budnikov, D, Buesching, H, Buncic, P, Burns, M, Burachas, S, Busch, O, Bushop, J, Cai, X, Caines, H, Calaon, F, Caldogno, M, Cali, I, Camerini, P, Campagnolo, R, Campbell, M, Cao, X, Capitani, Gp, Romeo, Gc, CARDENAS MONTES, M, Carduner, H, Carena, F, Carena, W, Cariola, P, Carminati, F, Casado, J, Diaz, Ac, Caselle, M, Castellanos, Jc, Castor, J, Catanescu, V, Cattaruzza, E, Cavazza, D, Cerello, P, Ceresa, S, Cerny, V, Chambert, V, Chapeland, S, Charpy, A, Charrier, D, Chartoire, M, Charvet, Jl, Chattopadhyay, S, Chepurnov, V, Chernenko, S, Cherney, M, Cheshkov, C, Cheynis, B, Chochula, P, Chiavassa, E, Barroso, Vc, Choi, J, Christakoglou, P, Christiansen, P, Christensen, C, Chykalov, Oa, Cicalo, C, CIFARELLI STROLIN, L, Ciobanu, M, Cindolo, F, Cirstoiu, C, Clausse, O, Cleymans, J, Cobanoglu, O, Coffin, Jp, Coli, S, Colla, A, Colledani, C, Combaret, C, Combet, M, Comets, M, Balbastre, Gc, DEL VALLE ZC, Contin, G, Contreras, J, Cormier, T, Corsi, F, Cortese, P, Costa, F, Crescio, E, Crochet, P, Cuautle, E, Cussonneau, J, Dahlinger, M, Dainese, A, Dalsgaard, Hh, Daniel, L, Das, I, Das, T, Dash, A, DA SILVA, R, Davenport, M, Daues, H, DE CARO, A, DE CATALDO, G, DE CUVELAND, J, DE FALCO, A, DE GASPARI, M, DE GIROLAMO, P, DE GROOT, J, DE GRUTTOLA, D, DE HAAS, A, DE MARCO, N, DE PASQUALE, S, DE REMIGIS, P, DE VAUX, D, Decock, G, Delagrange, H, DEL FRANCO, M, Dellacasa, G, Dell'Olio, C, Dell'Olio, D, Deloff, A, Demanov, V, Denes, E, D'Erasmo, G, Derkach, D, Devaux, A, DI BARI, D, DI BARTELOMEN, A, DI GIGLIO, C, DI LIBERTO, S, DI MAURO, A, DI NEZZA, P, Dialinas, M, Diaz, L, Valdes, Rd, Dietel, T, Dima, R, Ding, H, Dinca, C, Divia, R, Dobretsov, V, Dobrin, A, Doenigus, B, Dobrowolski, T, Dominguez, I, Dorn, A, Drouet, S, Dubey, Ae, Ducroux, L, Dumitrache, F, Dumonteil, E, Dupieux, P, Duta, V, Majumdar, Ad, Majumdar, Md, Dyhre, T, Efimov, L, Efremov, A, Elia, D, Emschermann, D, Engster, C, Enokizono, A, Espagnon, B, Estienne, M, Evangelista, A, Evans, D, Evrard, S, Fabjan, Cw, Fabrid, D, Faivre, J, Falchieri, D, Fantoni, A, Farano, R, Fearick, R, Fedorov, O, Fekete, V, Felea, D, Feofilov, G, Tellez, Af, Ferretti, A, Fichera, F, Filchagin, S, Filoni, E, Finck, C, Fini, R, Fiore, Em, Flierl, D, Floris, M, Fodor, Z, Foka, Y, Fokin, S, Force, P, Formenti, F, Fragiacomo, E, Fragkiadakis, M, Fraissard, D, Franco, A, Franco, M, Frankenfeld, U, Fratino, U, Fresneau, S, Frolov, A, Fuchs, U, Fujita, J, Furget, C, Furini, M, Girard, Mf, Gaardhoje, Jj, Gabrielli, A, Gaido, L, Torreira, Ag, Gallio, M, Gadrat, S, Gagliard, M, Gag, A, Gandolfi, E, Ganoti, P, Ganti, M, Garabatos, J, Lopez, Ag, Garizzo, L, Gaudichet, L, Gemme, R, Germain, M, Gheata, A, Gheata, M, Ghidini, B, Ghosh, P, Giolu, G, Giraudo, G, Giubellino, P, Glasow, R, Glassel, P, Ferreiro, Eg, Gutierrez, Cg, GONZALES TRUEBA