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When a firm collaborates with its suppliers, it expands its access to external know-how and thus can enhance its innovation performance. Such collaborations are common and argued to have significant impact on the firm's market outcomes. However, such collaborations also expose the firm to various transactional hazards, including knowledge spillovers and opportunism. This trade-off looms over the firm's commitment to a market positioning strategy and the functional capabilities it draws on to generate its strategy dividend. Recent accounts suggest that the verdict on supplier collaborations is noisy and that partner perceptions of these collaborations do not align on key issues of governance, strategy, and value generation. To investigate this, the authors study 202 formal codevelopment contracts of high-tech original equipment manufacturers that collaborated with suppliers from 1985 to 2016. Drawing on the governance value analysis framework, the authors show how misalignment between the firm's codevelopment contracts, capabilities, and market positioning strategy significantly erodes its innovation performance. Thus, blanket prescriptions for one type of contract or the other are misdirected, their effectiveness being a contingent outcome dependent on the firm's market positioning strategy and functional capabilities. This research presents one of the most complete tests of the governance value analysis framework to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interorganizational partnerships can spur innovation, but their value may be diminished by friction in knowledge flows between firms. We consider how a partner's organizational structure may influence the knowledge that is accessible via partnerships. We focus on how a partner's structure trades off localized autonomy for its managers, which facilitates timelier decision making, and unified control, which facilitates integration. By shaping this balance, centralization of decision rights within the partner organization shapes access to its knowledge. Centralized structures generate wide-ranging internal knowledge pathways that enable access to a broader array of a partner's knowledge. However, the reduced managerial autonomy afforded by centralization makes decision making more cumbersome, which constricts the rate of access to a partner's knowledge. We find evidence of this tradeoff in the context of corporate venture capital relationships between incumbents and startups in the pharmaceutical industry. An increase in the incumbent's diversity of knowledge or in the knowledge required by the startup enhances the value of a greater breadth of access, whereas the degree to which the startup can leverage social ties (affinity) or hierarchical fiat (authority) alleviates the costs of a reduced access rate. Each of these features makes an incumbent organization's centralization more valuable to the startup. By highlighting this tension related to centralization, our findings suggest that new firms striving to maximize their partnership benefits may need to carefully consider their partners' internal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a predictive torque vectoring controller that optimally monitors the vehicle limits of handling using active torque distribution in the rear axle of a fully electric vehicle. It works in combination with a feedforward controller designed to improve the vehicle's agility. The overall torque vectoring strategy is described together with the vehicle lateral dynamics, sideslip angle estimator, and torque allocation method. Numerical simulations for various scenarios and road profiles show the benefits of predicting the vehicle's handling limits and the enhancement of vehicle stability in terms of reduced vehicle sideslip angle and driver effort. The proposed optimal control method for predicting vehicle handling limit violations does not require a dedicated solver, making it a promising candidate for real-time applications. The case study is a vehicle equipped with two rear in-wheel motors in the framework of , an ECSEL Joint Undertaking (JU) European research project. Hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) tests were performed on a dedicated e-axle test bench to integrate the torque vectoring controller with the real e-motors and a dual inverter. The results of the HiL testing demonstrate that the torque-vectoring requirements are satisfied by the hardware configuration in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Strategic alliances play a key role in a company's growth strategy. They are an alternative to the organic option of creating a new company from scratch and a less risky option than conducting a merger or an acquisition. For five years, most recently in 2022, the results of PwC's 22nd Annual CEO Survey have shown that 40% of U.S. CEOs plan to enter into a new strategic alliance or joint venture to boost their company's growth or profitability in the coming year. These operations demand a high level of trust, collaboration and equitable risk-sharing, as well as autonomy granted to both firms. Through an in-depth case study, this study aims to reveal how an alliance was formed between two companies, navigating between entrepreneurial experience and the co-construction of a network to share a technological tool. Design/methodology/approach: The author conducted several interviews with one of the founders of Beta France, and the author had access to a large amount of information on the launch of the entrepreneurial