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Aim: The aim is to evaluate the antibacterial properties of “Melia azadirachta.” Data and Sources: The databases of Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scholars Portal databases were searched for the related topics, which were also manually analyzed by the reviewers, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Bibliographies of reviews and randomized control trials, identified in the search strategy, were analyzed for studies published outside the electronically searched journals. The studies considering in this review were evaluated and ranked based on the protocol put forth by center for evidence-based medicine (Oxford, 1995). Study Selection: The studies considered were based on the data extraction and analysis of quality and publication bias. Conclusion: The extracts are found to be beneficial in diseases such as herpes, heart diseases, hepatitis, fungal infection, malaria, psoriasis, and ulcer. There is wide scope for the material in the treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of the ideal size of the maxillary central incisors is important in creating an attractive smile. It is a fact that in everyday practices, various methods and indicators are used for the determination of size and shape of artificial anterior teeth for edentulous patients. Making the right choice is extremely important for both functional and psychological rehabilitation of these patients. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine and correlate the width of maxillary anterior teeth using extraoral factor (interalar width) in different facial and tooth forms among Indian population. Materials and Methods: One thousand and two hundred (n = 1200) dentulous individuals participated in this study. All intraoral measurements (combined width of maxillary anterior teeth [CMA], maxillary central incisor width right side [MCIWR], and maxillary central incisor width left side [MCIWL], tooth form) were carried out on the artificial stone casts of maxillary arches using dental floss, flexible ruler, and digital Vernier caliper. Extraoral facial measurements (interalar distance [IAD]) were recorded using digital Vernier caliper. Independent t test, Pearson’s correlation, simple and multiple regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA have been used in this study to determine statistical significance. Results: The mean IAD was 34.37 ± 1.79 mm. Interalar width was strongly positively correlated with CMA (r = 0.940), MCIWR (r = 0.891), and MCIWL (r = 0.885). The difference in the mean IAD values was statistically significant between various facial and tooth forms oval and square, square and tapering, and oval and tapering (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The measurements of interalar width showed a strong relationship with combined mesiodistal width of six anterior teeth for males and females and for different facial and tooth forms. This study showed that interalar width can be used accurately for the selection of artificial teeth in edentulous patients in the Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most confusing and difficult aspects of complete denture prosthodontics is the selection of appropriately sized artificial maxillary anterior teeth. This is a problem when fabricating new dentures and for old dentures with poor esthetics. Errors at the selection stage can often result in patient rejection of otherwise well-constructed comfortable and efficient dentures. This study was carried out as an attempt to better understand and analyze intercommissural width in Indian population. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine and correlate the width of maxillary anterior teeth using extraoral factor (Intercommissural width) in different facial and tooth forms among Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 dentulos individuals participated in this study. All intraoral measurements (combined width of maxillary anterior teeth [CMA], maxillary central incisor width right side [MCIWR], maxillary central incisor width left side [MCIWL], and tooth form) were carried out on the artificial stone casts of maxillary arches using dental floss, flexible ruler, and digital Vernier caliper. Extraoral facial measurements (intercommissural distance [ICSD]) were recorded using digital Vernier caliper. Independent t-test, Pearson’s Correlation, Simple and Multiple Regression Analysis, and one-way ANOVA have been used in this study to determine statistical significance. Results: The mean ICSD was 48.74 ± 1.65 mm. ICSD was positively correlated with CMA (r = 0.776), MCIWR (r = 0.779), and MCIWL (r = 0.781). The difference in the mean ICSD values was statistically significant between various facial and tooth forms oval and square, square and tapering, and oval and tapering (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The mean MCIWR, MCIWL, CMA, and ICSD were significantly higher for males than females, and a significant difference was found among various facial and tooth forms. There was a positive correlation between ICSD and MCIWR, MCIWL, and CMA among Indian population. As correlations were not that strong when compared to other facial parameters, ICSD cannot be used as a single extraoral anatomical variable for tooth selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In dentistry, it is important to establish a relationship between the size of the teeth and the rest of the face with special preference to prosthodontics when restoring an edentulous dentition, which needs an initiating point for the selection of teeth. Moreover, as no universally accepted parameter currently exists for the selection of anterior teeth; therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the potential relationship between the combined mesiodistal width of the six upper anterior teeth and bizygomatic width (BW) in different facial and tooth forms among Indian population. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine and correlate the width of maxillary anterior teeth using extraoral factor BW in different facial and tooth forms among Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1200 (n = 1200) dentulous individuals participated in this study. All intraoral measurements (combined width of maxillary anterior teeth [CMA], maxillary central incisor width right side [MCIWR], maxillary central incisor width left side [MCIWL], and tooth form) were carried out on the artificial stone casts of maxillary arches using dental floss, flexible ruler, and digital Vernier caliper. Extraoral facial measurements Bizygomatic width (BW) were recorded using digital Vernier caliper. Independent t-test, Pearson’s correlation, simple and multiple regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA have been used in this study to determine statistical significance. Results: The mean BW was 141.85 ± 7.35 mm. In this study, it was found that there was high positive correlation between the measured and calculated values of CIW (Pearson’s r = 0.891, right, r = 0.908 left). BW was strongly positively correlated with CMA (r = 0.944), MCIWR (r = 0.996), and MCIWL (r = 0.989). The difference in the mean BW values was statistically significant between various facial and tooth forms, oval and square, square and tapering, and oval and tapering (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The present study showed that when the width of the maxillary central incisor right and left and CMA were compared with BW, strong positive correlation was found in Indian population. There was a significant difference between males and females and various facial forms, the mean BW and widths of maxillary central incisor were greater in males. Therefore, the findings of this study support that single extraoral (BW) anatomical variable was strongly correlated for the selection of anterior teeth in denture construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ideal complete denture should be flexible and adapts well to the tissue surface and should provide proper retention. Conventional complete dentures lack flexibility and softness on the tissue surface and are more rigid. Due to the rigidity of the conventional dentures, the distribution of load is not even, especially in case of flabby, atrophic ridges with increased bone resorption. To overcome this disadvantage, the liquid dentures are fabricated in such a way that denture base is covered with a pre-fabricated flexible, foil which helps in proper adaptation to the mucosa in functional and non-functional states. Liquid-supported dentures provide good retention, stability, and support. The liquid supported denture allows continued adaptation and eliminates the disadvantages of denture designs based on the application of temporary tissue conditioners or soft liners. This article describes the uses of liquid supported dentures and its advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Complete veneer crowns are the best possible treatment option for the correction of severely damaged, endodontically treated teeth and also an important component of fixed partial denture. Metal crowns are superior interms of their strength and longevity. The presence of inclusion defects affects the mechanical properties of the metal, thereby compromising the clinical performance of the crowns. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the type and number of non-metallic inclusions present in the nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) crowns. Materials and Methods: A sample of 10 Ni-Cr crowns were prepared, disectioned, and illuminated, and the presence of different types of inclusions was determined under optical microscope which utilizes visible light and a system of magnifying lenses for microscopic analysis of grain structure and arrangement. The results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference post hoc test. Results: The mean number of oxide inclusions in the crowns was 4.53 ± 1.22, silicate inclusions was 6.33 ± 2.68, and sulfide inclusions was 3.44 ± 2.47, respectively. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the oxide, silicate, and sulfide inclusions (F = 26.12, P < 0.001). Post hoc tests revealed no significant differences with respect to the oxide inclusions in the incisal, middle, and cervical regions (P > 0.05). With respect to silicate inclusions, significant differences were observed between incisal middle-thirds and cervical middle-thirds (P < 0.05). With respect to sulfide inclusions, significant differences were present between incisal middle-thirds and incisal cervical-thirds (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Oxide, silicate, and sulfides are the non-metallic inclusions present in Ni-Cr crowns. These inclusions are distributed along the entire surface of the crowns and can compromise the longevity in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of the continuity of the mandible destroys the balance and the symmetry of mandibular function, leading to altered mandibular movements and deviation of the fragment toward the surgical side. Surgical resection of mandible usually produces problems in prosthetic reconstruction such as mandibular deviation. An interdisciplinary approach is required between the oral surgeon and prosthodontist. The prosthodontist plays a key role in reestablishing normal or near-normal function in patients who have undergone mandibular resection in the course of removal of a neoplasm. The clinicians must wait for an extensive period of time for completion of healing and acceptance of the osseous graft before considering the definitive prosthesis. This case report describes early prosthodontic management (during initial healing period of the reconstructed mandible) of a patient who has undergone hemimandibulectomy treated with acrylic guidance flange prosthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, there have been tremendous changes in dental practice and care delivered to patients. Evolving from a primitive form of medicine used in replace missing teeth tomodern day practices involving sophisticated diagnostic, preventive and treatment protocols using technology that is improving as we write this manuscript, dentistry has traveled a long way. Recent technology that aids in the treatment protocol in dental practice includes dental implants, digitization in radiographs, lasers, and computer-aided designing-and computer aided manufacturing (CAD and CAM). These technologies offer a better line of treatment with improved esthetic results. The contribution of CAD-CAM in the field of prosthodontics is on the rise due to the accuracy offered by CAD-CAM processed dentures. The contribution of CAD-CAM in the present scenario revolves around the field of prosthodontics compared to the other fields in dentistry. The latest development being the fabrication of complete denture in just one visit with a high degree of accuracy and esthetics. The era of digital complete denture is here and has been cemented by the commercial use of CAD-CAM in dental practice. This article will focus on the complete denture fabrication aspect by CAD-CAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct and indirect fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) resin fixed partial dentures (FPDs) are a new