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Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its homolog, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), are the main transcriptional downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway. Decreased Hippo pathway activity leads to nuclear translocation of YAP/TAZ where they interact with TEAD transcription factors to induce target gene expression. Unrestrained YAP/TAZ activity can lead to excessive growth and tumor formation in a short time, underscoring the evolutionary need for tight control of these two transcriptional coactivators. Here, we report that the AP-1 component JUN acts as specific repressor of YAP/TAZ at joint target sites to decrease YAP/TAZ activity. This function of JUN is independent of its heterodimeric AP-1 partner FOS and the canonical AP-1 function. Since expression of JUN is itself induced by YAP/TAZ, our work identifies a JUN-dependent negative feedback loop that buffers YAP/TAZ activity at joint genomic sites. This negative feedback loop gets disrupted in liver cancer to unlock the full oncogenic potential of YAP/TAZ. Our results thus demonstrate an additional layer of control for the interplay of YAP/TAZ and AP-1. Synopsis: AP-1 transcription factor complexes formed by JUN/FOS are required for full transcriptional activity of YAP/TAZ in cancer. This work identifies an unexpected FOS-independent role of JUN in buffering oncogenic YAP/TAZ activity at target genes, providing a negative feedback mechanism in liver cancer. JUN antagonizes YAP activation-induced growth arrest in human cancer cells by interfering with YAP target gene expression. JUN acts as specific repressor of YAP/TAZ transcriptional activity at joint target sites. JUN-mediated YAP/TAZ repression depends on JUN homodimerization and corepressor proteins NCOR1/2, but is independent of its heterodimeric AP-1 partner FOS. Overexpression of FOS-binding incompetent JUN suppresses YAP-dependent liver cancers. Negative feedback signaling by homodimerized JUN-JUN-NCOR1/2 repressor complex acts as a tumor suppressor by buffering oncogenic YAP/TAZ activity in hepatocellular carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etoposide is a second-line chemotherapy agent widely used for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, we discovered that etoposide treatment induced greater motility potential in four colorectal cancer cell lines. Therefore, we used microarrays to test the mRNA of these cancer cell lines to investigate the mechanisms of etoposide promoting colorectal cancer metastasis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the gene expression profiles in samples from etoposide-treated cells and untreated cells in all four colorectal cancer cell lines. Next, these genes went through the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway analysis. Among the top 10 genes including the upregulated and downregulated, eight genes had close interaction according to the STRING database: FAS, HMMR, JUN, LMNB1, MLL3, PLK2, STAG1 and TBL1X. After etoposide treatment, the cell cycle, metabolism-related and senescence signaling pathways in the colorectal cancer cell lines were significantly downregulated, whereas necroptosis and oncogene pathways were significantly upregulated. We suggest that the differentially expressed genes LMNB1 and JUN are potential targets for predicting colorectal cancer metastasis. These results provide clinical guidance in chemotherapy, and offer direction for further research in the mechanism of colorectal cancer metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), also referred to as C-JUN, is an integral component of the JNK signaling pathway, which is crucial for the formation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Investigations into the transcriptional regulation of chicken JUN can offer a molecular foundation for elucidating its mechanistic role in SSCs. Methods: In this study, we successfully cloned a 2000 bp upstream sequence of the JUN transcription start site and constructed a series of pGL3 recombinant vectors containing JUN promoters of varying lengths. Results: We verified the promoter activity of the 2000 bp upstream sequence by assessing the fluorescence intensity of DF-1 and identified the promoter activities of different regions via dual-luciferase assays. The transcription of JUN and its promoter region spanning −700 to 0 bp was modulated by an activator of the JNK signaling pathway. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that this −700 to 0 bp region was highly conserved among avian species and predicted the presence of binding sites for Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA). The JNK signaling pathway activator was found to upregulate the expression of these transcription factors in DF-1 cells. Through the deletion of binding sites and the overexpression of WT1 and CEBPA, we demonstrated that WT1 inhibited the transcription of JUN, while CEBPA promoted it. Conclusions: In conclusion, the −700 to 0 bp region is the key region of the JUN promoter, with WT1 inhibiting JUN transcription. The results of the study not only provide ideas for exploring the regulatory mechanism of JUN in chicken SSCs, but also lay an important foundation for the study of avian SSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms behind ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the brain, focusing on neuronal apoptosis. It scrutinizes the role of the Jun proto‐oncogene in apoptosis, involvement of SOCS1 in neural precursor cell accumulation in ischaemic regions, and the upregulation of C‐EBPβ in the hippocampus following I/R. Key to the study is understanding how Jun controls C‐EBPβ degradation via SOCS1, potentially offering new clinical treatment avenues for I/R. Techniques such as mRNA sequencing, KEGG enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) in mouse models have indicated involvement of Jun (AP‐1) in I/R‐induced cerebral damage. The study employs middle cerebral artery occlusion in different mouse models and oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in cortical neurons to examine the impacts of Jun and SOCS1 manipulation on cerebral I/R injury and neuronal damage. The findings reveal that I/R reduces Jun expression in the brain, but its restoration lessens cerebral I/R injury and neuron death. Jun activates SOCS1 transcriptionally, leading to C‐EBPβ degradation, thereby diminishing cerebral I/R injury through the SOCS1/C‐EBPβ pathway. These insights provide a deeper understanding of post‐I/R cerebral injury mechanisms and suggest new therapeutic targets for cerebral I/R injury. Key points: Jun and SOCS1 are poorly expressed, and C‐EBPβ is highly expressed in ischaemia/reperfusion mouse brain tissues.Jun transcriptionally activates SOCS1.SOCS1 promotes the ubiquitination‐dependent C‐EBPβ protein degradation.Jun blunts oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation‐induced neuron apoptosis and alleviates neuronal injury.This study provides a theoretical basis for the management of post‐I/R brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone reconstruction in the early stages. Bergenin (Ber) is a cytoprotective polyphenol found in many medicinal plants. It has been proven to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other biological activities, which may reveal its potential role in the treatment of OA. This study aimed to determine the potential efficacy of Ber in treating OA and explore the possible underlying mechanism through network pharmacology and validation experiments. The potential co-targets and processes of Ber and OA were predicted by using network pharmacology, including a Venn diagram for intersection targets, a protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain key potential targets, and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment to reveal the probable mechanism of action of Ber on OA. Subsequently, validation experiments were carried out to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Ber in treating OA in vitro and vivo. Ber suppressed IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix catabolism by inhibiting the STAT3, NF-κB and Jun signalling pathway in vitro. Furthermore, Ber suppressed the expression of osteoclast marker genes and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Ber alleviated the progression of OA in DMM-induced OA mice model. These results demonstrated the protective efficacy and potential mechanisms of Ber against OA, which suggested that Ber could be adopted as a potential therapeutic agent for treating OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Etoposide is a second-line chemotherapy agent widely used for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, we discovered that etoposide treatment induced greater motility potential in four colorectal cancer cell lines. Therefore, we used microarrays to test the mRNA of these cancer cell lines to investigate the mechanisms of etoposide promoting colorectal cancer metastasis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the gene expression profiles in samples from etoposide-treated cells and untreated cells in all four colorectal cancer cell lines. Next, these genes went through the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway analysis. Among the top 10 genes including the upregulated and downregulated, eight genes had close interaction according to the STRING database: FAS, HMMR, JUN, LMNB1, MLL3, PLK2, STAG1 and TBL1X. After etoposide treatment, the cell cycle, metabolism-related and senescence signaling pathways in the colorectal cancer cell lines were significantly downregulated, whereas necroptosis and oncogene pathways were significantly upregulated. We suggest that the differentially expressed genes LMNB1 and JUN are potential targets for predicting colorectal cancer metastasis. These results provide clinical guidance in chemotherapy, and offer direction for further research in the mechanism of colorectal cancer metastasis.