project. Findings: The author presents the reasons for Beta France to join a network of alliances rather than entering into a joint venture. In doing so, the author emphasizes the importance of independence between actors as a key element triggering innovation. Originality/value: This study points out how a fintech startup opens up perspectives for new digital market participants. The author lists the risks that CEOs joining an alliance must be aware of, and the author details how to avoid falling into an asymmetrical alliance by keeping a center of expertise that cannot be duplicated by other partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HyResponder is a European Hydrogen Train the Trainer programme for responders. This paper describes the key outputs of the project and the steps taken to develop and implement a long-term sustainable train the trainer programme in hydrogen safety for responders across Europe and beyond. This FCH2 JU (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) funded project has built on the successful outcomes of the previous HyResponse project. HyResponder has developed further and updated educational, operational, and virtual reality training for trainers of responders to reflect the state-of-the-art in hydrogen safety, including liquid hydrogen, and expand the programme across Europe and specifically within the 10 countries represented directly within the project consortium: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. For the first time, four levels of educational materials from fire fighter through to specialist have been developed. The digital training resources are available on the e-Platform (https://hyresponder.eu/e-platform/). The revised European Emergency Response Guide is now available to all stakeholders. The resources are intended to be used to support national training programs. They are available in 8 languages: Czech, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Norwegian and Spanish. Through the HyResponder activities, trainers from across Europe have undertaken joint actions which are in turn being used to inform the delivery of regional and national training both within and beyond the project. The established pan-European network of trainers is shaping the future in the important for inherently safer deployment of hydrogen systems and infrastructure across Europe and enhancing the reach and impact of the programme. • Responders across 10 European countries have been trained in hydrogen safety. • Translated teaching materials are available in 8 languages. • A unique operational training platform for responders has been extended. • Operational, virtual reality and educational training materials have been revised. • A revised European Emergency Response guide is available on an e-Platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing studies have explored the impact of venture capital shareholding on the GEM-listed companies before and after listing from multiple perspectives. However, there has been limited research on the influence of venture capital shareholding on these companies' mergers and acquisitions(M&A) activities and performance. Additionally, two conflicting research findings have been presented in limited relevant studies. In order to clarify the mechanism by which venture capital shareholding affects M&A activities and performance of GEM-listed companies and verify existing research conclusions, this paper takes 468 M&A events completed by the acquirer of China's GEM-listed companies between 2014 and 2016 as samples to explore venture capital shareholding's effects on the M&A performance of GEM-listed enterprises. The empirical findings demonstrate that GEM-listed enterprises with venture capital shareholding perform significantly better in terms of short-term and long-term M&A performance than those without; with the increase in venture capital shareholding ratio, the short-term M&A performance of GEM-listed enterprises has remarkably improved, but the long-term M&A performance does not show obvious correlation; joint investment of venture capital can significantly improve the short-term M&A performance of GEM-listed enterprises, but it has no substantial influence on long-term M&A performance. Based on further analysis of the empirical study, it is concluded that the common one-share ownership structure of GEM-listed enterprises is not conducive to the play of the monitoring function of venture capital, and the insufficient incentives and free-riding thinking also weaken the motivation and input of some venture capital shareholders to provide value-added services. This study systematically elucidates the mechanism and impact of venture capital shareholding on the M&A performance of GEM-listed companies, addressing the shortcomings in existing research. It is conducive for GEM-listed companies to gain a rational understanding and effectively leverage the active role of venture capital shareholders in M&A activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with minor medical conditions in China tend to prefer healthcare consultation in the emergency department of tertiary hospitals and avoid public sector community health centers (PS-CHC). The reason behind this is the trust deficit in the quality of medical care at PS-CHC. On the other hand, Chinese m-health companies have a surprising number of registered users and daily healthcare queries. However, the lack of physical check-ups causes a lack of trust in the quality of prescribed treatments for m-health users. One such m-health company