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Business Law, is a codified set of dos and don'ts for commercial business activities. This law has always been important to scientific societies due to the high incidence of the citizens' society. Since the business system of Muslims is considered by the Holy Sharia, the set of business laws of Iran is not oblivious to the inclusion of the view of the Sharia and considers it necessary to adapt these laws to the jurisprudence standards. The religion of Islam considers itself to have a comprehensive and comprehensive plan for all human issues. Since the upcoming commercial laws are derived from French secular laws and international conventions, the need for jurisprudential revision of these laws will be considered a serious demand. What is included in the short time of this research is the jurisprudential examination of the legitimacy of the endorsement/allocation of the shares of the managers of joint stock companies, which has not been research so far in no legal jurisprudence research, with a comparative procedure and also with an emphasis on inferential jurisprudential evidences regarding the objective rejection of the collateral. According to Article 114 of Iran's Commercial Law Amendment Bill and the second note of Article 47 of Afghanistan's Commercial Law, directors of joint-stock companies are required to approve a certain number of shares during their term of office. The view of Sharia and civil law will face a serious challenge. Also, this view on the conditions of the mortgage contract can be found in the civil law. this research on the grownd of objectines is developmental and based on need the hypottesis is descriptihe.

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Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following the renowned majority the Imᾱmῑ jurists who commonly define endowment (waqf) as the lien of the object (habs 'ayn) and the limitation of its benefits (tasbῑl al-naf'), Article 55 of the Iranian Civil Code also presents the same definition for the endowment. The word "objective ('ain)" necessarily and literally is interpreted in jurisprudence as the properties among material and tangible objects, which are capable of endowment. In other words, properties such as rights, debts, and benefits are excluded from the endowment, for they are not objective and tangible by senses. Therefore, shares of joint stock companies are excluded from the subject area of the endowment contract. Some believe that the meaning of the word "objective" in combination with "objective rights" does not necessarily mean tangible and material property; because in the current business practice, it is not necessary and mandatory to issue shares on the stock sheet, and it will be possible to imagine shares without the existence of a stock sheet. Moreover, they consider the shares to be the same or somehow to be the same based on the relevant laws and regulations. Seemingly, the analysis of the nature of the shares as a newly-emerged and privileged property that has wealth concludes that the condition of endowment of the shares is that the owner has paid the remainder of nominal amount at the time of subscription; because as long as the said obligation is not fulfilled, the joint stock company cannot endow it according to the rules contained in Articles 35 and 36 of the 1968 legal bill. Therefore, the endowment of collateral shares of managers, shares of fixed-term companies, and shares for which the obligation to pay the remaining amount has not been fulfilled will be void. The questions raised here are, "If the price of the endowment shares of the company increases, will this increase also be included in the endowment?" "Does the endowment of a part of the company's shares by the shareholder cause other shares of the company to be considered endowment as well!?" Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on library sources and relevant laws, this research aims to answer the questions and provide a suitable solution to the issue. In conclusion, the increase in the company's stock price will lead to its being considered as an endowment. Additionally, the endowment of a part of the company's shares does not legally cause the endowment of other shares of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research, we touched on the Internet crisis of the year 2000 constituted a turning point in corporate management. At a time when stock prices were collapsing on the stock exchanges for technology companies, they were achieving significant returns on the ground, which led to the increasing use of revenue management. After this crisis, it began to have another major mission in addition to... The mission of maximizing profits, which is to remain in the market and compete in order to continue carrying out its business and remain in its activity, and thus ensure that it does not leave the sector in which it is active. This can only be done through specific operations based on the company's profit management philosophy, in order to ensure an increase. Its revenues provide sufficient resources to continue its activity. We have reached the conclusion that the practice of earnings management has an adverse effect on the continuity of joint stock companies for the study sample for the study period 2015 - 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper is to analyze the earnings quality of high-share liquidity companies from Poland, Romania, and Hungary whose activities are outside the finance sector.