way to produce minimally invasive, esthetic, and cost-effective metal-free tooth replacements. These treatment alternatives have a number of indications, for example, chairside tooth replacements, long-term provisional FPDs, economically feasible tooth replacements for patients who cannot afford more traditional treatment regimens, and tooth replacements for medically compromised patients who are unable to withstand the physical stress associated with the fabrication of traditional fixed prostheses. This report describes a step-by-step sequence for the preparation of a posterior space closure using direct FRC resin. The modality provides sound posterior occlusal function, combined with a psychological satisfaction to the patient of regaining a missing tooth. The preparation takes into account the design for resin-bonded prostheses. This article presents the preparation and buildup method for a bilateral space closure with direct FRC bridge through a conservative palatal approach for a highly esthetic result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implant dentistry is becoming popular in today's world. Dental implants are being preferred over other permanent prosthesis. Moreover, the ideal criteria for implant placement are adequate bone thickness. For individuals without sufficient bone placement, bone autografts are performed. However, like any other treatment, autografts have their own limitations such as insufficient amount of donor tissue, etc. Hence, the search for bone substitutes for dental implants becomes necessary in such cases. For a successful dental implant placement, adequate bone thickness is required. For those with insufficient bone thickness, where other options like bone autografts cannot be performed, implant placement in such cases becomes quite challenging. Therefore, this review focuses on the current bone substitutes in implant dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is a major public health concern and multifactorial diseases. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. An association between obesity and oral health is ranging from dental caries and periodontal disease. Patients who are edentulous can be treated with complete or partially or implants supported bridge constructions. Materials and Methods: Questionnaire was prepared and the survey was conducted among children about knowledge amplitude perception on partially edentulous in obese children and data were collected. The survey was prepared on survey planet and was circulated among children. The survey link was https://s.surveyplanet.com/S1yXF8oNf. The survey instrument was a preprepared questionnaire eliciting information about the attitude and perception on partially edentulous. The obtained responses were tabulated and analyzed. The survey was collected among 102 children. Results: It is evident that obesity among children is high this shows that balanced diet is not attained properly eventually results in obesity. Eating and brushing habits among obese children are not proper which leads to dental caries which later leads to extraction of tooth. Missing of tooth is not only due to caries most of the missing tooth's are due to accidents but also natural fall. Conclusion: From this survey, it is evident; obesity leads to dental caries which eventually leads to falling of tooth. Eating habits and balanced diet of children are not maintained which makes obesity high among young children. This study concludes partial edentulous among children are high, but still, this can be maintained by a favorable control of reducing obesity among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most advanced way to replace missing teeth is dental implant, which is designed to replicate the natural tooth root and crown of the natural tooth. This procedure preserves the gingival mucosa and bone with no damage to adjacent teeth. Conventional procedure for implant placement involves extraction of offending tooth, waiting 2-4 months for extraction socket to heal, insertion of implant, and again waiting for 3-6 months for integration of implant with surrounding bone; after this procedure, another surgery is necessary to expose the implant and to place a prosthetic abutment. Taking into consideration the prosthetic treatment, the patient had to wait up to 8-12 months for a lost tooth to be replaced. Due to these shortcomings related to conventional technique, strategies were developed to substantially shorten the entire treatment by placement of implant immediately after extraction of tooth followed by immediate loading of implant with prosthesis. Therefore, the aim of this case report is to overcome the time-consuming factor involved in the conventional technique by successful immediate implant placement and loading with a follow-up of 2 years. Accordingly, a comprehensive treatment involving the placement of six implant-supported porcelain bridge for maxilla and mandible was planned for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth loss can cause many changes to an individual; it can be a functional, esthetic, psychological, and social impact. Patient choices on receiving prosthodontic treatment can vary accordingly. Factors such as location of absent teeth, age, gender, impaired function, discomfort, and dissatisfaction with appearance play an important role in decision-making. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the patient self-perceived impact and prosthodontic needs at the time and after tooth loss. Materials and Methods: Prospective cohort study was designed which involved questionnaires at the time of extraction and after extractions. About 120 random patients were selected and ensured they are recalled after extraction. Patient's selfperception was examined by a questionnaire that includes questions about functional, esthetic, and psychological impacts associated with tooth loss and need for prosthodontic treatment. Statistically, the data were analyzed. Results: Patients perception of impact associated with dental concern is high at the time of extraction is 79.2%. Patients perception of impact associated with dental concern is low as 65% after extraction majority of the patients in our study gave economic reasons for not replacing teeth. 