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The low level of detection of money laundering offenses is determined by the high latency of these acts, the involvement of organized criminal groups in their commission and the nature of the actions undertaken to hide the signs of legalization of proceeds obtained through criminal means. The scientific debates in the matter of investigating money laundering offenses are stimulated by a diversity of opinions regarding the forensic characteristics of these acts, which, unfortunately, leaves a negative mark on the effectiveness of the investigation of these offenses. In the theory and practice of forensic science, there are various opinions and positions regarding the forensic characteristics of money laundering offenses and the specifics of the evidence for this category of criminal cases. However, for reasons of lack of uniformity in legal science and practical activity of judicial bodies, radically opposite decisions are taken for analogous situations, which is absolutely inadmissible. In such conditions, a continuous research activity is necessary with the purpose of systematization of scientific materials accumulated in this field and their adaptation to the real conditions of fight against crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to the market economy determined substantial changes in the entrepreneurial sphere. One of the peculiarities of these changes refers to the ‗phenomenon' and procedure of bankruptcy of legal entities and entrepreneurs. With the initiation of reforms related to the formation of a market economy, the question of creating legal regulatory mechanisms in the field of insolvency also arose, including by establishing criminal liability for violations and deviations from the legal provisions in this field. Currently, the forensic endowment of the investigation of criminal deeds related to insolvency is characterized by an insufficient elaboration of some theoretical and practical bases in this regard. Noting the factual absence of substantial forensic research in the matter of investigating the deeds of fictitious insolvency and intentional insolvency, however, it is necessary to draw attention to the fact that the emergence and consolidation of forensic knowledge related to the investigation of these categories of crimes appeared at the dawn of the last century. Although a considerable part of research in the field contributes to the strengthening of knowledge related to the investigation of crimes related to insolvency, until now, we do not have complex research related to the specific features and particularities of the investigation of this type of crimes. However, the present study represents a modest attempt to expose some particularities specific to the initial investigations of fictitious insolvency and intentional insolvency deeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminalization of money laundering deeds is a relatively new phenomenon for the criminal legislation of some states, which some time ago did not know such acts. The absence of clear and uniform representations regarding the signs of the crime of money laundering and the presence of contradictory interpretations regarding the qualification and proof of such deeds were decisive in the operation of multiple changes in the field of criminalization and sanctioning of money laundering. However, all these taken together have stimulated certain difficulties of a normative and applicative nature in the field of investigation of money laundering offenses. The research of the specialized doctrine and of the practice of investigation and discovery of these deeds draws our attention to a complex of theoretical, normative and practical difficulties, which leaves a negative imprint on the prevention and counteracting of money laundering, which determines the high degree of latency of the crimes in question, which often remain beyond the sight of the law enforcement bodies. The insufficiently clear regulation and the lack of appropriate practical skills in the application of special knowledge in the process of investigation of money laundering offenses can also be included thereto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to statistical data, the number of entities that declared insolvent in the Republic of Moldova has increased significantly. Thus, if, in 2016, 673 economic agents were declared insolvent, then only in the first quarter of 2019 their number stood at 25461. In all countries of the world, no matter the level and degree of development of their economy, there is such a phenomenon as insolvency. It is obvious that a natural or legal person could become insolvent because of excess debt or lack of liquidity. In some cases, the state of insolvency is due to economic crises, fierce competition or forcible cases and major force. In other cases, however, it is found that insolvency occurs because entrepreneurs are not able to manage their business, or they intentionally, through illicit actions, cause the company's poor economic condition. As a consequence, the economic and financial difficulties of an enterprise may have the "domino" negative effect of attracting the financial collapse of business partner2s. On the other hand, the continuous expansion of trade and the intensification of national and international investments, tempts the criminal subjects to illegally obtain financial advantages, and therefore leads to the emergence of new factual situations, including criminal ones. In this article, we set out to investigate and perform the legal framing of the illicit actions of the debtor that led to its insolvency and thus caused the prejudice to creditors. In this regard, we will draw attention to the effects of the insolvency process, the role of the authorized administrator in the detection of bankruptcy offenses and what problems are encountered in this respect. In the same way, we will try to provide solutions to increase the efficiency of the authorized administrator and state bodies in the process of detecting and preventing insolvency offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]