The study aimed to determine the impact of disclosure of the quality of profitability on the profitability of shares of Saudi joint stock companies and to use disclosure of the quality of profitability as an indicator in evaluating the performance of joint stock companies. To achieve the desired goals, the study relied on the theoretical method through information collected from references as well as reviewing previous studies. To analyze the data, the study used the E-Views program, which was designed to deal with statistical problems such as the problem of linear correlation, autocorrelation, multiple correlations, and variance. The study reached results, the most important of which is the presence of a statistically significant effect between the level of disclosure of the quality of profitability and the profitability of shares, as well as the increase in the total profits of public joint-stock companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the telecommunications sector led to an increase in earnings per share in those companies. In light of the results of the study, there were a number of recommendations, the most important of which is displaying the financial reports of joint-stock companies through various media in order to attract more investors, to achieve an increase in the quality of profitability of shares, and to work to raise the level of disclosure through the concerted efforts of joint-stock companies and enhance the disclosure process in a way that meets the needs of investors. and rationalize their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTIn the past few centuries, an accelerating process of legalization and classification have moulded the diverse range of earlier institutions into a limited number of isomorphic organizational forms. Today, institutions of higher education, with their roots in the corporate forms of medieval universities, can also have the legal status of, for example, government agencies, associations under public law, foundations, and joint stock companies. This article investigates the types of legal entities Swedish and Finnish institutions of higher education have been organized into in the period from the 1990s until 2020, and why these particular types have been chosen. It also explores how the special characteristics, aims, and demands of the university have caused adaptations to organizational forms such as joint stock companies and foundations. Comparative studies benefit from investigating societies that are as similar to each other as possible, making it easier to identify and isolate the effects of the factors that actually differ. In this respect, Finland and Sweden are ideal for comparative studies. Both Swedish and Finnish institutions of higher education have experienced coercive, mimetic, normative, and managerial-professional isomorphic pressure. However, there are important pre-existing national differences, such as the greater reliance on public agencies in Sweden and the multiplicity of semi-private legal entities in Finland, most significantly the associations under public law. These differences made the transition of universities into independent legal entities seem natural in Finland in 2009, while it was too radical in the Swedish context.

In the past few centuries, an accelerating process of legalization and classification have moulded the diverse range of earlier institutions into a limited number of isomorphic organizational forms. Today, institutions of higher education, with their roots in the corporate forms of medieval universities, can also have the legal status of, for example, government agencies, associations under public law, foundations, and joint stock companies. This article investigates the types of legal entities Swedish and Finnish institutions of higher education have been organized into in the period from the 1990s until 2020, and why these particular types have been chosen. It also explores how the special characteristics, aims, and demands of the university have caused adaptations to organizational forms such as joint stock companies and foundations. Comparative studies benefit from investigating societies that are as similar to each other as possible, making it easier to identify and isolate the effects of the factors that actually differ. In this respect, Finland and Sweden are ideal for comparative studies. Both Swedish and Finnish institutions of higher education have experienced coercive, mimetic, normative, and managerial-professional isomorphic pressure. However, there are important pre-existing national differences, such as the greater reliance on public agencies in Sweden and the multiplicity of semi-private legal entities in Finland, most significantly the associations under public law. These differences made the transition of universities into independent legal entities seem natural in Finland in 2009, while it was too radical in the Swedish context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of GALATASARAY UNIVERSITESI HUKUK FAKULTESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The possibility of holding general assemblies in electronic environment, which has been included in the TCC (2012), and the restriction of physical travel opportunities of individuals during the pandemic process, and the electronic holding of general assemblies of Turkish companies with foreign partners gained importance. With this study, it is aimed to discuss how virtual general assemblies can be held and how solutions can be produced for the problems that may be encountered in the framework of both the pandemic measures and the current TCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at defining the conceptual principles for the development of a system for ensuring the financial security of joint stock companies (JSC) in Ukraine, which will contribute to increasing the level of capitalization and security of both listing companies and the stock market as a whole. The theoretical and methodological basis are fundamental provisions of both economic and institutional theory, security theory, system analysis using such general scientific methods of cognition of economic phenomena and processes as theoretical generalization, synthesis, induction, and deduction. The article substantiates the theoretical and methodological bases for the development of conceptual principles of the system of ensuring the financial security of joint stock companies in Ukraine. In order to research the implementation of the State’s approaches to ensuring the national financial security and the capital markets development, strategic documents in Ukraine were analyzed and an inconsistency between target indicators and formulations of strategic goals were determined. A complex of hypotheses is formed and proved, approaches and principles of the conception of forming a system for ensuring the financial security of joint stock companies are substantiated, taking into account the peculiarities of the State regulation of the financial security sphere. The developed conception is based on a new scientific approach to searching ways to improve the financial security system of joint stock companies in Ukraine. It can be concluded that implementation of the proposed conceptual bases will allow the achievement of the expected results, strengthen the financial security of JSC, make them more resistant against system crises, and create a stable basis for their long-term development.