50.9% of patients expressed a desire for immediate reposition. About 93.3% of patient had chewing difficulty after extraction has been done. Conclusion: The present results may serve as a baseline for the future evaluation of attitudes toward the replacement of teeth. The findings indicate that awareness needs to be created regarding the other functions of teeth such as esthetics and phonetics because many subjects in this study were only aware of the masticatory function performed by teeth, especially among individuals in the lower socioeconomic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally. Smoking generally has negative health effects because smoke inhalation inherently poses challenges to various physiologic processes such as respiration. Apparently smoking is the wrong choice which numerous adults getting addicted to in their young age. Hence, this survey was conducted to create awareness about the effect of smoking among adolescents. Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a survey on knowledge, attitude, and perception of smoking habits in college students in rural area (Kanchipuram District). Materials and Methods: This study is the questionnaire-based survey. The survey questionnaire comprises questions about knowledge, attitude, and perception of smoking habits in college students in rural area (Kanchipuram District).This survey was administered to the participants through the survey planet link. The result obtained was statistically analyzed. The survey was conducted among 101 students. Result: Many adolescents have proved to show addictive toward the smoking habit. The college teens have been very susceptible to such hazardous habit of smoking. Conclusion: Smoking is a very dangerous and addictive habit; hence, knowledge and awareness regarding its consequence should be effectively brought into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The restoration of edentulous patients by denture has psychological effect. Once properly restored, the patient's self-esteem and confidence are improved, which are also the goal of rehabilitation. Biometric measurements are the usual choices made by the dentists and preferences of the patient are frequently used considerations. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the esthetic appearance of different artificial teeth replacement in South Indian and Malaysian edentulous patients in various facial forms. Materials and Methods: A total number of people of 36 in which 18 Indians and 18 Malaysians were participated in this study. Biometric measurements of facial forms were taken from outline of temporal bone from the hairline, temporal process of zygomatic arch, and gonion while for the tooth form is cervical, middle, and incisal third margins. The correlation between the facial form and corresponding tooth form is determined using t-test. The best choice of commercially available teeth set for dentures is referred to the result of correlation. Results: The average South Indian population has a correlation of ovoid facial form with ovoid tooth form. However, average Malaysian population has ovoid facial form but tapering tooth form. The highly significant different facial landmark in both the population is temporal bone at hairline while there was no significant landmark difference in tooth form. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the similarity between the South Indian and Malaysian is the average facial form of the population which is ovoid. The tooth form difference indicated was ovoid in South Indian population but tapering in Malaysian population. There was no significant group statistic indicated. The significant individual statistic was shown significantly different at the temporal bone at hairline between the two populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death globally. Smoking generally has negative health effects because smoke inhalation inherently poses challenges to various physiologic processes such as respiration. Smoking is an unhealthy and dangerous habit which numerous adolescents are getting addicted to in their young lives. Hence, this survey was conducted to create awareness about the effect of smoking among adolescents. Aim: The aim of this survey is to create awareness about smoking in adolescents among rural areas. Materials and Method: The survey was undertaken among 200 adolescent school children of around 13-19 age groups of St. Claret Matriculation Higher secondary school, Thiruninravur, and informed concern was obtained from the participants. Of 200 students, 69 were willing to participate in the study. The survey instrument was a pre-prepared questionnaire eliciting information about the attitude and perception on smoke. The obtained responses were tabulated and analyzed. Result: From the survey, it is recorded that about 40.4% of the participants started smoking at the age of 13-15, which we call it as the initiation of the teenage. Majority of the adolescents start up with this habit because of the bad influences from their peers, family members, and also of curiosity and venturesomeness which take the individuals life into risk, making it difficult for them to quit smoking. Conclusion: Parental influences were a major factor leading to smoking behavior in the studied population. About 60% of the students are willing to quit the habit. Hence, d-addiction programs should be initiated among students to prevent further progression of smoking habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Reasons: Connector, which may be rigid or non-rigid, is a part of a fixed partial denture (FPD). Most FPD is fabricated by implementing rigid connectors between retainers and pontic. The successfulness of a prosthesis depends on the selection of right type of connector during treatment planning. Teeth in various segments of the arch move in different directions which create stress in a long-span prosthesis that will be transferred to retainers and their respective abutments teeth. Thus, to overcome those forces that may lead to failure of a prosthesis, non-rigid connector is suggested to reduce this problem which helps in equal distribution of forces acting on the prosthesis as it is semirigid. Aim: The present study was undertaken to study the use of rigid and non-rigid connector in FPD with pier abutment. Materials and Methods: The study sample was derived from 60 dental students, both male and female from 3rd and final years during the academic year of 2017 of Saveetha Dental College, who have completed the study questionnaire consisting of 10 questions regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice of rigid and non-rigid connector in managing pier abutment. Results: Data from the study revealed that majority of the dental students about 68% aware that non-rigid connector is more appropriate when there is pier abutment although rigid connector is used in most of the clinical situations while few of them lack in knowledge regarding the use of rigid and non-rigid connector in FPD with pier abutment. Conclusion: In a nutshell, proper selection of connector is important as it will decide the success of the FPD prosthesis. Non-rigid connector is preferable in case of pier abutment as it allows movement in FPD, thus providing transfer of stresses away from the pier abutment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human oral environment allows the growth of various microorganisms like staphylococcus aureus; streptococcus; enterococcus; klebsiella; e.coli; pseudomonas; candida albicans. As the colonization progress the pathogens start affecting the soft tissues of oral cavity. The maintainance of dentures plays a key role in preventing the pathogens to affect the oral cavity. The aim of the study is to identify the most common pathogens that invades the surface of the denture and to eradicate the pathogens. A study was conducted among 30 geriatric patients attending the OPD of saveetha dental college, saveetha university. 