entered into a joint venture with a local government body. In this joint venture, the doctors from tertiary hospitals can provide healthcare consultation to m-health users at PS-CHC. This study investigates m-health users' intention to use m-health services equipped with PS-CHC, an emerging public-private joint venture in China. We extended the technology acceptance model with government support and trust to predict the adoption of such technology-based public-private joint ventures in a better way. The data were collected from 432 m-health users in Hefei and analyzed using Smart-PLS. All eight direct, but only three mediating relationships were to be found significant. This study has implications for researchers, government healthcare authorities, and m-health service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Construction Joint Ventures (ICJVs) offer benefits to both local and foreign partners. However, their failure rates tend to be high, leading to poor ICJV performance. Effective Project Management (PM) is considered a means to resolve challenges in a construction project. Therefore, this research aims to address the challenges in ICJV projects within the Sri Lankan construction industry through PM practices to establish successful ICJVs. The research adopted a mixed-method approach. A preliminary survey was conducted to validate the challenges in the Sri Lankan context. After that, challenges were ranked based on their significance level using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method through a questionnaire survey. Then, Semi-structured interviews were conducted to identify the PM practices that can address significant challenges through code-based content analysis. The study revealed 38 challenges applicable to ICJVs and identified 88 PM practices for resolving 10 significant challenges out of the 38 identified in ICJV projects in Sri Lanka (SL). Finally, a framework was developed for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices. This study marks the first attempt to establish a framework for successful ICJVs by addressing challenges through PM practices in the Sri Lankan construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of independent directors on corporate boards is often seen as an important means of monitoring to address principal-agent problems and of providing external resources and advice to management. In joint ventures (JVs), however, shareholder-management frictions can be lessened by appointing insiders to management and board positions, whereas access to valuable expertise, resources, and networks are provided by the partners themselves. A natural question, then, is why and when do partners appoint independent directors to JV boards? We argue that the appointment of independent directors to joint venture boards is primarily driven by principal-principal conflict considerations, which are unique in the joint venture context compared with conventional widely held corporations. Consistent with this argument, we find that the likelihood of appointing independent directors increases when JVs face more exchange hazards due to the competitive overlap between partners and the broader functional scope of the JV. However, given that JVs also have alternative governance mechanisms to mitigate shareholder conflicts, we also find that more complex contractual agreements can potentially substitute for independent directors on JV boards. Although relational governance is often highlighted as a key facet of JV governance, we do not find such a substitution effect for this supporting governance mechanism. Overall, our research therefore highlights several interesting domain translation issues when applying existing corporate governance insights to the joint venture setting. Our paper concludes with a call for future research on independent directors serving on JV boards, as JVs represent an organizational form that has been neglected in corporate governance research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the significance of resource sharing in business to capture new market opportunities and securing competitive advantages. Firms enter strategic alliances (SAs), especially for designing new products and to overcome challenges in today's fast changing environment. Research projects have dealt with the creation of SAs, however without concrete referencing the impact on selected supply chain resources. Furthermore, academia rather focused on elaborating the advantages and disadvantages of SAs and how this affects structural changes in the organization than examining the effects on supply chain complexity and performance. Design/methodology/approach: The authors collected and triangulated a multi-industry data set containing primary data coming from more than 200 experts in the field of supply chain management along and secondary data coming from Refinitiv's joint ventures (JVs) and SA database and IR solutions' database for annual reports. The data is evaluated in three empirical settings using binomial testing and structural equation modeling. Findings: The results show that nonequity SAs and JVs have varying degrees of impact on supply chain resources due to differences in the scope of the partnership. This has a negative impact on the complexity of the supply chain, with the creation of a JV leading to greater complexity than the creation of a nonequity SA. Furthermore, the findings prove that complexity negatively impacts overall supply chain performance. In addition, this study elaborates that increased management capabilities