LH, Gorbunov, S, Gorbunov, Y, Gos, H, Gosset, J, Gotovac, S, Gottschlag, H, Gottschalk, D, Grabski, V, Grassi, T, Gray, H, Grebenyuk, O, Grebieszkow, K, Gregory, C, Grigoras, C, Grion, N, Grigoriev, V, Grigoryan, A, Grigoryan, C, Grigoryan, S, Grishuk, Y, Gros, P, GROSSE OETRINGHAUS, J, Grossiord, Jy, Grosso, R, Grynyov, B, Guarnaccia, C, Guber, F, Guerin, F, Guernane, R, Guerzoni, M, Guichard, A, Guida, A, Guilloux, G, Gulkanyan, H, Gulbrandsen, K, Gunji, T, Gupta, A, Gupta, V, Gustafsson, Ha, Gutbrod, H, Hadjidakis, C, Haiduc, M, Hamar, G, Hamagaki, H, Hamblen, J, Hansen, Jc, Hardy, P, Hatzifotiadou, D, Harris, Jw, Hartig, M, Harutyunyan, A, Hayrapetyan, A, Hasch, D, Hasegan, D, Hehner, J, Heine, N, Heinz, M, Helstrup, H, Herghelegiu, A, Herlant, S, Corral, Gh, Herrmann, N, Hetland, K, Hille, P, Hinke, H, Hippolyte, B, Hoch, M, Hoebbel, H, Hoedlmoser, H, Horaguchi, T, Horner, M, Hristov, P, Hrivnacova, I, Hu, S, Guo, Ch, Humanic, T, Hurtado, A, Hwang, Ds, Ianigro, Jc, Idzik, M, Igolkin, S, Ilkaev, R, Ilkiv, I, Imhoff, M, Innocenti, Pg, Ionescu, E, Ippolitov, M, Irfan, M, Insa, C, Inuzuka, M, Ivan, C, Ivanov, A, Ivanov, M, Ivanov, V, Jacobs, P, Jacholkowski, A, Jancurova, L, Janik, R, Jasper, M, Jena, C, Jirden, L, Johnson, Dp, Jones, Gt, Jorgensen, C, Jouve, F, Jovanovic, P, Junique, A, Jusko, A, Jung, H, Jung, W, Kadija, K, Kamal, A, Kamermans, R, Kapusta, S, Kaidalov, A, Kakoyan, V, Kalcher, S, Kang, E, 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FLORES, V. GRABSKI, G. HERRERA CORRAL, M. LINARES, M.I. MARTINEZ, A. MARTINEZ DAVALOS, A. MENCHACA-ROCHA, L.M. MONTANO ZETINA, L. NELLEN, G. PAIC, J. DEL PINO, P. REYES, A. SANDOVAL, J. SOLANO, S. VERGARA, A. ZEPEDA, V.A. FESHCHENKO, M.B. GOLUBEVA, V.G. GORLYCHEV, F.F. GUBER, O.V. KARAVICHEV, T.L. KARAVICHEVA, E.V. KARPECHEV, A.B. KUREPIN, A.I. MAEVSKAYA, V.V. MARIN, I.A. PSHENICHNOV, V.I. RAZIN, A.I. RESHETIN, K.A. SHILEEV, N.S. TOPIL'SKAIA, A.N. AKINDINOV, V. GOLOVINE, A.B. KAIDALOV, M.M. KATS, I.T. KISELEV, S.M. KISSELEV, E. LIOUBLEV, M. MARTEMIANOV, A.N. MARTEMIYANOV, P.A. POLOZOV, V.S. SEROV, A.V. SMIRNITSKI, M.M. TCHOUMAKOV, I.A. VETLITSKI, K.G. VOLOCHINE, L.S. VOROBIEV, B.V. ZAGREEV, D. ALEKSANDROV, V. ANTONENKO, S. BELIAEV, S. FOKINE, M. IPPOLITOV, K. KARADJEV, I. KOUTCHERIAEV, V. LEBEDEV, V.I. MANKO, T. MOUKHANOVA, A. NIANINE, S. NIKOLAEV, S. NIKOULINE, O. PATARAKINE, D. PERESSOUNKO, I. SIBIRIAK, A. TSVETKOV, A. VASILIEV, A. VINOGRADOV, I. YUSHMANOV, V.A. GRIGORIEV, V.A. 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ZAVADA, V. PETRACEK, M. PACHR, L. SKODA, M.YU. BOGOLYUBSKY, G.V. KHAUSTOV, YU.V. KHARLOV, N.G. MINAEV, V.S. PETROV, B.V. POLICHTCHOUK, S.A. SADOVSKY, V.A. SENKO, A.S. SOLOVIEV, P.V. STOLPOVSKY, V.A. VICTOROV, A. FERNANDEZ TELLEZ, E. GAMEZ FLORES, R. LOPEZ-RAMIREZ, A. ORTIZ-VELAZQUEZ, C. PAGLIARONE, S. ROMAN-LOPEZ, G. TEJEDA-MUNOZ, A. VARGAS, L. VILLASENOR CENDEJAS, D. ADAMOVA, S. KOUCHPIL, V. KOUCHPIL, A. KUGLER, M. SUMBERA, V. WAGNER, S. DI LIBERTO, M.A. MAZZONI, F. MEDDI, G.M. URCIUOLI, J. CLEYMANS, G. DE VAUX, R.W. FEARICK, A. SZOSTAK, Z.Z. VILAKAZI, M. ANFREVILLE, A. BALDISSERI, B. BECKER, H. BOREL, J. CASTILLO, J.