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone reconstruction in the early stages. Bergenin (Ber) is a cytoprotective polyphenol found in many medicinal plants. It has been proven to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other biological activities, which may reveal its potential role in the treatment of OA. This study aimed to determine the potential efficacy of Ber in treating OA and explore the possible underlying mechanism through network pharmacology and validation experiments. The potential co-targets and processes of Ber and OA were predicted by using network pharmacology, including a Venn diagram for intersection targets, a protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain key potential targets, and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment to reveal the probable mechanism of action of Ber on OA. Subsequently, validation experiments were carried out to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Ber in treating OA in vitro and vivo. Ber suppressed IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix catabolism by inhibiting the STAT3, NF-κB and Jun signalling pathway in vitro. Furthermore, Ber suppressed the expression of osteoclast marker genes and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Ber alleviated the progression of OA in DMM-induced OA mice model. These results demonstrated the protective efficacy and potential mechanisms of Ber against OA, which suggested that Ber could be adopted as a potential therapeutic agent for treating OA.

Pulmonary fibrosis poses a significant health threat with very limited therapeutic options available. In this study, we reported the enhanced expression of mesenchymal homobox 1 (MEOX1) in pulmonary fibrosis patients, especially in their fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and confirmed MEOX1 as a central orchestrator in the activation of profibrotic genes. By high-throughput screening, we identified Ailanthone (AIL) from a natural compound library as the first small molecule capable of directly targeting and suppressing MEOX1. AIL demonstrated the ability to inhibit both the activation of fibroblasts and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells when challenged by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In an animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, AIL effectively mitigated the fibrotic process and restored respiratory functions. Mechanistically, AIL acted as a suppressor of MEOX1 by disrupting the interaction between the transcription factor JUN and the promoter of MEOX1, thereby inhibiting MEOX1 expression and activity. In summary, our findings pinpointed MEOX1 as a cell-specific and clinically translatable target in fibrosis. Moreover, we demonstrated the potent anti-fibrotic effect of AIL in pulmonary fibrosis, specifically through the suppression of JUN-dependent MEOX1 activation.

Abstract Coiled-coil domain containing 88C (CCDC88C) is a component of non-canonical Wnt signaling, and its dysregulation causes colorectal cancer metastasis. Dysregulated expression of CCDC88C was observed in lymph node metastatic tumor tissues of breast cancer. However, the role of CCDC88C in breast cancer metastasis remains unclear. To address this, the stable BT549 and SKBR3 cell lines with CCDC88C overexpression or knockdown were developed. Loss/gain-of-function experiments suggested that CCDC88C drove breast cancer cell motility in vitro and lung and liver metastasis in vivo. We found that CCDC88C led to c-JUN-induced transcription activation. Overlapping genes were identified from the genes modulated by CCDC88C and c-JUN. CEMIP, one of these overlapping genes, has been confirmed to confer breast cancer metastasis. We found that CCDC88C regulated CEMIP mRNA levels via c-JUN and it exerted pro-metastatic capabilities in a CEMIP-dependent manner. Moreover, we identified the CCDC88C as a substrate of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6). GALNT6 was positively correlated with CCDC88C protein abundance in the normal breast and breast cancer tissues, indicating that GALNT6 might be associated with expression patterns of CCDC88C in breast cancer. Our data demonstrated that GALNT6 maintained CCDC88C stability by promoting its O-linked glycosylation, and the modification was critical for the pro-metastatic potential of CCDC88C. CCDC88C also could mediate the pro-metastatic potential of GALNT6 in breast cancer. Collectively, our findings uncover that CCDC88C may increase the risk of breast cancer metastasis and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Aims: Exploring key genes and potential molecular pathways of ferroptosis in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Methods: The IgAN datasets and ferroptosis‐related genes (FRGs) were obtained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and FerrDb database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software and intersected with FRGs to obtain differentially expressed FRGs (DE‐FRGs). After that, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis (PEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation were performed on DE‐FRGs. In the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) website, we construct a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The PPI network was further investigated with screening hub genes with Cytoscape software. The core genes were then subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Finally, the samples were analyzed for immune infiltration in R, and the correlation between hub genes and immune cells was analyzed. Results: A total of 347 DEGs were identified. CD44, CDO1, CYBB, IL1B, RRM2, AKR1C1, activated transcription factor‐3 (ATF3), CDKN1A, GDF15, JUN, MGST1, MIOX, MT1G, NR4A1, PDK4, TNFAIP3, and ZFP36 were determined as DE‐FRGs. JUN, IL1B, and ATF3 were then screened as hub genes. GSEA and immune infiltration analysis revealed that the hub genes were closely associated with immune inflammatory responses such as NOD‐like receptor signaling, IL‐17 signaling, and TNF signaling. Conclusions: Our results show that JUN and ATF3 are possibly critical genes in the process of IgAN ferroptosis and may be related with immune cell infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), an aggressive malignancy with virtually 100% disease‐specific mortality, has long posed a formidable challenge in oncology due to its resistance to conventional treatments and the severe side effects associated with current regimens such as doxorubicin chemotherapy. Consequently, there was urgent need to identify novel candidate compounds that could provide innovative therapeutic strategies for ATC. Ophiopogonin D′ (OPD'), a triterpenoid saponin extracted, yet its roles in ATC has not been reported. Our data demonstrated that OPD' potently inhibited proliferation and metastasis of ATC cells, promoting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Remarkably, OPD' impeded growth and metastasis of ATC in vitro and in vivo, displaying an encouraging safety profile. Regulator of G‐protein signalling 4 (RGS4) expression was significantly up‐regulated in ATC compared to normal tissues, and this upregulation was suppressed by OPD' treatment. Mechanistically, we elucidated that the transcription factor JUN bound to the RGS4 promoter, driving its transactivation. However, OPD' interacted with JUN, attenuating its transcriptional activity and thereby disrupting RGS4 overexpression. In summary, our research revealed that OPD' bound with JUN, which in turn resulted in the suppression of transcriptional activation of RGS4, thereby eliciting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ATC cells. These findings could offer promise in the development of high‐quality candidate compounds for treatment in ATC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary fibrosis poses a significant health threat with very limited therapeutic options available. In this study, we reported the enhanced expression of mesenchymal homobox 1 (MEOX1) in pulmonary fibrosis patients, especially in their fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and confirmed MEOX1 as a central orchestrator in the activation of profibrotic genes. By high-throughput screening, we identified Ailanthone (AIL) from a natural compound library as the first small molecule capable of directly targeting and suppressing MEOX1. AIL demonstrated the ability to inhibit both the activation of fibroblasts and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells when challenged by transforming growth factor- β 1 (TGF- β 1). In an animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, AIL effectively mitigated the fibrotic process and restored respiratory functions. Mechanistically, AIL acted as a suppressor of MEOX1 by disrupting the interaction between the transcription factor JUN and the promoter of MEOX1, thereby inhibiting MEOX1 expression and activity. In summary, our findings pinpointed MEOX1 as a cell-specific and clinically translatable target in fibrosis. Moreover, we demonstrated the potent anti-fibrotic effect of AIL in pulmonary fibrosis, specifically through the suppression of JUN-dependent MEOX1 activation. MEOX1 is a central orchestrator during pulmonary fibrosis and promotes fibroblasts activation and EndMT. High-throughput screening identifies Ailanthone as the first direct suppressor of MEOX1 by disrupting the interaction between JUN and MEOX1 promoter. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coiled-coil domain containing 88C (CCDC88C) is a component of non-canonical Wnt signaling, and its dysregulation causes colorectal cancer metastasis. Dysregulated expression of CCDC88C was observed in lymph node metastatic tumor tissues of breast cancer. However, the role of CCDC88C in breast cancer metastasis remains unclear. To address this, the stable BT549 and SKBR3 cell lines with CCDC88C overexpression or knockdown were developed. Loss/gain-of-function experiments suggested that CCDC88C drove breast cancer cell motility in vitro and lung and liver metastasis in vivo. We found that CCDC88C led to c-JUN-induced transcription activation. Overlapping genes were identified from the genes modulated by CCDC88C and c-JUN. CEMIP, one of these overlapping genes, has been confirmed to confer breast cancer metastasis. We found that CCDC88C regulated CEMIP mRNA levels via c-JUN and it exerted pro-metastatic capabilities in a CEMIP-dependent manner. Moreover, we identified the CCDC88C as a substrate of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 (GALNT6). GALNT6 was positively correlated with CCDC88C protein abundance in the normal breast and breast cancer tissues, indicating that GALNT6 might be associated with expression patterns of CCDC88C in breast cancer. Our data demonstrated that GALNT6 maintained CCDC88C stability by promoting its O-linked glycosylation, and the modification was critical for the pro-metastatic potential of CCDC88C. CCDC88C also could mediate the pro-metastatic potential of GALNT6 in breast cancer. Collectively, our findings uncover that CCDC88C may increase the risk of breast cancer metastasis and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-onset epilepsy following ischemic stroke is a severe neurological condition, the pathogenesis of which remains incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest that Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) play a crucial role in the disease process, yet the precise molecular mechanisms regulating NSPCs have not been thoroughly investigated. This study utilized single-cell transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to identify disease-related genes, which were subsequently validated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The findings revealed that Hsp90aa1 (heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha, class A member 1), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), and CC Motif Ligation 2 (Ccl2) constitute an important regulatory axis influencing the migration and differentiation of NSPCs, potentially impacting the onset and progression of early-onset epilepsy post-ischemic stroke. Additionally, the expression of Hsp90aa1 was found to influence the likelihood of seizure occurrence and the severity of brain ischemia.

The Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer-related genes, influencing cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Composed of multiple subunits, AP-1 has diverse roles across different cancer types and environmental contexts, but its specific mechanisms remain unclear. The advent of multi-omics approaches has shed light on a more comprehensive understanding of AP-1's role and mechanism in gene regulation. This review collates recent genome-wide data on AP-1 and provides an overview of its expression, structure, function, and interaction across different diseases. An examination of these findings can illuminate the intricate nature of AP-1 regulation and its significant involvement in the progression of different diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential use of AP-1 as a target for individual therapy and explore the various challenges associated with such an approach. Ultimately, this review provides valuable insights into the biology of AP-1 and its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer and disease treatments.

Abstract Background Prostate cancer develops through malignant transformation of the prostate epithelium in a stepwise, mutation-driven process. Although activator protein-1 transcription factors such as JUN have been implicated as potential oncogenic drivers, the molecular programs contributing to prostate cancer progression are not fully understood. Methods We analyzed JUN expression in clinical prostate cancer samples across different stages and investigated its functional role in a Pten-deficient mouse model. We performed histopathological examinations, transcriptomic analyses and explored the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in the tumor microenvironment. Results Elevated JUN levels characterized early-stage prostate cancer and predicted improved survival in human and murine samples. Immune-phenotyping of Pten-deficient prostates revealed high accumulation of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, particularly innate immune cells, neutrophils and macrophages as well as high levels of STAT3 activation and IL-1β production. Jun depletion in a Pten-deficient background prevented immune cell attraction which was accompanied by significant reduction of active STAT3 and IL-1β and accelerated prostate tumor growth. Comparative transcriptome profiling of prostate epithelial cells revealed a senescence-associated gene signature, upregulation of pro-inflammatory processes involved in immune cell attraction and of chemokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL3 and CCL8 in Pten-deficient prostates. Strikingly, JUN depletion reversed both the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and senescence-associated immune cell infiltration but had no impact on cell cycle arrest. As a result, JUN depletion in Pten-deficient prostates interfered with the senescence-associated immune clearance and accelerated tumor growth. Conclusions Our results suggest that JUN acts as tumor-suppressor and decelerates the progression of prostate cancer by transcriptional regulation of senescence- and inflammation-associated genes. This study opens avenues for novel treatment strategies that could impede disease progression and improve patient outcomes. Graphical Abstract

Background: Prostate cancer develops through malignant transformation of the prostate epithelium in a stepwise, mutation-driven process. Although activator protein-1 transcription factors such as JUN have been implicated as potential oncogenic drivers, the molecular programs contributing to prostate cancer progression are not fully understood. Methods: We analyzed JUN expression in clinical prostate cancer samples across different stages and investigated its functional role in a Pten-deficient mouse model. We performed histopathological examinations, transcriptomic analyses and explored the senescence-associated secretory phenotype in the tumor microenvironment. Results: Elevated JUN levels characterized early-stage prostate cancer and predicted improved survival in human and murine samples. Immune-phenotyping of Pten-deficient prostates revealed high accumulation of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, particularly innate immune cells, neutrophils and macrophages as well as high levels of STAT3 activation and IL-1β production. Jun depletion in a Pten-deficient background prevented immune cell attraction which was accompanied by significant reduction of active STAT3 and IL-1β and accelerated prostate tumor growth. Comparative transcriptome profiling of prostate epithelial cells revealed a senescence-associated gene signature, upregulation of pro-inflammatory processes involved in immune cell attraction and of chemokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, CCL3 and CCL8 in Pten-deficient prostates. Strikingly, JUN depletion reversed both the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and senescence-associated immune cell infiltration but had no impact on cell cycle arrest. As a result, JUN depletion in Pten-deficient prostates interfered with the senescence-associated immune clearance and accelerated tumor growth. Conclusions: Our results suggest that JUN acts as tumor-suppressor and decelerates the progression of prostate cancer by transcriptional regulation of senescence- and inflammation-associated genes. This study opens avenues for novel treatment strategies that could impede disease progression and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a predominant feature in glioblastoma (GBM) and contributes greatly to its drug resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms which are responsible for the development of the resistant phenotype of GBM under hypoxic conditions remain unclear. To analyze the key pathways promoting therapy resistance in hypoxic GBM, we utilized the U87-MG cell line as a human GBM cell model and the human brain HEB cell line as a non-neoplastic brain cell model. These cell lines were cultured in the presence of 21, 5, and 1% O2 for 24 h. We detected the changes in transcriptional profiling and analyzed the biological processes and functional interactions for the genes with different expression levels under different hypoxia conditions. The results indicated that those alterations of U87-MG cells presented specific transcriptional signature in response to diverse hypoxia levels. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the genes related to the DNA replication and cell cycle were suppressed, while the genes involved in tissue and system development to promote cancer development were activated following hypoxia. Moreover, functional interaction analysis suggested that the epigenetic regulator HDAC3 and the transcriptional factors CEBPB and JUN played a central role in organ and system developmental process pathway. Previous studies reported the global alterations caused by activation of HDAC3, CEBPB, and JUN could form the molecular basis of the resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy of hypoxic GBM. In our study, the significant growth inhibitory effect of temozolomide on hypoxic GBM cells could be promoted under downregulation of these genes. The experiment suggested that HDAC3, CEBPB, and JUN were closely involved in the drug-resistance phenotype of hypoxic GBM. In summary, we profiled the hypoxia-dependent changes in the transcriptome of the U87-MG cell line and the human brain cell line HEB to identify the transcriptional signatures of U87-MG cells and elucidate the role of hypoxia in the drug-resistant phenotype of GBM. Furthermore, we identified three key genes and explored their important roles in the drug resistance of hypoxic GBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jinxin Ma,1,* Peng Yu,1,* Shang Ma,1,* Jinjin Li,1 Zhen Wang,1 Kunpeng Hu,1 Xinzhe Su,1 Bei Zhang,1 Shao Cheng,1– 3 Shangzeng Wang1– 3 1School of Osteopathy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Arthropathy, Henan Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine), Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Osteopathy, Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Basic and Clinical Research of Bone and Joint Repair in Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shao Cheng; Shangzeng Wang, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15093141825 ; +86 13838527504, Fax +0371-86667366, Email chengshao4476@163.com; wangsz74@163.comPurpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide and is the primary cause of disability and chronic pain in older adults.Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death characterized by aberrant iron metabolism and reactive oxygen species accumulation; however, its role in OA is not known.Methods: To identify ferroptosis markers co-expressed in articular cartilage and synovium samples from patients with OA, in silico analysis was performed.Signature genes were analyzed and the results were evaluated using a ROC curve prediction model.The biological function, correlation between Signature genes, immune cell infiltration, and ceRNA network analyses were performed. Signature genes and ferroptosis phenotypes were verified through in vivo animal experiments and clinical samples. The expression levels of non-coding RNAs in samples from patients with OA were determined using qRT-PCR. ceRNA network analysis results were confirmed using dual-luciferase assays.Results: JUN, ATF3, and CDKN1A were identified as OA- and ferroptosis-associated signature genes. GSEA analysis demonstrated an enrichment of these genes in immune and inflammatory responses, and amino acid metabolism. The CIBERSORT algorithm showed a negative correlation between T cells and these signature genes in the cartilage, and a positive correlation in the synovium. Moreover, RP5-894D12.5 and FAM95B1 regulated the expression of JUN, ATF3, and CDKN1A by competitively binding to miR-1972, miR-665, and miR-181a-2-3p. In vivo, GPX4 was downregulated in both OA cartilage and synovium; however, GPX4 and GSH were downregulated, while ferrous ions were upregulated in patient OA cartilage and synovium samples, indicating that ferroptosis was involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Furthermore, JUN, ATF3, and CDKN1A expression was downregulated in both mouse and human OA synovial and cartilage tissues. qRT-PCR demonstrated that miR-1972, RP5-894D12.5, and FAM95B1 were differentially expressed in OA tissues. Targeted interactions between miR-1972 and JUN, and a ceRNA regulatory mechanism between RP5-894D12.5, miR-1972, and JUN were confirmed by dual-luciferase assays.Conclusion: This study identified JUN, ATF3, and CDKN1A as possible diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for joint synovitis and OA. Furthermore, our finding indicated that RP5-894D12.5/miR-1972/JUN was a potential ceRNA regulatory axis in OA, providing an insight into the connection between ferroptosis and OA.Keywords: osteoarthritis, ferroptosis, synovitis, bioinformatics, JUN, ATF3, CDKN1A, GPX4