are needed to exploit the potentials of SAs and sheds light on hurdles that must be overcome within the supply network when forming a partnership. Finally, the authors give practical implications on how organizations can cope with increasing complexity to lower the risk of poor supply chain performance. Originality/value: This study investigates occurring challenges when establishing nonequity SAs or JVs and how this affects their supply chain by examining supply networks in terms of complexity and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the topic of indigenous knowledge, addressing the ethical and knowledge gaps in Eurocentric education, research, and scholarship based on examples from a participatory media venture in collaboration with people of the Wancho community of North-East India. The objective of the project is to represent the cultural insights that are integral to the local traditions through contemporary media practices and to engage a group of people from various disciplines, outlooks, and ways of life in the decolonization of indigenous representation and media practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explores the managerial practices that influence governing Public-Private Joint Ventures (PPJVs) between appointed managers of State-Owned enterprises (SOE) and International Firms under the moderating role of Sharīʿah. Methodology: The study utilises qualitative empirical data gathered through interviews with long-practised public and private managers in the Egyptian extractive industry. Findings: The study elucidates the differing managerial philosophy and its associated concepts between appointed managers of SOE and International Firms in PPJVs hosted in Islamic economies and based on Sharīʿah Law. Findings report on the tensions of power asymmetries resulting from interdependence between appointed managers of both parties. The identified tensions of power asymmetries can be eased through sound ethical behaviour and management of the differing concepts by employing the managerial practices of Trust-building and Experience Compatibility. Trust-building reported mutual occurrence between all participants signifying its importance in governing PPJVs. Experience Compatibility reported a contrast between participants on its importance in governing PPJVs. Significance: The contribution of this study lies in expounding the consequences of interdependence between appointed managers from Sharīʿah-compliant firms (The SOE) and International Firms, and the resulting tensions of power asymmetries that they face in governing PPJVs. Appointed managers of Sharīʿah-compliant firms should embrace sound ethical grounds rooted in the ethical values derived from the ethos of Islam. Similarly, appointed managers of international firms should realise the ethical concepts of their counterappointed managers of Sharīʿah-compliant firms. This eventually helps in building mutual trust and ease in increasing levels of experience compatibility between them. Limitations: The study is based on data from the Egyptian PPJVs in the extractive industry. Future comparative studies can be held on countries with similar social and political settings to validate and test the findings. Implications: This paper provides theoretical foundations that bridge the differing managerial philosophy and its associated concepts between appointed managers from Sharīʿah-compliant firms and international firms on the ethical grounds of Islam. Furthermore, it purports practical ways to build mutual trust between appointed managers from both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major issue in international business is why many International Joint Ventures (IJVs) fail to live up to partners' expectations. Research into why IJVs underperform centres on differences between partners' equity, resources, technical knowledge and cultural values, but seldom internal sensemaking conflicts. We address this research gap: specifically, the sense managers make of their own and their partner managers' perceived performance in relation to strategy practices, and the effects of sensemaking upon collaboration. Some IJV studies examine outright organizational failure, but we focus on a common situation where partner firms' expectations about each other's performance are not met. Our case is a major Sino-New Zealand dairy IJV in a Limbo-like state of severe sensemaking discrepancy. Here, managers struggled to perform strategy effectively in a context of mutual misunderstanding and profound miscommunication, rooted in sensemaking differences. Using a strategy practice lens, we explore how this sensemaking discrepancy arose over organizational identity, learning and experience, strategizing, communication and trust. This eroded meaningful cooperation over strategy, leading to disjointed collaboration: a new concept capturing a state of compromised engagement, where the IJV continued operationally, but collaboration became increasingly difficult. We provide a theoretical framework to help understand sensemaking discrepancy in IJVs, based on a reconceptualization of sensemaking discrepancy in terms of own and others' expected and perceived performance. We also offer essential practice-based insights into cognitive barriers to strategy collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the standard two‐stage game of process R&D and Cournot competition with R&D output spillovers, this paper provides a thorough second‐best welfare analysis. The planner's solution is compared with the standard noncooperative