20 denture blocks were prepared with a size of 5x5mm of which 10 were impregnated with an antibiotic agent amoxicillin 500mg and another 10 were impregnated with an antifungal agent fluconazole 150mg. The blocks were reevaluated for the degree of growth of microbial pathogens. The results reveals that the microbial growth medium inoculated with the swab samples collected from 30 different subjects shows ballooning of S.Aureus and C.Albicans. Fluconazole impregnated blocks show the decreased thickness of candidal growth whereas, Amoxicillin impregnated blocks shows the clear zone of inhibition of bacterial growth and the average clear zone is determined. As the candida infections are concerned, fluconazole is effective as expected in control of bacterial growth. The amoxicillin shows the marked effect against the bacteria. The study gave a scope for further investigations with incorporating newer agents or different agents at various concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alveolar ridge defect may occur due to injury, trauma, denture wears, and periodontitis. Based on Seibert's Classification, it can be classified into three classes: Class I (buccolingual loss of tissue), Class II (apicocoronal loss of tissue), and Class III (both loss of tissue). It is important to close the ridge defect by replacing the tooth loss and to achieve good esthetic, phonetic, and mastication. According to the classification, proper treatment plan and alternative can be determined for successful outcomes. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of alveolar ridge defect using Siebert's classification in fixed partial denture patient among Indian population. Materials and Method: This study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College. A total number of 55 of 60 patients with alveolar ridge defect are selected. Based on the Siebert's Classification (Class I, Class II, and Class III), the amount of destruction is analyzed to determine the alveolar ridge defect using this classification. Therefore, the statistical analysis is performed using Chi-squared test. Results: Based on the result, the prevalence of alveolar ridge defect due to trauma is 91.6% (55 of 60). According to Siebert's classification, the most common alveolar ridge destruction was Class III defect which is both buccolingual and apicocoronal loss of tissue of alveolar ridge, 24 (40.0%). This was followed by Class I defect which is buccolingual loss of tissue of alveolar ridge with 20 (33.3%) number of patients. Class II defect was the least with 11 (18.3%) which is apicocoronal loss of tissue of alveolar ridge. Conclusion: The prevalence of Siebert's classification helps in suggestion of various management techniques or treatment planning to the patient to ensure that the prognosis and treatment outcomes turn out to successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate treatment planning for replacement of lost teeth is required, and imaging plays an important role to ensure a beneficiary outcome that satisfies the patient desires and needs. Dental implants are gaining immense popularity and wide acceptance because they not only replace lost teeth but also provide permanent restorations that do not interfere with mastication or speech or compromise the self-esteem of a patient. Radiological examination is very necessary for evaluating the anatomy of the structures such as maxillary sinus, the mental foramen, and the inferior alveolar nerve canal in relation to the teeth that are to be replaced by implants. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used in dental implanting. However, the local hospitals usually do not have access to CBCT due to the cost and medical investment. The doctors in local hospitals have to make reasonable dental planting using orthopantomography (OPG) to reduce risks. Therefore, it is clinically meaningful to determine the magnification rate of OPG to obtain correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A denture is fabricated as a coverage prosthesis to replace some or a missing teeth. It has been used extensively to replace the missing dentition which enhances the esthetic pleasing of the patient. Determination of the mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth is one of the difficult aspects in teeth selection. Many attempts have been done to establish methods for estimating the appropriate width of the six maxillary anterior teeth. Aim: The scope of the research was to study the correlation of the bizygomatic width (BW) and ridge relationship in the determination of the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 students from two populations were participated in this study. 14 students from Malaysia and 14 Indian students were selected. The measurements include facial, dental, and denture cast measurement. The data were analyzed using Karl Pearson correlation test and P-value of the data was considered 0.05 statistically. Result: The population of Indian is having larger width (mean = 11.72 cm) when compared to the Malaysian population (mean = 11.17 cm). The correlation coefficient test in Indian population for facial measurement with the width of the maxillary central incisor (P = 0.05 and r = 0.73) and the total width of the maxillary anterior teeth (P = 0.05 and r = 0.54) showed average correlation. Conclusion: It was found that Indians have relatively higher values of correlation between the BW and hamular notches than the population of Malaysian. There was a high significant correlation between all the parameters for the samples except for the measurement between the distance of interhamular notches and combined width of the maxillary anterior teeth, which showed a weak downhill linear relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral health is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual's capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial well-being. Prosthesis is an artificial replacement of a part of the body, such as a tooth, a facial bone, the palate, or a joint. A prosthesis may be removable or even fixed. Aging phenomenon has been the rising concern faced in the 21st century. By the year 2050, it is projected that an increase in the population aged 60 years or over will be half of the total growth of the world population. Hence, treatment should be given to elderly patient to preserve their normal function of tooth. Aim: The present study is undertaken to study the oral health status and prosthetic needs in elderly patient of Chennai resident. Materials and methods: A decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT) index form will be given to 50 elderly patients. 