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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between angiolymphatic invasion (ALI) and bladder cancer in patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC).Materials and Methods: Multicenter retrospective data from 495 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC between 2007 and 2019 were enrolled in this study. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to the presence of ALI. The effect of ALI was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression hazard models for patients’ cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS).Results: The median age of the 495 patients in the study was 65 years, with median and mean follow-up durations of 23.3 months and 37.1 months, respectively. ALI was present in 182 patients (36.8%). ALI was significantly associated with worse RFS as well as CSS and OS (p

Purpose: The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical value of Rab27a as a urinary biomarker, and its efficiency in the prediction of bladder cancer grade.Materials and Methods: The expression of Rab27a in urine samples of patients with bladder cancer, cell line (T-24), and tissue samples of patients with bladder cancer was estimated via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The Rab27a expression level was investigated according to sex, age, and histological grade via qRT-PCR and Western blotting.Results: Rab27a was also expressed at high levels in urine compared to cell lines and tissues from bladder cancer patients. In addition, Rab27a expression varied significantly according to tumor grade (p

To evaluate the success of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss and olfactory bulb (OB) atrophy detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other characteristics. This study included 48 patients with olfactory loss who underwent a nasal endoscopic examination and MRI before olfactory training. The Korean Version of the Sniffin’ Sticks Test was performed before and after training. The olfactory training success was defined as an improvement of more than 6 points in the Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score. Patient characteristics and OB atrophy pre-training were compared between successful and unsuccessful groups. The etiology of olfactory loss included respiratory viral infection in 30 (62.5%), trauma in 10 (20.8%), and idiopathic loss in 8 (16.7%) patients. Twenty-three (47.9%) of 48 patients exhibited successful olfactory training. Etiology, age, gender, and symptom duration were not different between unsuccessful and successful groups. Pre-training discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were significantly different between unsuccessful and successful groups (P

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinicopathological features and outcomes of targeted therapy in patients with recurrence of renal cell carcinoma in

Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treatment requires the identification of clinically important factors that can predict the therapeutic effect. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic roles of pre-treatment sarcopenia and relative dose intensity during the initial two cycles (2c-RDI) of sunitinib treatment in patients with mRCC. In total, 41 (52.6%) patients were classified as having sarcopenia and 16 (20.5%) patients were classified with low 2c-RDI at75%. The mean dose reduction during sunitinib treatment was higher for sarcopenic than for non-sarcopenic patients. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in sarcopenic patients with low 2c-RDI (n = 14, 17.9%) than in non-sarcopenic patients with high 2c-RDI (n = 35, 44.9%). Multivariate analysis identified sarcopenia and low 2c-RDI as poor prognostic factors for PFS and OS. Our findings provide new insights into the prognostic role of sarcopenia and 2c-RDI for targeted therapy in mRCC.

Purpose: Renal artery pseudoaneurysms (RAPs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare but potentially life-threatening complications after partial nephrectomy (PN). Selective arterial embolization (SAE) is an effective method for controlling RAPs/AVFs. We assessed the clinical factors affecting the occurrence of RAPs/AVFs after PN and the effects of SAE on postsurgical renal function. Materials and Methods: Four hundred ninety-three patients who underwent PN were retrospectively reviewed. They were placed in either the SAE or the non-SAE group. The effects of clinical factors, including R.E.N.A.L. scores, on the occurrence of RAPs/AVFs were analyzed. The influence of SAE on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the first postoperative year was evaluated. Results: Thirty-three (6.7%) patients experienced RAPs/AVFs within 8 days of the median interval between PN and SAE. The SAE group had significantly higher R.E.N.A.L. scores, higher N component scores, and higher L component scores (all, p

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the use of ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion targeted biopsy for Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 prostate lesions. METHODS We identified 227 patients with prostate-specific antigen levels ≥4 ng/mL who underwent concurrent transrectal ultrasound-guided systemic biopsy and fusion biopsy. Suspicious prostatic lesions were assessed in accordance with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.0. We compared ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion targeted biopsy and ultrasound-guided biopsy cancer detection rates in Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 lesions with those in other Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score lesions. In Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 patients, we identified clinically significant prostate cancer risk factors by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In total, 2770 transrectal ultrasound-guided and 867 fusion biopsy cores were obtained; where 332 (12.0%) and 194 (22.4%) cores were prostate cancer-positive, respectively (P

To investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) water (HRGW) mixture on the spermatogenesis and sperm motility of mice of different ages. Eighty young (3 month-old) and aged (12 month-old) male mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n =10 per group) including control group, hydrogen-rich water (HRW) group (10 mL/kg daily), KRG group (50 mg/kg daily) and HRGW group (10 mL/kg and 50 mg/kg daily) by an oral zoned needle for 4 weeks. Sperm count and motility were measured using sperm suspension released from cauda epididymis. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum have also been estimated. Tubular changes were examined through histological hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of antioxidation (PPx3, PPx4, GSTm5 and GPx4), spermatogenesis (inhibin-a, neptin-2 and CREM), antiaging (SIRT1 and SIRT2), and angiogenesis [visfatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)] related genes were examined through real-time polymerase chain reaction. HRW and KRG treatment stimulated spermatogenesis followed by increasing sperm production and sperm motility (P

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:PI-RADS v2 is helpful for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (CS-PCa), but does not provide quantitative information. We conducted this study to eval...

Prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are the most prevalent cancer among urological cancers. However, there are no cancer-specific symptoms that can differentiate them as well as early clinical signs of urological malignancy. Furthermore, many metabolic studies have been conducted to discover their biomarkers, but the metabolic profiling study to discriminate between these cancers have not yet been described. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the urinary metabolic differences in male patients with PCa (n = 24), BCa (n = 29), and RCC (n = 12) to find the prominent combination of metabolites between cancers. Based on 1H NMR analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis was applied to find distinct metabolites among cancers. Moreover, the ranked analysis of covariance by adjusting a potential confounding as age revealed that 4-hydroxybenzoate, N-methylhydantoin, creatinine, glutamine, and acetate had significantly different metabolite levels among groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis created by prominent five metabolites showed the great discriminatory accuracy with area under the curve (AUC) > 0.7 for BCa vs. RCC, PCa vs. BCa, and RCC vs. PCa. This preliminary study compares the metabolic profiles of BCa, PCa, and RCC, and reinforces the exploratory role of metabolomics in the investigation of human urine.

OBJECTIVES To investigate hearing outcomes after stapes surgery in children with stapes fixation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Forty-nine patients (66 ears) aged less than 15 years who received stapes surgery. INTERVENTIONS Stapes surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Preoperative symptoms, bilateral involvement, pure-tone hearing levels, and perioperative complications were analyzed using paired t test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The chief complaint of all patients was hearing disturbance. Sixteen ears were diagnosed with stapes fixation and an additional congenital ossicular anomaly and 50 ears had only stapes fixation. Preoperative mean bone conduction and air conduction thresholds were 12.0 ± 5.8 dB and 60.9 ± 10.9 dB, respectively. The mean air-bone gap (ABG) was 48.9 ± 12.0 dB in patients with stapes fixation and an ossicular anomaly. The postoperative mean ABG was 23.6 ± 14.5 dB, and the ABG closure was 25.3 ± 18.2 dB. In patients with stapes fixation only, the preoperative mean bone conduction and air conduction thresholds were 14.3 ± 7.5 dB and 49.6 ± 9.5 dB, respectively, and the mean ABG was 35.5 ± 9.6 dB. The postoperative mean ABG was 14.4 ± 10.3 dB, and the ABG closure was 16.2 ± 16.1 dB. The successful results (ABG

Purpose: To investigate programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status and the clinical and pathological factors related to its expression in urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients.Materials and Methods: Data from 761 UC patients who underwent testing for PD-L1 expression using the VENTANA (SP-142 immunohistochemistry assay) for measuring PD-L1 expression according to the manufacturer's protocol between February 2016 and July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the percentage of tumor area covered by PD-L1-expressing tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs) as follows: IC0 (

Background The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), an environment- and lifestyle-dependent condition, has been constantly increasing in Korea. Although the environment and lifestyle of the Korean people have recently undergone rapid changes, corresponding changes in the characteristics of AR patients have not been well documented. Therefore, we aimed to outline the changes in allergens and clinical manifestations of AR in Korean patients from the 1990s and 2010s. Methods We reviewed 1447 and 3388 AR patients who visited the same tertiary hospital in the 1990s and 2010s, respectively. All patients were diagnosed with AR based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, positive skin prick test results, and answered a symptom questionnaire at the time of visit. We compared differences in the allergens and results of the symptom questionnaire between the two sets of patients. Results When compared with the 1990s, the rate of sensitization to house dust mites, cockroaches, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and tree pollen significantly increased and that to cat fur significantly decreased in patients from the 2010s (all P P P Conclusions Allergen reactivity and type and symptom severity in Korean AR patients significantly varied between the 1990s and 2010s. Our results may therefore be helpful for patient counseling and management.

Soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck (HNSTS) show various histological types and clinical behaviour. Recently, the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) proposed a staging system for HNSTS independent of other body soft tissue sarcomas, which requires validation. Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic factors for the survival of HNSTS patients through a comparison between previous and current AJCC staging systems.This study involved 135 consecutive HNSTS patients who underwent primary surgery, chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy. Patients were grouped into staged (S) and not staged (NS) cancer according to the AJCC 8th edition staging. Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in all, S or NS patients.Median follow-up period was 75 months and the 5-year OS and PFS rates of all patients were 67.8% and 53.4%, respectively, which was similar between S and NS groups. Age, tumour size and grade, overall stage (7th edition) and resection margin were the significant prognostic factors for OS and PFS in all patients and NS group (all P 0.05), whereas positive resection margin was the only significant factor for OS and PFS in the S group (P 0.001). While OS was poorly discriminated among different 8th edition T-categories, different 7th edition showed good discrimination among overall stages in all patients and the NS group.The revised staging system may not provide an improved risk stratification for survival of HNSTS patients.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of a transurethral holmium laser excision of exposed polypropylene mesh as an effective minimally invasive surgical approach in patients with lower urinary tract mesh erosion following the transvaginal placement of polypropylene mesh. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 22 patients with exposed polypropylene mesh in the lower urinary tract that was managed using the transurethral holmium laser technique. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the type of mesh surgery: a midurethral sling (MUS) group (n = 18) and a pelvic organ prolapse (POP) group (n = 4). The surgical outcomes were compared. Results The mean time follow-up after the first surgery was 23.2 months, and 14 patients (64%) reported symptomatic improvement. During outpatient follow-up, eroded residual mesh and failed re-epithelialization were discovered in 6 patients. The recurrence rates in the MUS and POP groups after the first surgery were 22% and 50%, respectively. The recurrence-free periods of each group were 30.5 versus 13.5 months, respectively. Whereas 5 patients had successful epithelialization of the surgical wound following the second endoscopic surgery, 1 patient in the POP group required a third endoscopic surgery because of persistent mesh erosion. Conclusions The excision of exposed polypropylene mesh using a transurethral holmium laser following MUS appears to be a feasible option because of potentially low rates of complication and recurrent stress incontinence. However, minimally invasive approach using holmium laser may not be as successful for mesh erosion after transvaginal mesh repair for POP.

The purpose of this study was to identify the prognostic impact of intravesical recurrence (IVR) on oncologic outcomes and the clinicopathologic factors that predict IVR in patients who undergo radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.Between January 2000 and December 2015, 760 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma underwent RNU at 5 institutions in Korea, and patient data were retrospectively collected. Clinicopathologic factors were analyzed for intravesical recurrence-free survival, cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to test the clinicopathologic factors on IVR.Of the 760 patients, 231 (30.3%) patients experienced IVR within 10 months of the median interval between RNU and the first IVR. The overall estimated probabilities of 5-year CSS, intravesical recurrence-free survival, and OS were 84.2%, 63.8%, and 79.2%, respectively. No difference was noted in terms of CSS and OS between the patients who did or did not experience IVR. The multivariate Cox analysis showed an association between IVR and positive hydronephrosis, tumor size, positive preoperative urinary cytology, and ureterorenoscopy before RNU (all P .05). However, a significantly decreased risk of IVR was associated with female gender, laparoscopic RNU, and receipt of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (all P .05).The occurrence of IVR following RNU did not affect CSS and OS. Patients with larger tumor size, preoperative hydronephrosis, positive preoperative urinary cytology, and ureterorenoscopy before RNU had a higher risk of IVR following RNU.