scenario, the R&D cartel, the cartelized research joint venture, and the social research joint venture solution in terms of propensities for R&D as well as welfare levels. The main result is that, when spillovers are not too high, a cartelized joint venture unexpectedly outperforms the planner's solution in terms of propensities for R&D and resulting welfare level, though it is the only market scenario to do so. We also assess the performance of a social joint venture, relative to all the well‐known scenarios for the organization of R&D. Finally, we observe that the gap between market outcomes and planner's solutions, in terms of welfare levels, increases as R&D becomes less appropriable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we set up a mixed duopoly competition model between state-owned and private firms in order to compare specific and ad valorem taxes. Assuming that the total output under specific and ad valorem taxation remains unchanged, we find that if the public firm is completely privatised, the output of the private firm under the two tax schemes will be the same. If the public firm is not completely privatised, the output of the the private firm under specific taxation will be greater than that under ad valorem taxation. If the private firm is a pure local one, the social benefits will be the same under the two tax schemes. However, if the private firm is a joint venture that involves domestic and foreign entities, social welfare under ad valorem taxation will be greater than that under specific taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes research into the poorly understood axial behaviour of piles driven in chalk. Comprehensive dynamic and monotonic axial testing on 27, mostly instrumented, piles undertaken for the ALPACA joint industry projects is reported and interpreted covering: diameters between 139 mm and 1·8 m; lengths from 3 to 18 m; different pile material types; tip and groundwater conditions; and ages after driving. The experiments show the factors that influence resistance most strongly are: (a) pile end conditions; (b) slenderness ratio and flexibility; (c) shaft material; (d) age after driving; (e) relative water table depth; and (f) whether loading is compressive or tensile. Varying the factors systematically identified a remarkable average long-term shaft resistance range from below 11 kPa to more than 200 kPa for piles driven at the same low- to medium-density chalk test site in Kent (UK). Dynamic and static analyses demonstrate that soil resistances to driving were generally well predicted by the Chalk ICP-18 short-term formulation. Considering the piles' long-term behaviour, the Chalk ICP-18 approach over-predicted capacity, while the widely used CIRIA approach proved over-conservative for most cases. The research enabled the development of a revised 'ALPACA-SNW' long-term capacity assessment method that matches the test outcomes far more faithfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of protecting intellectual property (IP) in joint ventures and collaborations within industries where scientific innovation drives value. It explores the risks associated with sharing confidential knowledge and trade secrets in collaborative endeavors and provides guidance on how companies can mitigate these risks through strategic planning and clear contractual agreements.

As digital technologies pervade established industries, their constituent firms are likely to become technologically dependent upon industry outsiders due to increased mobility of strategic resources and porosity of inter-industry boundaries. We conceptually study this global phenomenon and argue that firms in established industries mitigate their cross-industry resource dependence arising from digitalization via corporate venturing. Unlike their larger counterparts, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in established industries may pursue alternatives to traditional corporate venturing practices such as mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, or corporate venture capital investments. Specifically, we propose that SMEs may use acquihiring as a response to mitigate their technological dependence on digital outsiders. This study conceptualizes the "who, what, when, where, why, and how" of acquihiring by SMEs in established industries. In doing so, it contributes to the literature on cross-industry M&A strategies for SMEs in the digital era, entrepreneurial exits, and novel modes of corporate venturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Joint ventures (JVs) serve as a viable tool in mitigating some of the challenges posed to the effective delivery of construction projects. However, JVs are highly susceptible to failure in most developing countries. Therefore, this study seeks to unravel the critical factors influencing the failure of JVs in the South African construction industry. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative approach was adopted for the study using a well-structured questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Respondents for the study were built environment professionals in Gauteng province in South Africa. Data elicited from respondents were analyzed using a four-pronged process which included descriptive statistics, one sample t-test, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: Resulting from the analysis conducted, four critical components emerged as the major factors influencing the failure of JVs in the South African construction industry, which are inefficient financial framework, divergent organizational culture, poor project governance and inadequacies from project stakeholders. Practical implications: The outcome of this study presents a roadmap for stakeholders in the construction industry with the requisite knowledge of the critical factors leading to the failure of JVs, consequently providing a clear path for the successful delivery of JV mandates. Originality/value: Evidence from literature suggests that several studies have been conducted on the various aspects of JVs in the South African construction industry; however, none has focused on the leading factors attributed to the failure of JVs. Also, the findings of this study cultivate a good theoretical platform for future studies on JVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government continues to strive to optimize the value of SOEs through cooperation between SOEs or with partners. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the legal provisions for cooperation in the establishment of joint venture companies from several SOEs, and to find out the principles and principles of cooperation implementation through the establishment of joint venture companies. This study uses a qualitative prescriptive approach with the type of JuridisicalNormative research. The data sources used are secondary data obtained through primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique uses literature studies and document studies. The data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study found that between SOEs in accordance with the Minister of SOEs Regulation Number Per-07/Mbu/04/2021 concerning Guidelines for Cooperation of State-Owned Enterprises can carry out cooperation through the formation of joint venture companies such as PT Karya Logistik Nusantara (KLN) which is a joint venture company of six SOEs. The implementation of cooperation in the form of the establishment of joint venture companies between SOEs is based on the principles of transparency, independence, accountability, accountability, usefulness, and fairness, and in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, while the principle adopted is that cooperation is carried out indefinitely by prioritizing synergy between SOEs, between SOE subsidiaries, between SOEs-affiliated companies and/or with Investment Management Institutions through direct appointment or direct cooperation by comparing at least two SOEs, subsidiaries, and affiliated companies of SOEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has underscored the significance of the equity investment relationship in facilitating knowledge transfers between a joint venture and its parent company. Successful knowledge bridging in joint ventures plays a crucial role in shaping organizational learning and innovation performance outcomes. The empirical evidence on the effectiveness of knowledge transfers, however, presents a mixed picture. Through a rigorous sample selection process, we collect panel data on 366 joint venture-year observations across four industries during an 18-year period to empirically test the proposed hypotheses. In this research, we contend that the ability of joint ventures to act as knowledge bridges depends on the diversity of the parent's knowledge and the technological similarity between the joint venture and the parent, especially in the context of internal knowledge development. An examination of bridging performance in the relationship between joint ventures and parent companies indicates that both parental knowledge diversity and joint venture – parent technology similarity positively impact the knowledge acquired through the joint venture – parent equity relationship. Furthermore, when the joint venture strongly depends on internal knowledge, the positive relationship among parental knowledge diversity, joint venture – parent technology similarity, and joint venture knowledge bridging becomes more pronounced. Our findings shed light on how the specific features of a parent company contribute to the knowledge learning bridged by a joint venture and underscore the role of equity investments in joint venture firms' innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the impact of changes in international business modes on consumer ethnocentrism. The study utilizes a quantitative research approach and is theoretically grounded in the resource‐based view. Data was collected from Bangladesh, China, India, and Malaysia using the consumer ethnocentrism tendencies scale (CETSCALE), and analyzed using quantitative methods. The results indicate that changes in international entry modes have an impact on the degree of consumer ethnocentrism. Across all countries studied, the highest level of consumer ethnocentrism was found for imported products, and this degree and intensity decreased when the entry modes changed from importing to joint venturing and FDI. This study contributes to the literature on both international business and consumer behavior by integrating the two fields, resulting in a robust theoretical contribution. The findings also suggest that the appropriate IB mode can act as a resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To alleviate the financial shortage for public service provision, a government agency may jointly finance, own, and run a service system with a private firm (in the manner of a joint venture) or delegate service provision to the firm subject to regulation in service price or wait time. We model the service system as a queueing system in which customers are heterogeneous in service valuation and