24 women and 26 male patients took part in this research. Each participants will be scored based on the oral health status of the patients which is DMFT. The result of data was tabulated. Result: Patient with an increase in a number of age tends to have increase in DMFT value, and hence, the need for using prosthesis in older age increases. Conclusion: The prevalence of denture wearing was low despite the higher prevalence of edentulousness in this study group. As teeth are essential for nutrition of elders, they must preserved first and replaced later on if required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain extra-oral landmarks such as the philtrum, ala of the nose, pupils, canthus of the eye, and various distances in the face have been related to the size and shape of teeth and arch form to obtain values which would guide in the selection and arrangement of teeth in the complete denture. In the maxillary complete denture, it is desirable to place the anterior teeth as close as possible to a position occupied in natural dentition to achieve "realism." Several investigators have extensively studied the relationship of the incisive papilla to the labial surface of incisor teeth in the horizontal plane and suggested certain values which are useful to set the incisor teeth in dentures. In the past one of the pre-extraction landmarks, namely the incisive papilla has been shown to be a stable and definitive anatomic landmark as a guide to arranging artificial anterior teeth in an anterior-posterior position, and this is documented by the findings of several authors. Although several studies have been conducted earlier to investigate the horizontal relationship of the incisive papilla to the labial surfaces of maxillary central incisors, there is a paucity of data on the vertical relationship between the incisive papilla and the incisal edges of maxillary central incisors. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to find out the relationship of incisive papilla with artificial teeth arrangements in completely edentulous patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical case report describes the oral rehabilitation of a young adult female patient using metal ceramic crowns diagnosed with multiple missing teeth, some inadequate, deteriorated, and faulty restorations. The main objective of the treatment was to enhance the esthetics, restore masticatory function, and eliminate the teeth sensitivity. Fixed prosthodontics is used as treatment. Simultaneously, it is necessary to understand that form follows function and that anterior teeth play a key role in the maintenance of oral health. Articulated study casts and a mock wax-up can provide important information for the evaluation of treatment options. Alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion should be conservative and should not be changed without careful consideration. 1-year recall examination disclosed patient's esthetic and useful expectations were happy, and no pathology was related to the rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A line from the lower border of the ala of the nose to the upper border of the tragus of the ear is called Ala-Tragus line. It is one of the most commonly used occlusal reference plane for complete denture construction. Ala-Tragus line consists of three different levels such as superior, middle, and inferior. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the occlusal plane (OP) (Ala Tragus line) in Dentulous patient among South Indian population and Malaysian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 participants, in which 20 South Indian and the other 20 Malaysian were participated in this study. The subjects were asked to sit in upright position and three lines were drawn from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the three different level (Superior, Middle, and Inferior) of the tragus of the ear on both sides using dental plaster and finally check for the parallelism using fox plane. Results: The majority (87%) of the population shows OP was found to be parallel to the inferior level of the tragus, and there is no parallelism between the OP and the superior level of the tragus among both the population and there is no significant difference in OP relationship between South Indian and Malaysian population. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in OP relationship between South Indian and Malaysian population. And the inferior border of the ala tragal line is suggested as the best posterior reference point in younger age individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental implant is a surgical component that supports dental prosthesis such as crown, bridge, denture, and facial prosthesis to the bone or jaw of the skull. Osseointegration is a biologic process that acts as the basis for modern dental implant in which materials such as titanium form an intimate bond to bone. A variable impression technique can be used for this kind of procedure. Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of undergraduate students and dental practitioners toward different impression techniques used for implant procedure. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a descriptive survey of private dental practitioners in the Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India. A selfadministered questionnaire of 12 questions with multiple choice questions was prepared to obtain information about knowledge, attitude, and practice toward various impression techniques for dental implants. A total of 100 people involving 50 dental students and 50 dental practitioners were chosen as the participants. The responses from all students were collected as soon as they filled the questionnaire that had been distributed. The questionnaires were distributed manually to them. Statistical analysis was done using G power analysis method. Result: The specific sample study on dental students was a poor reflection when compared to dental practitioners in terms of knowledge, attitude, and practice on various impression techniques for dental implant patients. A total of 50 undergraduate dental students and 50 dental practitioners participated in this current study. Conclusion: Getting a highly stable and retentive implant had always been a problem associated for most of the prosthodontists. Proper tray selection, proper implant angulation, proper impression techniques, and coping modification are the factors that might influence the accuracy of the dental implants. Therefore, it should be considered carefully before this procedure had been started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental implants are alloplastic material which is placed surgically into residual alveolar bone. As there is increasing demand for implant placement, there is need to understand clinical difference between early and conventional loading protocols for dental implants. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice on immediate and delayed loading of implants among dental students. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 dental students were asked about loading protocols of immediate and delayed implants using a questionnaire and collected from the respondents in the same visit. Filled questionnaire was collected and analyzed. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and descriptive analysis was done. Results were represented in the form of charts. Results: Among the respondents, 72.5% of the respondents are aware of loading protocols of immediate implants and delayed loading, and 27.5% were not aware about the loading protocols. When asked about factors that lead to immediate implant implacement in the anterior region, only 14% of the respondents quoted for the absence of anatomical constraints and 68% of the respondents quoted for esthetics as an important factor which was contradictory to a clinical study conducted by Pommer et al., in which it was found that immediate implants are mostly indicated in the anterior teeth region due to the absence of anatomical constraints such as maxillary sinus and inferior alveolar nerve. Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that there are limited knowledge and awareness about loading protocols and clinical criteria for immediate and delayed implants among dental students of this institution, though their knowledge and awareness about implants are appreciable. These facilities the need for strengthening education in dental students to reinforce their knowledge and awareness about loading protocols of various types of implants in their curriculum implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The growing demands from clinicians and patients to optimize the dental implant treatment protocols require the fabrication of a precisely fitting implant-supported prosthesis, the prerequisite of which is the accuracy of the implant impression. The objectives of this study were to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental students and dental practitioners on impression materials for implant placement. In particular, this study investigated the most accepted impression material used for making impressions for dental implants among these practitioners and students and their opinions regarding the clinical factors that may influence the decision-making process for the selection of the impression material. Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to dental students and practitioners in Saveetha Dental College. Returned responses were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Differences in groups were examined using Chi-squared test for linear trends across the rated questions and cross-tabulations to compare responses from different groups. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: A total of 100 dental implant practitioners responded to this survey. The majority of respondents (71%) preferred addition silicone and polyether as an impression material, and about an equal number of respondents believed that dimensional stability and elasticity are ideal requisites for impression materials (32%). Most of the clinicians (89%) felt that the most accurate impression material technique for subgingival implants is the usage of putty and light body combination vinyl polysiloxane impression material. In case of non-parallel multiple implants, the majority of dentists (46%) chose open tray technique with polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) as the choice of impression material and technique and 22% preferred closed tray with PVS. Significant relationships between the choice of impression material and the qualification of the respondents were noted. Conclusions: The current survey concludes that addition silicone and polyether are the most commonly used impression materials, the presence of angulated implants and subgingival implants affects the choice of impression material and technique, and elasticity and dimensional stability are the most important requisites of an impression material for implants. Therefore, it can be understood that most of the dental students and practitioners followed the well-documented techniques and proven materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Provisional restorations in fixed partial dentures are best used for to protect pulp and thereby providing thermal stimulation preventing leakage by forming an intimate seal with the teeth that are prepared during the process of the fabrication of a definite prosthesis. Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the color stability of three provisional materials (1) polymethyl methacrylate (DPI), (2) Bis-acryl composite (Protemp TM II-3M ESPE), and (3) light polymerized composite resin (Revotek LC-GC). Materials and Methods: A total of 120 specimens were prepared using three provisional materials were subjected to four subgroups of artificial stains such as tea and coffee solution, coca cola, and turmeric solution with distilled water as a control group. Color measurements were made using reflectance spectrophotometer with CIELAB system at time intervals at 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 days. 6 samples were randomly selected. After 10 repeated measurements, mean values were compared using one-way analysis of variance with 5% confidence interval and multiple range Tukey honest significant difference to identify the statistical difference at 5% level where P = 0.05 was considered. The reliability of values was obtained by the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Revotek LC showed clinically accepted color change whose value was ΔE < 3.7 with all the staining solutions except the turmeric solution over the 15 day period. The staining potential of turmeric solution was maximum followed by coffee, tea, and coco cola at all time intervals. The results showed high reproducibility as 1* = 1.000, a* = 0.9342, b* = 1.000. Conclusion: Revotek LC is the most stable materials in term of color followed by Protemp and DPI. Among the staining materials used turmeric proved to be having the highest staining potential followed by coffee, tea, and coca cola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate mounting of dental casts on the articulator is one of the key procedures enabling careful analysis, diagnosis and treatment planning for edentulous patient. Some researchers believed that a facebow is indispensable, bringing along many advantages. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the use of facebow and attitude toward it among prosthodontists in complete denture fabrication. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was prepared to assess and evaluate the knowledge on Facebow in fabrication of complete dentures, along with additional information on the education and experience background of prosthodontists, the attitude toward facebow in complete denture fabrication, patient satisfaction, reason behind not using the facebow and their knowledge about jaw relationship and occlusal adjustment in complete denture fabrication. This questionnaire was sent to 50 private dental practioners who were prosthodontist in Chennai regardless of age, sex and experience. The questionnaire was sent through e-mails. Clear instructions were given in the questionnaire form about the aim of this survey and answering the questions. Name, contact details, mail id, place and educational qualification of the participants were kept very confidential. Results: About 32% of prosthodontists are seldom using facebow for complete denture fabrication. Among that, 95.2% of them are using arbitrary facebow. 43% do not think facebow is necessary for complete denture fabrication, 55% of them report that facebow transfer in complete denture fabrication is time consuming. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that there is not much significant difference in post-insertion visits of complete denture made with and without facebow record. The majority of prosthodontists believed that most of their patients were satisfied with their complete denture seldom used a facebow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compared to other intraoral landmarks, pterygomaxillary notch (PMN) is a highly significant structure, as it can be easily identified on the casts and not subject to any soft tissue changes. With regard to choosing the dentate casts, it is justified that the measurements from artificial teeth may be misleading when compared to the natural teeth. Therefore, dentate casts are considered as the better option in measuring the width of maxillary anterior. Aim: The main objective of this study is to determine the width of maxillary anterior in dentate casts of Indian and Malaysian population, using PMN as the anatomical landmark. Materials and methods: The study comprises 17 Indian and 17 Malaysian population of 18-30 years of age with Angle's Class 1 maxillomandibular relationship. The exclusion criteria are patients with carious lesions, periodontal problems, edentulous spaces, history of orthodontic treatment, malocclusion, and other congenital dental defects. Impression was made using irreversible hydrocolloid impression material. Casts were obtained after pouring the impression with hard setting dental stone. The six anterior tooth width measurements from each of the casts were summed up to give a total width of maxillary anterior on each cast. The distance between the PMN was measured using a Vernier Caliper to determine its correlation with the width of maxillary anterior. The level of significance was established at a = 0.01 for Indian population and a = 0.05 for Malaysian population. Results: The mean mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth was 45.35 mm, and the mean distance of the inter PMN was 43.18 mm in Indian population. In the Malaysian population, the mean mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth was 47.00 mm, and the mean distance of the inter PMN was 45.25 mm. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the inter PMN distance and total mesiodistal width of the six maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion: It is concluded that the PMN can be used as a putative guide in determining the width of maxillary anterior, irrespective of different group populations. However, further research is recommended in this field, to establish a method that is universally accepted in maxillary anterior width measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite researches were done on the accuracy of splinted and non-splint in open tray impression techniques, very less information exists on accuracy of these techniques of multi-angled implants. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of implant cast by splinting and non-splinting technique in open tray technique on 5°, 15°, and 30° angled implants. Materials and Methods: A mandibular acrylic reference model is fabricated following which four Adin implants were placed with two in anterior being perpendicular as A2, A3, and two in the posterior region being 15° and 30° angulations of divergence in A1, A4 position. Six custom trays were fabricated with light cure acrylic resin sheets. After 24 h impressions using medium body polyether using open tray technique Group A: 3 samples splinted and Group B: 3 non-splinted. Accuracy was analyzed by coordinated measuring machine device. Multivariate two-way ANOVA and one sample t-test was used. Results: According to data analyzed showed there was significant difference noted in A1, A3, and A4 positions whose P = 0.0001, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively. According to changes in transfer of implant in A1, A2, A3, and A4 positions mean and standard deviation in splinted group were 19.02 ± 0.04, 15.675 ± 0.01, 65.623 ± 0.05, 51.019 ± 0.05, and 17.896 ± 0.05, 15.772 ± 0.01, 65.614 ± 0.02, and 54.051 ± 0.02, respectively. Conclusion: Significant difference was noted among the groups (P < 0.05) suggesting splinted impression technique is recommended for multiple angled implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]