Despite the excellent prognosis of early glottic cancer (T1-T2), the significance of preoperatively measured tumor thickness has not been elucidated. We evaluated the role of tumor thickness measured using computed tomography (CT) as a predictive factor for recurrence of early glottic cancer after transoral laser microsurgery (TLM).The medical records of 134 patients who were diagnosed with early glottic squamous cell carcinoma and underwent TLM were reviewed. Age, sex, clinical stage, preoperative biopsy, anterior commissure involvement, CT findings, recurrence, and overall survival were evaluated.Seventy-three patients (54 T1a, 2 T1b, and 17 T2) were enrolled. Tumor thickness on pathology increased proportionally with increased tumor thickness on CT. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival rates were 82.2 and 91.2%, respectively. Upon univariate analysis, RFS was affected by the type of cordectomy, tumor differentiation, margin involvement, anterior commissure involvement, impaired vocal fold mobility, and tumor thickness ( 4 mm) on CT scan (all p 0.01). Among the relevant covariates, an involved or close resection margin [hazard ratio (HR) 19.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5-105.6; p 0.01], impaired vocal cord mobility (HR 8.5; 95% CI 1.45-49.2; p = 0.02), and pathological tumor thickness ( 4 mm) (HR 6.0; p = 0.02) were predictive of RFS.Tumor thickness may be another predictive factor for recurrence in early glottic cancer. Before TLM, reviewing the extent of tumor thickness will help to improve local control in cases of early glottic cancer.

BACKGROUND The Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a newly developed system of bladder cancer staging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), which can be used to predict the presence of muscle invasion for bladder cancer. PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of three mpMRI series (T2 WI, diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], and dynamic contrast-enhanced image [DCEI]) and VI-RADS for diagnosing the muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). STUDY TYPE Retrospective. POPULATION In all, 66 pathologically proven bladder cancers in 32 patients. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Before the diagnostic MRI with an intramuscular antispasmodic agent, optimal bladder distension was confirmed. 3.0T MRI with T2 WI, DWI, and DCEI. ASSESSMENT Three reviewers independently assessed and scored the bladder cancers in T2 WI, DWI, and DCEI using a five-point score system. Based on the scores in the three sequences, reviewers scored each bladder cancer with reference to VI-RADS categories. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of each of three mpMRI sequences and the final VI-RADS categorization for diagnosing MIBC. STATISTICAL TESTS Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and the area under the curve (AUC) of each of three sequences separately and VI-RADS categorization for diagnosing the MIBC. RESULTS The diagnostic performances of each of the three mpMRI series and VI-RADS for diagnosing MIBC were excellent. Especially using the optimal cutoff score >3 for predicting MIBC on DWI, DCEI, and VI-RADS, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC values were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.94, 1.00), 100% (95% CI: 0.66. 1.00), 98.3% (95% CI: 0.91, 1.00), and 0.95, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION: mpMRI based on VI-RADS can stratify patients with bladder cancer according to the presence of muscle invasion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3. TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE 2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:1249-1256.

Objective: To evaluate the renal cortical volume (RCV) change after nephron sparing surgery and the predictive value of the nephrometry score in RCV preservation after partial nephrectomy.Materials...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the evidence of ultrasound-MRI fusion target biopsy on PI-RADS score 3 prostate lesionsMETHODS:Between October, 2016 and July, 2018, 151 patients underwent u...

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), may predict treatment response and outcomes in some human malignancies. However, NLR has rarely been examined in older patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). This study evaluated factors, including pre-treatment evaluation tests, predictive of mortality in older patients with HNSCC.This study prospectively enrolled 233 consecutive HNSCC patients aged 65 years or older. Pre-treatment evaluations included patient demographics, comorbidity, body weight loss, voice handicap index, dysphagia, Beck's depression inventory, comprehensive geriatric assessment, and circulating biomarkers. Cumulative incidence and cause-specific hazard functions were used to analyse the risk factors for overall mortality (OM), cancer mortality (CM), and non-cancer mortality (NCM).Multivariate analyses showed that age, performance scale, NLR, and nodal stage were independent predictors of OM and CM (all P .05). Age, body weight loss, frailty, and NLR were independent predictors of NCM (all P .05). Older age ≥ 75 years and NLR showed strong association with all OM, CM, and NCM (all P .05). NLR2.5 was related to a higher risk of OM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-2.97, P = .031), CM (HR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09-3.29, P = .023), and NCM (HR = 6.29, 95% CI: 2.16-18.37, P = .001).Cancer and non-cancer mortalities among older patients with HNSCC may be predicted by several clinical and haematological data. NLR might be used as a circulating prognostic marker for mortality in older patients with HNSCC.