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease affecting women of reproductive age; there is a need for interventions to address this condition. Herein, the network pharmacology approach was used to explore the potential of combining Morindae Officinalis Radix (Bajitian) and Radix Salviae (Danshen) for treating PCOS. The bioactive ingredients of the Bajitian-Danshen pair were identified and used for predicting potential therapeutic target genes. Genes related to PCOS were predicted by keyword search from various databases and intersected with the predicted targets of the active components of the Bajitian-Danshen pair to obtain key target genes, which were used for building the “active compound-target gene” pharmacological network. The TCGAbiolinks package in the R environment was used for functional enrichment analysis. In addition, in vivo and in vitro PCOS models were established to explore the effect of the key bioactive compound on the treatment of PCOS and the underlying mechanisms. Histopathological analysis was performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while the detection of hormone and cytokine levels was performed by conducting ELISA. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used for protein expression analysis. Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) was found to be the ingredient with the highest number of target genes. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis revealed that JUN, FOS, TP53, PTGS2, MMP9, CDKN1A, BCL2, DPP4, and CASP3 were key target genes of Tan-IIA in PCOS. The docking analysis showed the interaction of Tan-IIA with FOS. Thus, the therapeutic potential of Tan-IIA in PCOS and its effect on FOS were evaluated experimentally. A rat model of PCOS was established and subsequently treated with Tan-IIA. Tan-IIA treatment attenuated the deleterious effects associated with PCOS and downregulated TP53, FOS and JUN mRNA and protein expression levels in the ovarian tissue of PCOS rats. In addition, the activation of FOS expression was followed by the exacerbation of the deleterious effect of PCOS and increased expression levels of JUN and TP53. Thus, we concluded that the Bajitian-Danshen pair, especially the Tan-IIA ingredient, counteracts PCOS‑induced damage by possibly regulating the FOS/JUN/TP53 axis.

Abstract Background Enhancer dysregulation is one of the important features for cancer cells. Enhancers enriched with H3K4me3 have been implicated to play important roles in cancer. However, their detailed features and regulatory mechanisms have not been well characterized. Results Here, we profile the landscape of H3K4me3-enriched enhancers (m3Es) in 43 pairs of colorectal cancer (CRC) samples. M3Es are widely distributed in CRC and averagely possess around 10% of total active enhancers. We identify 1322 gain variant m3Es and 367 lost variant m3Es in CRC. The target genes of the gain m3Es are enriched in immune response pathways. We experimentally prove that repression of CBX8 and RPS6KA5 m3Es inhibits target gene expression in CRC. Furthermore, we find histone methyltransferase MLL1 is responsible for depositing H3K4me3 on the identified Vm3Es. We demonstrate that the transcription factor AP1/JUN interacts with MLL1 and regulates m3E activity. Application of a small chemical inhibitor for MLL1 activity, OICR-9429, represses target gene expression of the identified Vm3Es, enhances anti-tumor immunity and inhibits CRC growth in an animal model. Conclusions Taken together, our study illustrates the genome-wide landscape and the regulatory mechanisms of m3Es in CRC, and reveals potential novel strategies for cancer treatment.

Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that consists of a diverse group of members including Jun, Fos, Maf, and ATF. AP-1 involves a number of processes such as proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells. Dysfunctional AP-1 activity is associated with cancer initiation, development, invasion, migration and drug resistance. Therefore, AP-1 is a potential target for cancer targeted therapy. Currently, some small molecule inhibitors targeting AP-1 have been developed and tested, showing some anticancer effects. However, AP-1 is complex and diverse in its structure and function, and different dimers may play different roles in different type of cancers. Therefore, more research is needed to reveal the specific mechanisms of AP-1 in cancer, and how to select appropriate inhibitors and treatment strategies. Ultimately, this review summarizes the potential of combination therapy for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to previous research, turmeric seeds exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-malignancy, and anti-aging properties due to an abundance of terpinen-4-ol (T4O). Although it is still unclear how T4O works on glioma cells, limited data exist regarding its specific effects. In order to determine whether or not glioma cell lines U251, U87, and LN229 are viable, CCK8 was used as an assay and a colony formation assay was performed using different concentrations of T4O (0, 1, 2, and 4 μM). The effect of T4O on the proliferation of glioma cell line U251 was detected through the subcutaneous implantation of the tumor model. Through high-throughput sequencing, a bioinformatic analysis, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions, we identified the key signaling pathways and targets of T4O. Finally, for the measurement of the cellular ferroptosis levels, we examined the relationship between T4O, ferroptosis, and JUN and the malignant biological properties of glioma cells. T4O significantly inhibited glioma cell growth and colony formation and induced ferroptosis in the glioma cells. T4O inhibited the subcutaneous tumor proliferation of the glioma cells in vivo. T4O suppressed JUN transcription and significantly reduced its expression in the glioma cells. The T4O treatment inhibited GPX4 transcription through JUN. The overexpression of JUN suppressed ferroptosis in the cells rescued through T4O treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that the natural product T4O exerts its anti-cancer effects by inducing JUN/GPX4-dependent ferroptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation, and T4O will hope-fully serve as a prospective compound for glioma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in women. Human papillomavirus (HPV16) E6/E7 heterogenous expression in C33A cells increased the mRNA and protein levels of KIF2A, while siRNA deletion of endogenous E6/E7 reduced the mRNA and protein levels of KIF2A in SiHa cells. KIF2A promoted cell migration and invasion, and regulated the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related proteins in C33A and SiHa cells. The exogenous expression of E6/E7 in C33A cells increased the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK, and JNK. However, Akt (API-2) and ERK (PD98059) inhibitors had no effect on the increase in KIF2A expression induced by E6/E7, while JNK inhibitors (JNK-IN-8 and SP600125) blocked the increase in KIF2A expression induced by E6/E7. The exogenous expression of E6/E7 increased the levels of transcription factor c-Jun, which is the classic substrate of JNK. Knockdown of c-Jun reduced the increase in KIF2A expression induced by E6/E7. In summary, KIF2A plays a key role in the motility and metastasis of cervical cancer. HPV16 E6/E7 can increase the levels of transcription factor c-Jun by activating the JNK signal, thereby up-regulating the transcriptional expression of KIF2A.