sensitive to price and delay. While the government aims to maximize social welfare, the firm's goal is to maximize profit. Hence, the joint venture has the objective of a mix of profit maximization and social welfare creation. Under the regulation, two types of interaction between the government and the firm, that is, sequential move (in the absence of the government's myopic adjustment) and simultaneous move (in the presence of myopic adjustment), are considered. We find that while wait time regulation is more efficient than price regulation in the presence of myopic adjustment, the relationship is reversed in the absence of myopic adjustment. Somewhat surprisingly, price regulation with myopic adjustment may backfire. However, in some instances, the government must take a large share in a joint venture to achieve the same performance under price regulation without myopic adjustment. Our work uncovers whether the government adopts myopic adjustment plays a critical role in choosing the regulation instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional theory has generated considerable insight into fundamental issues within sport. This study seeks to advance Washington and Patterson's review by providing an empirical review of institutional theory in sport. We follow Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review protocol to identify 188 sport-related institutional studies between 1979 and 2019. Our review provides evidence regarding the state of institutional scholarship within sport via an analysis of authorship, year, journal, methodology, method, study population, and use of institutional constructs (legitimacy, isomorphism, change, logics, fields, and work). Rather than a hostile takeover or a joint venture proposed in Washington and Patterson's review, the relationship between fields is more aptly described as a diffusion of ideas. By developing an empirical review of institutional studies in sport, we hope to expedite the diffusion of ideas between the two fields and work toward realizing the collective benefits any future joint venture may bring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen can be produced from water, using electricity. The hydrogen can subsequently be kept in inventory in large quantities, unlike the electricity itself. This enables solar and wind energy generation to occur asynchronously from its usage. For this reason, hydrogen is expected to be a key ingredient for reaching a climate-neutral economy. However, the logistics for hydrogen are complex. Inventory policies must be determined for multiple locations in the network, and transportation of hydrogen from the production location to customers must be scheduled. At the same time, production patterns of hydrogen are intermittent, which affects the possibilities to realize the planned transportation and inventory levels. To provide policies for efficient transportation and storage of hydrogen, this paper proposes a parameterized cost function approximation approach to the stochastic cyclic inventory routing problem. Firstly, our approach includes a parameterized mixed integer programming (MIP) model which yields fixed and repetitive schedules for vehicle transportation of hydrogen. Secondly, buying and selling decisions in case of underproduction or overproduction are optimized further via a Markov decision process (MDP) model, taking into account the uncertainties in production and demand quantities. To jointly optimize the parameterized MIP and the MDP model, our approach includes an algorithm that searches the parameter space by iteratively solving the MIP and MDP models. We conduct computational experiments to validate our model in various problem settings and show that it provides near-optimal solutions. Moreover, we test our approach on an expert-reviewed case study at two hydrogen production locations in the Netherlands. We offer insights for the stakeholders in the region and analyze the impact of various problem elements in these case studies. Funding: This project received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under [Grant Agreement 875090]. The Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. A. H. Schrotenboer received support from the Dutch Science Foundation (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; NWO) through [Grant VI.Veni.211E.043]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its emergence in the early 1990s, the Sinaloa Cartel has effectively surmounted all challenges to its existence, while, simultaneously, successfully developing its illegal ventures in Mexico and beyond. Based on evidence from the accounts of witnesses who testified in the prosecution of Joaquin Guzmán Loera (also known as El Chapo), one of the Sinaloa Cartel's most prominent figures, we argue that this OCG's resilience partially derives from the illegal governance practices it has implemented in the criminal markets in which it operates. In particular, we contend that the Sinaloa Cartel's reliance on four types of illegal governance have been pivotal in promoting its capacity to weather adversity, namely: (1) judicial, (2) financial, (3) political and (4) regulatory governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Entrepreneurship is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Central Asian Economic Review is the property of Narxoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Existing research shows that subnational corruption can be used to expound the ownership choices of foreign firms entering a new foreign market. Yet, most studies