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences / Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The functioning of the world social and economic order in the 21st century has faced many challenges, but the global Covid-19 pandemic has caused unpredictable tendencies that require immediate, effective and adequate reactions that will respond seriously to the new situation. No society, including Macedonia, has remained immune to the consequences caused by this pandemic, penetrating deeply into all segments of society. The Covid-19 pandemic directly raised the question of the readiness of national socio-economic orders to function in digital format. The functioning of the main carriers of economic fluctuation, i.e., business entities and their capacity for digitalization, is one of the main preoccupations imposed by the pandemic. These issues are current in global and Macedonian aspects. The main purpose of this paper is, through analysis of the practice of joint stock companies listed on the Macedonian Stock Exchange and those with special reporting obligations, to identify the degree of utilization of the opportunity provided in the Law on Trade Companies for organization at shareholders' assemblies by electronic means during the conditions of the pandemic. At the same time, the paper concentrates on the effects that the pandemic causes in the realization of the shareholder rights under the newly created conditions. In addition to analyzing the current situation, the paper provides guidance for improving the provisions for the organization of shareholders' assemblies by electronic means and the exercise of shareholders' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial and economic crises faced by commercial companies, especially giants, during the recent period in many countries of the world, as a result of manipulating and the credibility of the financial statements of shareholding companies has prompted the concerned national authorities, international organizations and legislators in these countries to conduct in-depth studies to find appropriate solutions to avoid these crises and achieving stability in the national and international markets. The result of these efforts was the adoption of the corporate governance system to prevent or reduce financial crises through a set of mechanisms, most notably transparency and real disclosure of financial and non-financial information and activating internal and external control over its business to reduce fraud and manipulation, as well as activating the role of the Board of Directors in it to protect the rights of shareholders And those dealing with the company. These efforts were embodied in either legislation a system of governance and obligating companies to work with it, or amending or enacting new companies laws by adopting the rules and mechanisms of governance in these laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is possible for joint stock company shares to be certified, hence establishment of share pledge is subject to different procedures depending on whether the share is certified or uncertified, and type of share certificate. There are also differences in terms of legal consequences of the method preferred. This paper examines selected problems on establishment of share pledge within the scope of different methods of pledge establishment on certified and uncertified shares, legal implications of selected method of pledge establishment, endorsement in pledge on registered share certificates, acquisitions by third party in good faith on shares subject to pledge, legal implications of certification of uncertified shares following establishment of pledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Finance & Business Economies Review is the property of Finance & Business Economies Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the problems associated with the construction of the Volga-Don railway which connected Tsaritsyn and Kalach-on-Don in 1862. It became one of the first to be built in Russia during the so-called ‘Railway boom’ of the 1860s. The joint-stock company of the Volga-Don railway and the shipping company in the Don and the Sea of Azov was established on July 19, 1858. Its founders were entrepreneur N.A. Novoselsky, engineer P.P. Melnikov – one of the builders of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway, and millionaire V.A. Kokorev. The capital of the company amounted to 8 million rubles in the shares of 500 rubles each. The shareholders were mainly represented by high-ranking military and civil officials, including Finance Minister A. Knyazhevich. The works on the construction started on May 8, 1859. Construction took place in a situation of demonstrative publicity and attracted much public attention. Despite this, the working and living conditions of the workers were unbearable, which led to illness and high mortality. Complaints of workers were suppressed by force, including corporal punishment. In the summer of 1860, mass shoots took place at the construction site, weapons were used for their suppression. The scandal was publicized in the press and became the reason for the adoption of the first rules in Russia on hiring workers. The construction of the Volga-Don railway was finished in the spring of 1862, and the regular railway traffic was launched on April 27. The newly constructed railway gave a hefty boost to the economic development of Tsaritsyn and started the industrial epoch in the South of Russia.

Corporate enterprises are an influential factor in the development of the economy of any country. Corporate entrepreneurship has been widely promoted by managers and researchers as an effective means for improving companies’ financial development. The analysis of the corporate governance system is a blueprint for the successful development of such companies. Moreover, it is a tool for regulation of interests between shareholders and managers, because it can help to identify the weaknesses and strengths, threats and opportunities in their relations. Our discoveries highlight those companies will have a better achievement, which will have a regular corporate governance analysis. In an attempt to improve the corporate governance study, the methodological procedures of the corporate governance analysis are proposed. The paper determinates the goals, objectives, plan, and program for the corporate governance analysis. It has special attention to the importance of criteria and its indicators in legal documents and standards. Furthermore, it takes into account the influence of external and internal factors on the activities of the corporate governance system. The proposed methodological approach allows us to determine the method of analysis, the timing, and schedule of the report, and to indicate its control procedures.

Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to measure the level of optional disclosure in the annual reports of Al Salam Bank - Algeria during the period 2012-2017, This was based on a form consisting of 120 pieces of optional information, This study found that the level of disclosure of this information in the annual reports of Al Salam Bank-Algeria during the period 2012-2017 was weak, Considering that it did not exceed 26%, Finally, this study recommends that Al Salam Bank - Algeria and joint stock companies in general should pay more attention to voluntary disclosure due to its great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India saw the largest agglomeration of corporate enterprise in Asia on the eve of the Second World War. This article is a study of Calcutta and its hinterlands in the subcontinent’s economic development, by investigating a large set of primary data of joint stock companies in colonial India. By so doing, the authors found that eastern India experienced a ‘monocentric’ pattern of agglomeration in terms of an all-India economic geography of joint stock companies, in which Calcutta took the lead as the commercial and industrial centres. It is also argued that these features grew out of India’s strong involvement, to a more heightened degree, in inland trade and foreign trade during the British rule. Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping techniques is utilized to infer variations in urban growth, spatial structure, and economic development in eastern India and within Calcutta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with substantiation of the scientific-methodical approach to the choice of strategies of management of the capital structure of energy-generating joint-stock companies. Five energy-generating joint-stock companies represented on the Ukrainian energy market: PJSC «Tsentrenergo», PJSC «Kyivenergo», PJSC «DTEK Zakhidenergo», PJSC «Donbasenergo» and PJSC «DTEK Dniproenergo» were used as the research base. The main problems in terms of the process of managing the capital structure of energy-generating joint stock companies have been allocated, it has been determined that the chosen enterprises do not use a clear approach to the choice of strategies. The block-scheme of the choice of strategies for managing the capital structure of energy-generating joint stock companies has been proposed, which allows to reflect the process of strategy selection in a comprehensive manner. Thus, the publication improves the scientific-methodical approach to the choice of strategies of management of the capital structure of power generating joint-stock companies, which, unlike the established ones, is based on the proposed structural-logical block-scheme, taking account of the principles of maximizing profitability, minimizing costs and risks, optimizing the structure of capital and compliance with the corporate development vector.

The article is devoted to the connection of the Volga and Don rivers with railways in the place of greatest convergence (Perevoloka) in the 1830-1850s. During this period Perevoloka has become a transport corridor of national significance, through which the main stream of the industrial and forest products was transferred from Central Russia and the Urals to the South of the country – the sea of Azov and the North Caucasus. The article discusses the project of A. Bestuzhev 1834, who bore the form of the most General propositions about the need to build such road. Due to the lack of specifics, the project was not approved by the officials of the Main Department of Railways and public buildings. The next project was a note by an unknown author, dating from about 1837. It contained detailed calculations of the amounts needed for the construction of two ways – on a railway-horse road and steam-powered road, as well as justification of the railway route between Dubovka suburb on the Volga river and the Kachalinskaya-on-Don village. This railway-horse road was built by the same name joint stock company in 1846, however, could not compete with horse-drawn transport. After the Crimean war, the proposal on connecting the Volga and Don railway was made by Baron A. Meyendorff, captain of Kassel company, engineer Joffry, mechanical engineer Davison, the Italian Consul in Taganrog de Rossi, but their proposals did not satisfy the government. Permission to conduct the survey was received in 1856 by Alexander Derevitsky and count N.I. Musin-Pushkin, but soon lost the rights to the project of company of N. Novosel, V. A. Kokorev and P.P. Melnikov. This joint stock company built the first Volga-Don railway in the South of Russia.

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Why do we use the term 'corporate governance ' rather than 'corporate direction '? Early British joint stock companies were normally managed by a single 'governor'. The 'court of governors' or 'board of directors' emerged slowly as the ruling body for companies. By the nineteenth century, however, companies were typically run by directors while not-for-profit entities such as hospitals, schools and charitable bodies had governors. The nineteenth century saw steady refinement of the roles of company directors, often in response to corporate scandals, with a gradual change from the notion of the director as a 'representative shareholder' to the directors being seen collectively as 'representatives of the shareholders'. Governors in not-for-profit entities, however, were regarded as having broader responsibilities. The term 'governance' itself suggests that corporate boards should be studied as 'political' entities rather than merely through economic lenses such as agency theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial inclusion has become a subject of considerable interest among policy makers,researchers and other stakeholders. In international forums, such as the Group of Twenty (G-20), financial inclusion is on the top list of the reform agenda. At the country level, about twothirds of regulatory and supervisory agencies are now charged with enhancing financial inclusion and in recent years a lot of countries have set formal targets and goals related to the financial inclusion.