Interruption of iron homeostasis is correlated with cell ferroptosis and degenerative diseases. Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4)-mediated ferritinophagy has been reported as a vital mechanism to control cellular iron levels, but its impact on osteoarthritis (OA) pathology and the underline mechanism are unknown. Herein we aimed to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of NCOA4 in chondrocyte ferroptosis and OA pathogenesis. We demonstrated that NCOA4 was highly expressed in cartilage of patients with OA, aged mice, post-traumatic OA mice, and inflammatory chondrocytes. Importantly, Ncoa4 knockdown inhibited IL-1β-induced chondrocyte ferroptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. Contrarily, overexpression of NCOA4 promoted chondrocyte ferroptosis and the delivery of Ncoa4 adeno-associated virus 9 into knee joint of mice aggravated post-traumatic OA. Mechanistic study revealed that NCOA4 was upregulated in a JNK-JUN signaling-dependent manner in which JUN could directly bind to the promoter of Ncoa4 and initial the transcription of Ncoa4. NCOA4 could interact with ferritin and increase autophagic degradation of ferritin and iron levels, which caused chondrocyte ferroptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. In addition, inhibition of JNK-JUN-NCOA4 axis by SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, attenuated development of post-traumatic OA. This work highlights the role of JNK-JUN-NCOA4 axis and ferritinophagy in chondrocyte ferroptosis and OA pathogenesis, suggesting this axis as a potential target for OA treatment. [Display omitted] • NCOA4 was highly expressed in cartilage of patients with OA, aged mice, and post-traumatic OA mice. • NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy contributed to chondrocyte ferroptosis and aggravated post-traumatic OA. • JNK-JUN axis regulated NCOA4 expression and played an important role in chondrocyte ferroptosis and OA pathogenesis. • Inhibition of JNK-JUN-NCOA4 axis with SP600125 protected against post-traumatic OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma, as a common liver cirrhosis complication, has become the sixth most common cancer worldwide, and its increasing incidence has resulted in considerable medical and economic burdens. As a natural polyphenolic compound, kaempferol has exhibits a wide range of antitumor activities against multiple cancer targets. In this study, the Autodock software was used for molecular docking to simulate the interaction process between kaempferol and HCC targets and the PyMOL software was used for visualization. Proliferation of kaempferol HepG2 cells under the effect of kaempferol was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells was detected using flow cytometry. The expressions of proteins BAX, CDK1, and JUN protein expressions were detected by Western blot. Molecular docking found that the kaempferol ligand has 3 rotatable bonds, 6 nonpolar hydrogen atoms, and 12 aromatic carbon atoms, and can form complexes with the kaempferol targets P53, BAX, AR, CDK1, and JUN through electrostatic energy. GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis suggests that kaempferol regulates the biological function of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and is related to apoptosis. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay suggested that Kaempferol can significantly inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation, and the inhibition rate increased with the increase in drug concentration and incubation time. Moreover, kaempferol can promoted HepG2 cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. This compound upregulated BAX and JUN expression and downregulated CDK1 expression. Thus, Kaempferol can promote HepG2 cell apoptosis, and the regulatory mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression levels of the apoptosis-related proteins BAX, CDK1, and JUN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain (NP) induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes long-term disturbance for patients, but the mechanisms behind remains unclear. Here, our study showed SCI-induced ectopic expression of Nav1.7 in abundant neurons located in deep and superficial laminae layers of the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) and upregulation of Nav1.7 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in mice. Pharmacologic studies demonstrated that the efficacy of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeable Nav1.7 inhibitor GNE-0439 for attenuation of NP in SCI mice was significantly better than that of the BBB non-permeable Nav1.7 inhibitor PF-05089771. Moreover, more than 20% of Nav1.7-expressing SDH neurons in SCI mice were activated to express FOS when there were no external stimuli, suggesting that the ectopic expression of Nav1.7 made SDH neurons hypersensitive and Nav1.7-expressing SDH neurons participated in central sensitization and in spontaneous pain and/or walking-evoked mechanical pain. Further investigation showed that NGF, a strong activator of Nav1.7 expression, and its downstream JUN were upregulated after SCI in SDH neurons with similar distribution patterns and in DRG neurons too. In conclusion, our findings showed that the upregulation of Nav1.7 was induced by SCI in both SDH and DRG neurons through increased expression of NGF/JUN, and the inhibition of Nav1.7 in both peripheral and spinal neurons alleviated mechanical pain in SCI mice. These data suggest that BBB permeable Nav1.7 blockers might relieve NP in patients with SCI and that blocking the upregulation of Nav1.7 in the early stage of SCI via selective inhibition of the downstream signaling pathways of NGF or Nav1.7-targeted RNA drugs could be a strategy for therapy of SCI-induced NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Although metastasis constitutes one of the poorest prognostic indicators in this disease, the mechanisms that drive metastasis have received less attention. The aim of our study is to provide valid biological information for the metastasis mechanism of medulloblastoma. Gene expression profile of GSE468 was downloaded from GEO database and was analyzed using limma R package. Function and enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed based on PANTHER database. PPI network construction, hub gene selection and module analysis were conducted in Cytoscape software. Nine upregulated genes and 34 downregulated genes were selected as DEGs. The upregulated genes were mainly enriched in molecular function and cell component, which mainly included protein binding and nucleus respectively. A total of 120 enriched GO terms and 40 KEGG pathways were identified. The main enriched GO terms were the biological process such as apoptosis and MAPK activity. Besides, the enriched KEGG pathways also included MAPK signaling pathway. A PPI network was obtained, and JUN was identified as a hub gene. Also, we firstly investigated the role and regulatory mechanism of JUN in the metastasis of medulloblastoma. Through the bioinformatics analysis of the gene microarray in GEO, we found some crucial genes and pathways associated with the metastasis of medulloblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) has a key role in both T cell activation and tolerance and has emerged as an important target of immune modulation. NFAT directs the effector arm of the immune response in the presence of activator protein-1 (AP-1), and T cell anergy/exhaustion in the absence of AP-1. Envisioning a strategy for selective modulation of the immune response, we designed a FRET-based high-throughput screen to identify compounds that disrupt the NFAT:AP-1:DNA complex. We screened ∼202,000 small organic compounds and identified 337 candidate inhibitors. We focus here on one compound, N-(3-acetamidophenyl)-2-[5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl]sulfanylacetamide (Compound 10), which disrupts the NFAT:AP-1 interaction at the composite antigen-receptor response element-2 site without affecting the binding of NFAT or AP-1 alone to DNA. Compound 10 binds to DNA in a sequence-selective manner and inhibits the transcription of the Il2 gene and several other cyclosporin A-sensitive cytokine genes important for the effector immune response. This study provides proof-of-concept that small molecules can inhibit the assembly of specific DNA-protein complexes, and opens a potential new approach to treat human diseases where known transcription factors are deregulated.

Osteoarthritis (OA), viewing as a degenerative aseptic inflammatory disease, is characterized by joint pain and inflammation that significantly affects the quality of patients’ life, especially for the elder. Although rapid progress has been achieved in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of OA occurrence and progression, there is still a lack of effective clinical therapeutics for OA patients. Currently the most common treatments including drug therapy and surgical operations are not very satisfactory in majority of cases, so it is worthy to explore new remedies. During the past few decades, a number of novel forms of regulated cell death have been reported widely, typified by ferroptosis, with its prominent features including reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation and glutathione deprivation. Our study was designed to identify the functional roles of differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes in OA, which were screened out by referring to GEO database via bioinformatics analyses. Human chondrocytes were applied to validate the above findings in the scenario of ferroptosis inhibitors administration. Results partially proved the consistency with bioinformatics analyses that ATF3 and TFRC were highly expressed in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated chondrocytes whereas CXCL2 and JUN were downregulated. Besides, TFRC was firstly validated to be upregulated in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, which could be reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. In conclusion, our study reported two prominent ferroptosis-related genes, ATF3 and TFRC are upregulated in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes while CXCL2 and JUN are downregulated. And preliminary results demonstrated that TFRC might serve as an accomplice of ferroptosis process in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes and ferroptosis inhibitors have the potential to inhibit ROS in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes.