either overlook the evolution of foreign firms' ownership structure after entering the host market, or mainly focus on the national level. This study investigates how subnational corruption affects the conversion of Sino-foreign joint ventures (JVs) into wholly foreign-owned enterprises (WFOEs) in China. In a sample of Sino-foreign JVs operating in China between 1998 and 2007, we find that the relationship between subnational corruption and the conversion of foreign proprietorship of Sino-foreign JVs is U-shaped. Furthermore, the U-shaped relationship between subnational corruption and the conversion of foreign proprietorship of JV is stronger when the JV is in a higher degree of marketization, while it is weaker when the local partner is a state-owned enterprise (SOE) rather than a privately owned enterprise (POE). Overall, our findings emphasize how subnational corruption shapes the dynamic ownership choices of foreign firms operating in the host market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of transnational investment management, the choice of entry mode is one of the key decisions, and creative assets will affect the choice of overseas market entry mode. However, few studies have analyzed how creative assets affect firms' overseas market entry patterns. This paper takes 480 overseas investment data of 134 Chinese listed enterprises from 2012 to 2019 as research samples and uses the Logistic model to study the influence of creative assets owned by enterprises on their choice of the joint venture and wholly owned modes. At the same time, we examine the formal and informal institutional distance between home and host countries, and the moderating effect of firms' own experience in the process of model selection. In addition, using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) from the perspective of configuration to explore the different paths of overseas market entry mode. The research results indicate that marketing intensity and technical intensity of enterprises have a positive and significant impact on overseas investment patterns, that is, higher marketing intensity or technical intensity will prompt enterprises to preferentially choose wholly-owned mode. Formal institutional distance and experience can moderate the relationship between creativity and investment mode to some extent, while informal institutional distance has no significant moderating effect on creative assets and investment mode. Three configurations can induce firms to choose the wholly-owned mode, and only one configuration can induce firms to choose the joint venture mode. This study lays a theoretical foundation for enterprises to enter the overseas market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JUAMI, the joint undertaking for an African materials institute, is a project to build collaborations and materials research capabilities between PhD researchers in Africa, the United States, and the world. Focusing on researchactive universities in the East African countries of Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda, the effort has run a series of schools focused on materials for sustainable energy and materials for sustainable development. These bring together early-career researchers from Africa, the US, and beyond, for two weeks in a close-knit environment. The program includes lectures on cuttingedge research from internationally renowned speakers, highly interactive tutorial lectures on the science behind the research, also from internationally known researchers, and hands-on practicals and team-building exercises that culminate in group proposals from self-formed student teams. The schools have benefited more than 300 early-career students and led to proposals that have received funding and have led to research collaborations and educational nonprofits. JUAMI continues and has an ongoing community of alumni who share resources and expertise, and is open to like-minded people who want to join and develop contacts and collaborations internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the evidence of productivity spillover from foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) to local firms through horizontal, backward, and forward spillover channels, using establishment-level data from Vietnam in 2006–2017. The paper also considers the effects of foreign ownership types on the existence and magnitude of the productivity spillover. In addition, the paper examines whether the involvement of domestic firms in global production networks (GPNs) impacts on the nature of the spillover. The findings indicate that productivity from FIEs spills over to local firms through backward and forward channels, but not horizontal channels. Ownership structures of FIEs serve as an important determinant of productivity spillover: joint ventures tend to generate more significant positive productivity spillover to domestic firms than fully owned foreign firms. Lastly, local firms operating within GPNs benefit more from the presence of FIEs compared to those involved in horizontal specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines issues to be navigated and negotiated when representing the community partner in joint venture with an experienced developer utilizing low income housing tax credits (LIHTC). Topics discussed include low-income housing tax credit for affordable housing financing transactions, decision-making authority, allocation of the joint deal's economic benefits and risks, and right of first refusal of a qualified nonprofit organization under the LIHTC statute.