-L. CHARVET, M. COMBET, J. GOSSET, P. HARDY, S. HERLANT, F. ORSINI, Y. PENICHOT, H. PEREIRA, F.M. STALEY, M. USSEGLIO, A. DE CARO, D. DE GRUTTOLA, S. DE PASQUALE, A. DI BARTOLOMEO, M. FUSCO GIRARD, G. GRELLA, C. GUARNACCIA, M. GUIDA, G. ROMANO, S. SELLITTO, R. SILVESTRI, T. VIRGILI, V. BASMANOV, D. BUDNIKOV, V. DEMANOV, V. IANOWSKI, R. ILKAEV, L. ILKAEVA, A. IVANOV, A. KHLEBNIKOV, A. KOURYAKIN, E. MIKHAILOV, S. NAZARENKO, V. PAVLOV, S. PHILCHAGIN, A. PUNIN, V. PUNIN, S. POUTEVSKOI, A. RYBIN, I. SELIN, M. SMETANIN, A. TELNOV, S. TRESKOV, O. VIKHLYANTSEV, I. VINOGRADOV, A. VYUSHIN, N. ZAVYALOV, S. ZHELEZOV, A. ZHITNIK, S. GOTOVAC, E. MUDNIC, L. VIDAK, A.G. ASRYAN, M.A. BRAUN, D.A. DERKACH, G.A. FEOFILOV, S.N. IGOLKIN, A.S. IVANOV, R.S. KOLEVATOV, A.A. KOLOJVARI, V.P. KONDRATIEV, P.A. NAUMENKO, T.A. TOULINA, F.F. VALIEV, V.V. VECHERNIN, L.I. VINOGRADOV, J. BAUDOT, D. BONNET, J.P. COFFIN, M. ESTIENNE, B. HIPPOLYTE, C. KUHN, J.R. LUTZ, R. VERNET, H. HAMAGAKI, K. OZAWA, V. BONVICINI, O. BORYSOV, L. BOSISIO, M. BREGANT, P. CAMERINI, G. CONTIN, F. FALESCHINI, E. FRAGIACOMO, N. GRION, G. MARGAGLIOTTI, S. PIANO, I. RACHEVSKAYA, A. RACHEVSKI, R. RUI, A. VACCHI, B. ALESSANDRO, R. ARNALDI, S. BAGNASCO, G. BATIGNE, S. BEOLE, E. BRUNA, P. CERELLO, E. CHIAVASSA, O. COBANOGLU, S. COLI, E. CRESCIO, N. DE MARCO, P. DE REMIGIS, A. FERRETTI, M. GAGLIARDI, M. GALLIO, L. GAUDICHET, R. GEMME, G. GIRAUDO, P. GIUBELLINO, M. IDZIK, S. MARTOIU, A. MARZARI CHIESA, M. MASERA, G. MAZZA, P. MEREU, M. MONTENO, A. MUSSO, C. OPPEDISANO, A. PICCOTTI, F. POGGIO, F. PRINO, L. RICCATI, A. RIVETTI, E. SCOMPARIN, D. STOCCO, F. TOSELLO, L. TOSCANO, G. TRAVAGLIA, E. VERCELLIN, A. WERBROUCK, R. WHEADON, F. YERMIA, Y. MIAKE, S. ESUMI, J.J. F. BUSKOP, A.P. DE HAAS, C. IVAN, R. KAMERMANS, A. MISCHKE, G. NOOREN, C.J. OSKAMP, TH. PEITZMANN, E. SIMILI, O. SOKOLOV, A. VAN DEN BRINK, N. VAN EIJNDHOVEN, H. ENYO, K. FUJIWARA, H. KANO, H. ONISHI, A. DELOFF, T. DOBROWOLSKI, K. KARPIO, M. MALEK, H. MALINOWSKI, K. REDLICH, T. SIEMIARCZUK, G. STEFANEK, L. TYKARSKI, G. WILK, Z. CHAJECKI, H. GOS, M. JANIK, M. JEDYNAK, A. KISIEL, T.J. PAWLAK, W.S. PERYT, J. PLUTA, P. SKOWRONSKI, M. SLODKOWSKI, P. SZUBA, T. TRACZYK, E.S. CONNER, R. KEIDEL, X. CAI, H.T. DING, H. LIU, X.R. WANG, H.Y. YANG, Z.B. YIN, D.C. ZHOU, X. CAO, Q. LI, Y.Z. LIU, G. SU, L. TAN, G.X. ZHU, M. ATAYAN, A. GRIGORYAN, H. GULKANYAN, A. HARUTYUNYAN, A. HAYRAPETYAN, V. KAKOYAN, M. POGHOSYAN, G. SARGSYAN, T. ANTICIC, K. KADIJA, and T. SUSA

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Monte Carlo method, Observable, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Particle identification, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, ALICE (propellant), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, ALICE, physics, performance, detector, CERN, QGP, LHC, Event (particle physics), Event reconstruction