Abstract Background The blood–testis barrier (BTB) is essential to the microenvironment of spermatogenesis, and Sertoli cells provide the cellular basis for BTB construction. Numerous nuclear transcription factors have been identified to be vital for the proper functioning of Sertoli cells. PA1 has been reported to play important roles during diverse biological processes, yet its potential function in male reproduction is still unknown. Results Here, we show that PA1 was highly expressed in human and mouse testis and predominantly localized in the nuclei of Sertoli cells. Sertoli cell-specific Pa1 knockout resulted in an azoospermia-like phenotype in mice. The knockout of this gene led to multiple defects in spermatogenesis, such as the disorganization of the cytoskeleton during basal and apical ectoplasmic specialization and the disruption of the BTB. Further transcriptomic analysis, together with Cut-Tag results of PA1 in Sertoli cells, revealed that PA1 could affect the expression of a subset of genes that are essential for the normal function of Sertoli cells, including those genes associated with actin organization and cellular junctions such as Connexin43 (Cx43). We further demonstrated that the expression of Cx43 depended on the interaction between JUN, one of the AP-1 complex transcription factors, and PA1. Conclusion Overall, our findings reveal that PA1 is essential for the maintenance of BTB integrity in Sertoli cells and regulates BTB construction-related gene expression via transcription factors. Thus, this newly discovered mechanism in Sertoli cells provides a potential diagnostic or even therapeutic target for some individuals with azoospermia.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a complex disorder caused by lesions or diseases affecting the somatosensory nervous system, severely impacting patients' quality of life. Recent studies suggest ferroptosis may be involved in NP induction, but its precise mechanisms remain unclear. We used GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses to functionally annotate ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDs). Through STRING and the maximum cluster centrality (MCC) algorithm, we identified five hub FRDs (Jun, Timp1, Egfr, Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a). Single-cell analysis revealed significant expression of Jun and Timp1 in neurons. Our study confirmed the association between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in NP and validated changes in hub FRD expression across various NP animal models. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Jun regulates neuronal ferroptosis and ERS, particularly by modulating Timp1 expression. Transcription factor prediction and JASPAR binding site analysis elucidated the regulatory network involving Jun. ROC curve analysis of external datasets highlighted the diagnostic potential of hub FRDs and ERS-related differentially expressed genes (ERSRDs) in NP. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), we identified estradiol (E2) as a potential therapeutic drug targeting hub FRDs and ERSRDs. Molecular docking predicted its binding sites with Jun and Timp1, and in vivo experiments confirmed that E2 alleviated NP and reversed the expression of Jun and Timp1. This study underscores the crucial role of Jun and Timp1 in the interplay between ferroptosis and ERS, offering new insights and promising avenues for NP treatment. • Jun regulates Timp1 to affect glutamate-induced neuronal ferroptosis. • ROC analysis validates diagnostic potential of ferroptosis & ER stress genes in NP. • Estradiol is a potential therapeutic for ferroptosis, offering a new treatment for NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-onset epilepsy following ischemic stroke is a severe neurological condition, the pathogenesis of which remains incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest that Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) play a crucial role in the disease process, yet the precise molecular mechanisms regulating NSPCs have not been thoroughly investigated. This study utilized single-cell transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to identify disease-related genes, which were subsequently validated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The findings revealed that Hsp90aa1 (heat shock protein 90 kDa alpha, class A member 1), Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), and C C Motif Ligation 2 (Ccl2) constitute an important regulatory axis influencing the migration and differentiation of NSPCs, potentially impacting the onset and progression of early-onset epilepsy post-ischemic stroke. Additionally, the expression of Hsp90aa1 was found to influence the likelihood of seizure occurrence and the severity of brain ischemia. • Hsp90aal/JUNCcl2 axis is critical in early-onset epilepsy after ischemic stroke. • Identified key disease-related genes using single-cell transcriptome sequencing data. • Validated the regulatory axis's function and interactions in vitro and in vivo. • Hsp90aal expression affects seizure likelihood and ischemia severity. • Provided a basis for new therapeutic strategies for early-onset epilepsy post-stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer-related genes, influencing cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Composed of multiple subunits, AP-1 has diverse roles across different cancer types and environmental contexts, but its specific mechanisms remain unclear. The advent of multi-omics approaches has shed light on a more comprehensive understanding of AP-1's role and mechanism in gene regulation. This review collates recent genome-wide data on AP-1 and provides an overview of its expression, structure, function, and interaction across different diseases. An examination of these findings can illuminate the intricate nature of AP-1 regulation and its significant involvement in the progression of different diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential use of AP-1 as a target for individual therapy and explore the various challenges associated with such an approach. Ultimately, this review provides valuable insights into the biology of AP-1 and its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer and disease treatments. [Display omitted] • Bridges the gap between individual omics studies, revealing the AP-1 gene expression networks. • Provide novel way to develop AP-1 targeted therapies and diagnostic markers. • Emphasizes the power of multi-omics approaches which can be adopted to other transcriptional complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwann cells (SCs), the glia of the peripheral nervous system, play an essential role in nerve regeneration. Upon nerve injury, SCs are reprogrammed into unique "repair SCs," and these cells remove degenerating axons/myelin debris, promote axonal regrowth, and ultimately remyelinate regenerating axons. The AP-1 transcription factor JUN is promptly induced in SCs upon nerve injury and potently mediates this injury-induced SC plasticity; however, the regulation of these JUN-dependent SC injury responses is unclear. Previously, we produced mice with a SC-specific deletion of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). This enzyme catalyzes O-GlcNAcylation, a posttranslational modification that is influenced by the cellular metabolic state. Mice lacking OGT in SCs develop a progressive demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Here, we investigated the nerve repair process in OGT-SCKO mutant mice and found that the remyelination of regenerating axons is severely impaired. Gene expression profiling of OGT-SCKO SCs revealed that the JUN-dependent SC injury program was elevated in the absence of injury and failed to shut down at the appropriate time after injury. This aberrant JUN activity results in abnormalities in repair SC function and redifferentiation and prevents the timely remyelination. This aberrant nerve injury response is normalized in OGT-SCKO mice with reduced Jun gene dosage in SCs. Mechanistically, OGT O-GlcNAcylates JUN at multiple sites, which then leads to an attenuation of AP-1 transcriptional activity. Together, these results highlight the metabolic oversight of the nerve injury response via the regulation of JUN activity by O-GlcNAcylation, a pathway that could be important in the neuropathy associated with diabetes and aging.

