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PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have been demonstrated to induce itch in both humans and experimental animals. However, whether the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is involved in the regulation of chronic psoriatic itch remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in imiquimod-induced chronic psoriatic itch. The intradermal injection of PD-L1 in the nape of neck significantly alleviated chronic psoriatic itch in imiquimod-treated skin. Additionally, we observed that spontaneous scratching behavior induced by imiquimod disappeared on day 21. Still, intradermal injection of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors could induce more spontaneous scratching for over a month, indicating that imiquimod-treated skin remained in an itch sensitization state after the spontaneous scratching behavior disappeared. During this period, there was a significant increase in PD-1 receptor expression in both the imiquimod-treated skin and the spinal dorsal horn in mice, accompanied by significant activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn. These findings suggest the potential involvement of the peripheral and central PD-1/PD-L1 pathways in regulating chronic itch and itch sensitization induced by imiquimod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

:In order to study the corronon reiistance of iitanium alloy surface microstructure in seawater, laser was used to process the microstructure on the titanrnm alloy surface,and a superhydrophobic iitanium alloy surface was obtamed by modifying it with fluoronlane. The prepared sample was immersed in ariiSisial seawater at 40 *C for one day, and the morphology, dement content, and polarization curve changes of the titanmm alloy surface microstructure before and after ariiSisial seawater immerrion were compared. The results showed that there was no change in its morphology, and the oxygen content only increased by 1.1%. However, the open iircuit potential and sflt-corrosion potential did not change before and after immerson nn artificial seawater, with values of 0. 08 V and --0. 07 Viespectivlly. This ndicates that the surface microstructure of superhydrophobic titanmm alloy has good corroson resistance nn artificial seawatee. At the same time, a new Tafll function was constructed to dynamically evaluate the corroson resistance of titanuum alloy surface microstructure nn artificial seawater,providing effective guidance for the corroson resistance evaluation of titanuum alloy surface microstructure nn seawatee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of catalyzing carbonization and free‐radical quenching mechanism is proposed to be a promising strategy for the preparation of high‐efficiency flame‐retardant polypropylene (PP). Herein, a novel functionalized zirconium phosphate (RQZrP) nanosheet with free‐radical quenching capability was fabricated by decorating macromolecular N‐alkoxy hindered amine (MNOR) onto the surface of ZrP. It was combined with an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) to flame‐retard PP. The results showed that there was a good synergism between RQZrP and IFR, which effectively improved the fire safety of PP. When the content of RQZrP was 2 wt% and IFR was 23 wt%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PP increased from 19.0% to 33.0%, and it achieved a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), carbon monoxide production (COP), and carbon dioxide production (CO2P) were significantly decreased. It revealed that nitroxyl radicals generated by RQZrP could capture alkyl radicals and peroxy radicals that produced during the degradation and combustion of PP. Meanwhile, RQZrP acted as a solid acid that catalyzed PP chains rapidly cross‐linking to form char on its surface, and it also played as a supporting skeleton to enhance the strength and compactness of the char layer, thus effectively preventing the transmission of heat, oxygen, and combustible gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction is of continued interest to sustainable energy research. Mononuclear transition metal complexes from Group 6 to Group 10 with a select subset of ligand frameworks have been demonstrated to be efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts. Here, we review the known mononuclear complexes from Group 6 to Group 10, examining trends in activity, electronic structure of catalytic intermediates, and product selectivity. The correlation between differences in electronic structure and CO2 reduction activity between these metal centers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginsenoside Rf can effectively relieve pain hypersensitivity in a neuropathic pain rat model. Neuropathic pain was induced in rats by chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the right sciatic nerve. Ginsenoside Rf was administered intraperitoneally after CCI surgery. The von Frey filament test and forced swimming test were performed to examine pain hypersensitivity and depression-like behavior in rats. Western blot was used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and the spinal cord. Pretreatment of ginsenoside Rf for 7 days did not affect the onset of mechanical allodynia in CCI rats; however, a single dose of ginsenoside Rf 1 day after surgery attenuated established mechanical allodynia in CCI rats. Additionally, chronic treatment of ginsenoside Rf 1 week before and 2 weeks after CCI surgery diminished mechanical allodynia and depression-like behavior without affecting spontaneous locomotor activity in CCI rats. Furthermore, in CCI rats, chronic ginsenoside Rf treatment partially reversed the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord and/or the DRG but elevated IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor, in the DRG. Ginsenoside Rf alleviated neuropathic pain and its associated depression and restored the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that ginsenoside Rf may be a potential therapy for nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]