Abstract

ALICE is a general-purpose heavy-ion experiment designed to study the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC. It currently involves more than 900 physicists and senior engineers, from both the nuclear and high-energy physics sectors, from over 90 institutions in about 30 countries. The ALICE detector is designed to cope with the highest particle multiplicities above those anticipated for Pb-Pb collisions (dN(ch)/dy up to 8000) and it will be operational at the start-up of the LHC. In addition to heavy systems, the ALICE Collaboration will study collisions of lower-mass ions, which are a means of varying the energy density, and protons (both pp and pA), which primarily provide reference data for the nucleus-nucleus collisions. In addition, the pp data will allow for a number of genuine pp physics studies. The detailed design of the different detector systems has been laid down in a number of Technical Design Reports issued between mid-1998 and the end of 2004. The experiment is currently under construction and will be ready for data taking with both proton and heavy-ion beams at the start-up of the LHC. Since the comprehensive information on detector and physics performance was last published in the ALICE Technical Proposal in 1996, the detector, as well as simulation, reconstruction and analysis software have undergone significant development. The Physics Performance Report (PPR) provides an updated and comprehensive summary of the performance of the various ALICE subsystems, including updates to the Technical Design Reports, as appropriate. The PPR is divided into two volumes. Volume I, published in 2004 (CERN/LHCC 2003-049, ALICE Collaboration 2004 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 30 1517-1763), contains in four chapters a short theoretical overview and an extensive reference list concerning the physics topics of interest to ALICE, the experimental conditions at the LHC, a short summary and update of the subsystem designs, and a description of the offline framework and Monte Carlo event generators. The present volume, Volume II, contains the majority of the information relevant to the physics performance in proton-proton, proton-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions. Following an introductory overview, Chapter 5 describes the combined detector performance and the event reconstruction procedures, based on detailed simulations of the individual subsystems. Chapter 6 describes the analysis and physics reach for a representative sample of physics observables, from global event characteristics to hard processes.

Published
2006

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