The heat-sink effect and thermal damage of conventional thermal ablative technologies can be minimized by irreversible electroporation (IRE), which results in clear ablative boundaries and conservation of blood vessels, facilitating maximal safe surgical resection for glioblastoma. Although much comparative data about the death forms in IRE have been published, the comprehensive genetic regulatory mechanism for apoptosis, among other forms of regulatory cell death (RCD), remains elusive. We investigated the electric field intensity threshold for apoptosis/necrosis (YO-PRO-1/PI co-staining) of the U251 human malignant glioma cell line with stepwise increased uniform field intensity. Time course samples (0–6 h) of apoptosis induction and sham treatment were collected for transcriptome sequencing. Sequencing showed that transcription factor AP-1 and its target gene Bim (Bcl2l11), related to the signaling pathway, played a major role in the apoptosis of glioma after IRE. The sequencing results were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. We also found that the transcription changes also implicated three other forms of RCD: autophagy, necroptosis, and immunogenic cell death (ICD), in addition to apoptosis. These together imply that IRE possibly mediates apoptosis by the AP-1-Bim pathway, causes mixed RCD simultaneously, and has the potential to aid in the generation of a systemic antitumor immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postnatal heart maturation is the basis of normal cardiac function and provides critical insights into heart repair and regenerative medicine. While static snapshots of the maturing heart have provided much insight into its molecular signatures, few key events during postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation have been uncovered. Here, we report that cardiomyocytes (CMs) experience epigenetic and transcriptional decline of cardiac gene expression immediately after birth, leading to a transition state of CMs at postnatal day 7 (P7) that was essential for CM subtype specification during heart maturation. Large-scale single-cell analysis and genetic lineage tracing confirm the presence of transition state CMs at P7 bridging immature state and mature states. Silencing of key transcription factor JUN in P1-hearts significantly repressed CM transition, resulting in perturbed CM subtype proportions and reduced cardiac function in mature hearts. In addition, transplantation of P7-CMs into infarcted hearts exhibited cardiac repair potential superior to P1-CMs. Collectively, our data uncover CM state transition as a key event in postnatal heart maturation, which not only provides insights into molecular foundations of heart maturation, but also opens an avenue for manipulation of cardiomyocyte fate in disease and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to previous research, turmeric seeds exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-malignancy, and anti-aging properties due to an abundance of terpinen-4-ol (T4O). Although it is still unclear how T4O works on glioma cells, limited data exist regarding its specific effects. In order to determine whether or not glioma cell lines U251, U87, and LN229 are viable, CCK8 was used as an assay and a colony formation assay was performed using different concentrations of T4O (0, 1, 2, and 4 μM). The effect of T4O on the proliferation of glioma cell line U251 was detected through the subcutaneous implantation of the tumor model. Through high-throughput sequencing, a bioinformatic analysis, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions, we identified the key signaling pathways and targets of T4O. Finally, for the measurement of the cellular ferroptosis levels, we examined the relationship between T4O, ferroptosis, and JUN and the malignant biological properties of glioma cells. T4O significantly inhibited glioma cell growth and colony formation and induced ferroptosis in the glioma cells. T4O inhibited the subcutaneous tumor proliferation of the glioma cells in vivo. T4O suppressed JUN transcription and significantly reduced its expression in the glioma cells. The T4O treatment inhibited GPX4 transcription through JUN. The overexpression of JUN suppressed ferroptosis in the cells rescued through T4O treatment. Taken together, our data suggest that the natural product T4O exerts its anti-cancer effects by inducing JUN/GPX4-dependent ferroptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation, and T4O will hope-fully serve as a prospective compound for glioma treatment.

Chromatin dynamics as well as genetic evolution underlies the adaptability of tumour cells to environmental cues. Three subtypes of tumour cells have been identified in glioblastoma, one of the commonest malignant brain tumours in adults. During tumour progression or under therapeutic pressure, the non‐mesenchymal subtypes may progress to the mesenchymal subtype, leading to unfavourable prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms for this transition remain poorly understood. Here taking a TNFα‐induced cellular model, we profile the chromatin accessibility dynamics during mesenchymal transition. Moreover, we identify the JUN family as one of the key driving transcription factors for the gained chromatin accessibility. Accordingly, inhibition of JUN phosphorylation and therefore its transcription activity successfully impedes TNFα‐induced chromatin remodelling and mesenchymal transition. In line with these findings based on experimental models, JUN activity is positively correlated with mesenchymal features in clinical glioblastoma specimens. Together, this study unveils a deregulated transcription regulatory network in glioblastoma progression and hopefully provides a rationale for anti‐glioblastoma therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of pterygium and identify the key genes regulating the development of pterygium. Differentially expressed mRNAs were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed using the DAVID (). The differential expressions of hub genes were verified using the reverse transcription-real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The function of the hub genes was further confirmed based on associations between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hub genes and pterygium. The genotyping results were analyzed using SNPStats online software in five gene models, including codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and log-additive. Five gene models were analyzed using SNPStats. We found that 240 genes were significantly differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that focal adhesion pathway is extremely meaningful, among which JUN, FN1, and LAMB1 were verified to significantly differentially express in pterygium (P = 0.0011, P = 0.0018, and P = 0.0050, respectively). However, the all nine candidate SNPs (rs11688, rs3748814 in JUN; rs1263, rs1132741, rs1250259 in FN1; rs20556, rs35710474, rs25659, rs4320486 in LAMB1), were not statistically associated with pterygium. Our results demonstrated that JUN, FN1, and LAMB1 polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to pterygium in Chinese Han population. Considering the fact that these three genes are differentially expressed in pterygium, further research is needed to explain its involvement in pterygium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cells can convert proto‐oncoproteins into oncoproteins by increasing the expression of genes that are oncogenic when expressed at high levels. Such genes can promote oncogenesis without being mutated. To find overexpressed genes in cancer cells from patients with multiple myeloma, we retrieved mRNA expression data from the CoMMpass database and ranked genes by their expression levels. We grouped the most highly expressed genes based on a set of criteria and we discuss the role a selection of them can play in the disease pathophysiology. The list was highly concordant with a similar list based on mRNA expression data from the PADIMAC study. Many well‐known "myeloma genes" such as MCL1, CXCR4, TNFRSF17, SDC1, SLAMF7, PTP4A3, and XBP1 were identified as highly expressed, and we believe that hitherto unrecognized key players in myeloma pathogenesis are also enriched on the list. Highly expressed genes in malignant plasma cells that were absent or expressed at only a low level in healthy plasma cells included IFI6, IFITM1, PTP4A3, SIK1, ALDOA, ATP5MF, ATP5ME, and PSMB4. The ambition of this article is not to validate the role of each gene but to serve as a guide for studies aiming at identifying promising treatment targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a common degenerative disease. Its occurrence is related to a variety of risk factors. At present, there is no effective treatment plan other than surgical treatment. The regulatory genes related to osteoarthritis are involved in the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. However, the gene regulatory network of osteoarthritis has not been established completely. OBJECTIVE: To carry out the bioinformatics analysis of osteoarthritis gene chip data set, so as to find new biomarkers of osteoarthritis and experimentally verify MYC and JUN genes. METHODS: GEO database online analysis tool GEO2R was used to screen the differential genes of GSE55457 and GSE55235 chip data. The common differential genes of the two data sets were taken for GO function enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis. String database was then used to construct protein interaction network, and Cytoscape3.8.0 software was applied to obtain the key genes. Finally RT-PCR and western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of MYC and JUN genes in osteoarthritic and normal synovial tissue. Synovial specimens were taken from the synovial tissues of three patients with osteoarthritis and three patients with meniscal injuries in the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The GSE55457 dataset had 704 up-regulated genes and 113 down-regulated genes; the GSE55235 dataset had 492 up-regulated genes and 723 down-regulated genes; the two together had 89 up-regulated genes and 30 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment showed that differential genes mainly played a role in response to macrophage colony stimulation and binding glucocorticoid receptors. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that differential genes were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and amino acid metabolism. Ten key target genes were identified based on the protein-protein interaction network, including MYC, JUN, MCL1, CDKN1A, HNRNPA1, VEGFA, NCOA3, ATF3, BTG2, and CD44. Two key genes, MYC and JUN, were obtained based on the higher score of the protein-protein interaction network graph algorithm and the number of protein interaction lines. The results of RT-PCR and western blot experiments showed that the expression of MYC and JUN at mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased in osteoarthritic synovial tissue compared with the control group (mRNA: MYC P=0.035 2, JUN P=0.015 6, protein: MYC P=0.027 2, JUN P=0.026 6). To conclude, the differential genes screened by comprehensive multiple biological information databases and R language analysis are involved in the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. The 10 key genes identified are all involved in the key link of osteoarthritis. Up-regulation of MYC and JUN can promote the occurrence of osteoarthritis, which has been verified in the RT-PCR and western blot detections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jiaqin Liu,1,2 Jian Liu,1,2 Xiaoliang Tong,3 Weijun Peng,4 Shanshan Wei,1,2 Taoli Sun,5 Yikun Wang,1,2 Bikui Zhang,1,2 Wenqun Li1,2 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 5School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Wenqun LiDepartment of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-731-85292093Email liwq1204@csu.edu.cnBackground: Huai Hua San (HHS), a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula, has been widely applied in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the interaction of bioactives from HHS with the targets involved in UC has not been elucidated yet.Aim: A network pharmacology-based approach combined with molecular docking and in vitro validation was performed to determine the bioactives, key targets, and potential pharmacological mechanism of HHS against UC.Materials and Methods: Bioactives and potential targets of HHS, as well as UC-related targets, were retrieved from public databases. Crucial bioactive ingredients, potential targets, and signaling pathways were acquired through bioinformatics analysis, including protein–protein interaction (PPI), as well as the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Subsequently, molecular docking was carried out to predict the combination of active compounds with core targets. Lastly, in vitro experiments were conducted to further verify the findings.Results: A total of 28 bioactive ingredients of HHS and 421 HHS-UC-related targets were screened. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin may be potential candidate agents. JUN, TP53, and ESR1 could become potential therapeutic targets. PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might play an important role in HHS against UC. Moreover, molecular docking suggested that quercetin, luteolin, and nobiletin combined well with JUN, TP53, and ESR1, respectively. Cell experiments showed that the most important ingredient of HHS, quercetin, could inhibit the levels of inflammatory factors and phosphorylated c-Jun, as well as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, which further confirmed the prediction by network pharmacology strategy and molecular docking.Conclusion: Our results comprehensively illustrated the bioactives, potential targets, and molecular mechanism of HHS against UC. It also provided a promising strategy to uncover the scientific basis and therapeutic mechanism of TCM formulae in treating diseases.Keywords: Huai Hua San, ulcerative colitis, network pharmacology, quercetin, JUN, PI3K/AKT signal pathway