The article outlines general characteristics of the sources of law, regulating relations associated with mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of joint stock companies in Russia and corporations in the United States respectively in the Russian legislation and the legislation of the United States and individual States. Both in Russia and in the USA there is a constitutional separation of powers between the Federal authorities and the Subjects of the Federation/States respectively. In both countries legal regulation of mergers and acquisitions of corporations is carried out first of all by a number of laws. These laws fall into three main groups: securities laws, antitrust (competition) laws and civil and joint-stock legislation in Russia and corporate laws in the US. All the three groups are federal laws in Russia, while in the US the first two are federal too, but the last one is state laws. It is necessary to highlight the important role of judicial decisions in the United States on legal regulation of mergers, acquisitions, takeovers in comparison with Russia, which is due to the differences in the legal systems of the states in question. However, although Russia is not a state of case law, such legal acts as the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Commercial Court will undoubtedly have an impact on law enforcement practice and, consequently, on the regulation of relevant relations. Of particular importance are the findings of the Constitutional Court, whose decisions may cancel acts or their separate provisions provided they are recognized as unconstitutional. Such acts are repealed. Decisions of courts and other bodies based on acts or their separate provisions, recognized by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation unconstitutional, are not subject to execution and shall be revised in accordance with the Federal law. The US case law implies existence of a hierarchy of precedents according to which decisions adopted by the higher courts are binding for cases adjudicated in lower courts. Judicial decisions have a major impact on the regulation of mergers and acquisitions of corporations, in particular, the state corporate Laws. The article analyses the main similarities and differences of sources of legal regulation of mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of joint stock companies in Russia and corporations in the United States.

Copyright of e-mentor is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article outlines general characteristics of the sources of law, regulating relations associated with mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of joint stock companies in Russia and corporations in the United States respectively in the Russian legislation and the legislation of the United States and individual States. Both in Russia and in the USA there is a constitutional separation of powers between the Federal authorities and the Subjects of the Federation/States respectively. In both countries legal regulation of mergers and acquisitions of corporations is carried out first of all by a number of laws. These laws fall into three main groups: securities laws, antitrust (competition) laws and civil and joint-stock legislation in Russia and corporate laws in the US. All the three groups are federal laws in Russia, while in the US the first two are federal too, but the last one is state laws. It is necessary to highlight the important role of judicial decisions in the United States on legal regulation of mergers, acquisitions, takeovers in comparison with Russia, which is due to the differences in the legal systems of the states in question. However, although Russia is not a state of case law, such legal acts as the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Commercial Court will undoubtedly have an impact on law enforcement practice and, consequently, on the regulation of relevant relations. Of particular importance are the findings of the Constitutional Court, whose decisions may cancel acts or their separate provisions provided they are recognized as unconstitutional. Such acts are repealed. Decisions of courts and other bodies based on acts or their separate provisions, recognized by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation unconstitutional, are not subject to execution and shall be revised in accordance with the Federal law. The US case law implies existence of a hierarchy of precedents according to which decisions adopted by the higher courts are binding for cases adjudicated in lower courts. Judicial decisions have a major impact on the regulation of mergers and acquisitions of corporations, in particular, the state corporate Laws. The article analyses the main similarities and differences of sources of legal regulation of mergers, consolidations, acquisitions of joint stock companies in Russia and corporations in the United States.

Copyright of Media Studies / Studia Medioznawcze is the property of Media Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Security issue decision is one of the most effective actions of joint stock companies. These decisions, which are an important financing alternative for joint stock companies, effect shareholders, company workers, creditors, existing and possible investors and the State along with the company. In this study, conceptual framework on securities and issue of them will be mentioned besides the functions of securities issue. The authorized organ to take the issue decision and quorum will be discussed shares and debt instruments oriented. Some of the measures and results that may occur in invalidity of issue decisions will be propound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern legal systems put special attention and accent on regulation of the management systems and control of companies. The commitment to this formulation lies in the fact that large companies represent a complex corporative structures that have a cohesive placement. Particularly debatable area which undoubtedly should be consecrated are the shareholders rights in procedures that involve dispose of the property of the company itself that can be directly questioned the property rights of shareholders. In this paper the emphasis will be placed on protecting the rights of the shareholders in the process of contracting great deals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)