[Display omitted] • We constructed a model of AKI induced by cisplatin and ischaemia–reperfusion. • RG108, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, reduces inflammation and kidney damage. • RG108 reduces inflammation through the P38 MAPK/FOS and JNK/JUN pathways. • RG108 may be a novel clinical candidate for the treatment of acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important clinical syndrome characterised by a sudden decline in renal function, often accompanied by renal inflammation and tubular epithelial cell damage. It has been reported that inhibiting DNA methylation significantly suppress the progression of AKI. In the current study, we investigate the effect of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor RG108 in cisplatin- and hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced AKI. The expression of kidney injury molecules and inflammatory factors was examined by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and Real-time PCR. The results demonstrated that RG108 treatment significantly reduced kidney inflammation and injury. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis was performed to reveal the regulatory mechanism of RG108 in AKI. The expression of the FOS and JUN genes, which are downstream of the MAPK pathway, were significant increased in AKI. Meanwhile, the expression of FOS and JUN were both inhibited by RG108, which is similar to what we found treatment with a specific JNK inhibitor and a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, and thus attenuated renal inflammation and injury. In conclusion, we suggest that RG108 inhibits P38 MAPK/FOS and JNK/JUN pathways and attenuates renal injury and inflammatory responses. In these results, RG108 may become a novel MAPK pathway inhibitor and a clinical candidate for the treatment of AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) induces neuroma formation at the severed nerve stump resulting in impaired nerve regeneration and functional recovery in patients. So far, molecular mechanisms and cell types present in the neuroma impeding on regeneration have only sparsely been analyzed. Herein we compare resected human neuroma tissue with intact donor nerves from the same patient. Neuroma from several post-injury timepoints (1–13 months) were included, thereby allowing for temporal correlation with molecular and cellular processes. We observed reduced axonal area and percentage of myelin producing Schwann cells (SCs) compared to intact nerves. However, total SOX10 positive SC numbers were comparable. Notably, markers for SCs in a repair mode including c-JUN, the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (NTR) p75, SHH (sonic hedgehog) and SC proliferation (phospho-histone H3) were upregulated in neuroma, suggesting presence of SCs in repair status. In agreement, in neuroma, pro-regenerative markers such as phosphorylated i.e. activated CREB (pCREB), ATF3, GAP43 and SCG10 were upregulated. In addition, neuroma tissue was infiltrated by several types of macrophages. Finally, when taken in culture, neuroma SCs were indistinguishable from controls SCs with regard to proliferation and morphology. However, cultured neuroma SCs retained a different molecular signature from control SCs including increased inflammation and reduced gene expression for differentiation markers such as myelin genes. In summary, human neuroma tissue consists of SCs with a repair status and is infiltrated strongly by several types of macrophages. [Display omitted] • Human neuroma tissue contains Schwann cells expressing repair markers. • Repair markers in Schwann cells persist in neuroma up to 12 months after injury. • Neuroma expresses pro-regenerative markers such as pCREB, ATF3, SCG10 and Gap43. • Neuroma tissue is highly fibrotic and infiltrated by macrophages. • Blood vessels organization is altered in neuroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] GBM is the most threatening form of brain tumor. The advancement of GBM is propelled by the growth, infiltration, and movement of cancer cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and identifying new therapeutic agents are crucial for effective GBM treatment. Our research focused on examining the withhold influence of Enhydrin on the destructive activity of GBM cells, both in laboratory settings and within living organisms. By employing network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis, we have determined that Jun serves as the gene of interest, and EMT as the critical signaling pathway. Mechanistically, Enhydrin inhibits the activity of the target gene Jun to increase the expression of Smad7, which is infinitively regulated by the transcription factor Jun, and as the inhibitory transcription factor, Smad7 can down-regulate TGF-β1 and the subsequent Smad2/3 signaling pathway. Consequently, this whole process greatly hinders the EMT mechanism of GBM, leading to the notable decline in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In summary, our research shows that Enhydrin hinders EMT by focusing on the Jun/Smad7/TGF-β1 signaling pathway, presenting a promising target for treating GBM. Moreover, Enhydrin demonstrates encouraging prospects as a new medication for GBM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During implantation, embryos undergo an unpolarized-to-polarized transition to initiate postimplantation morphogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we identify a transient transcriptional activation governing embryonic morphogenesis and pluripotency transition during implantation. In naive pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which represent preimplantation embryos, we find that the microprocessor component DGCR8 can recognize stem-loop structures within nascent mRNAs to sequester transcriptional coactivator FLII to suppress transcription directly. When mESCs exit from naive pluripotency, the ERK/RSK/P70S6K pathway rapidly activates, leading to FLII phosphorylation and disruption of DGCR8/FLII interaction. Phosphorylated FLII can bind to transcription factor JUN, activating cell migration-related genes to establish poised pluripotency akin to implanting embryos. Resequestration of FLII by DGCR8 drives poised ESCs into formative pluripotency. In summary, we identify a DGCR8/FLII/JUN-mediated transient transcriptional activation mechanism. Disruption of this mechanism inhibits naive-poised-formative pluripotency transition and the corresponding unpolarized-to-polarized transition during embryo implantation, which are conserved in mice and humans. [Display omitted] • DGCR8 binds to nascent mRNAs, inhibiting their transcription by sequestering FLII • Phosphorylated FLII, induced by the ERK pathway, dissociates from DGCR8 and binds to JUN • FLII facilitates JUN in activating gene expression related to cell migration • The interplay a DGCR8/FLII/JUN governs morphogenesis of implanting embryos Lyu et al. discover that DGCR8 acts as a transcriptional repressor by binding to target nascent RNAs and sequestering FLII. During implantation, ERK-induced FLII phosphorylation enables dissociation of the DGCR8/FLII complex and formation of the FLII/JUN complex, transiently activating cell migration genes to promote morphogenesis and establish poised pluripotency in implanting embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by marked genetic heterogeneity. In this study, two independent microarray datasets of cerebellum of ASD were integrative analyzed by NetworkAnalyst to screen candidate crucial genes. NetworkAnalyst identified two up-regulated genes, Jun proto-oncogene (JUN) and platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), as the most crucial genes in cerebellum of ASD patients. Based on KEGG pathway database, genes associated with JUN in the cerebellum highlight the pathways of Th17 cell differentiation and Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation. Genes associated with PDGFRA in the cerebellum were found enriched in pathways in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and Rap1 signaling pathway. Analyzing all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the two datasets, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) brought out IL17 signaling pathway, which is related to the expression of JUN and PDGFRA. The ImmuCellAI found the elevated expression of JUN and PDGFRA correlating with increased Th17 and monocytes suggests JUN and PDGFRA may regulate Th17 cell activation and monocytes infiltrating. Mice model of maternal immune activation demonstrated that JUN and PDGFRA are up-regulated and related to the ASD-like behaviors that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the altered IL17 signaling pathway in ASD and may enable novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]