Androgen-receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) is associated with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and resistance to anti-androgen therapy. Despite its clinical importance, the lack of efficient methods for AR-V7 analysis remains a challenge for broader use of this biomarker in routine clinical practice. Herein, we suggest a practical and non-invasive liquid biopsy method for analysis of AR-V7 in the RNA of urine-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) without the need for blood withdrawal. Urine-derived EVs were isolated by a lab-on-a-disc integrated with six independent nanofiltration units (Exo-Hexa) allowing simultaneous processing of six individual samples. Rapid enrichment of EVs (

Aim To compare the functional outcomes after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP). Methods Between September 2008 and January 2016, 712 patients underwent radical prostatectomy (RP; 614 LRP and 98 RARP). Recovery of incontinence was evaluated through a 24-h pad test. Urinary and erectile function was evaluated using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the International Index of Erectile Function-5. Follow-up interval was 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery. The propensity score matching was used to balance the preoperative characteristics. Results The recovery of incontinence was similar to the two groups at 6 and 12 months after the surgery. However, patients underwent RARP restored the continence sooner than those in the LRP group in 1 and 3 months after the surgery (P < 0.001 and 0.001). For the multivariable analysis, the type of RP procedure was a uniquely meaningful contributing factor (P = 0.001, HR = 1.925; 95% CI, 1.299–2.851). In the case of urinary function, the RARP groups showed a better IPSS score than LRP groups at the 1-, 3- and 6-month visits, respectively (P = 0.008, 0.026, 0.001), and the RARP groups early improved compared with LRP groups at the 3-month visit in the case of erectile function (P = 0.018). Conclusion The RARP tended toward getting back the urinary continence earlier than the LRP. In addition, urinary and erectile function recovered more quickly in the RARP group than in the LRP group.

PURPOSE This study is designed to identify the androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7) status, clinical significance of AR-V7 in hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). Then, we evaluated AR-V7 and changes of its target gene, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C) which is an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in serial tumor biopsies from patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy. METHODS We used RT-PCR and Q-PCR assay to evaluate AR-V7, androgen receptor full length (AR-FL), and UBE2C in tumor biopsies from patients with HSPC and CRPC. We examined associations between mRNA expression of AR-V7 and clinicopathologic factors. Furthermore, to identify other potential genes involved in the development of CRPC, RNA sequencing was conducted, using paired prostate cancer (PCa) tissues obtained immediately prior to treatment and at the time of therapeutic resistance. RESULTS A total of 13 HSPC patients and three CRPC patients were enrolled. Neither a high Gleason score (score of 8 and 9) nor a high risk of PCa (a high risk of locally advanced PCa according to NCCN guidelines) was correlated with mRNA expression of AR-V7 in HSPC (P = 0.153 and P = 0.215). The mRNA expression of AR-FL, but not AR-V7, was significantly associated with the mRNA expression of UBE2C level in HSPC (P = 0.007). However, increased expression of AR-V7, not AR-FL, paralleled increased expression of UBE2C in the CRPC specimens (P = 0.03). AR-V7 expression status before ADT was likely related to shorter CRPC development in patients treating ADT. The result of the RNA-sequencing analysis using serial samples from the same patient before and after castration demonstrated an increased level of the PI3K regulatory subunit 1 (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION Our study revealed the role of UBE2C as a marker of the androgen signaling pathway in PCa. Differential gene expression analysis using serial samples from the same patient before and after castration revealed potential genes and pathways involved in development of CRPC. Further studies are needed to determine whether these genes and pathways are potential therapeutic target for CRPC. Prostate 77:60-71, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Purpose To evaluate the oncologic outcomes between adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer or with adverse pathologic factors including positive surgical margin and high Gleason score. Materials and Methods We searched the literature published from January 2000 until December 2014 at MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library. To be specific, included were studies comparing ART and SRT settings if they followed up oncologic outcomes more than 5 years. Results Overall, 3 retrospective, nonrandomized, observational studies, 1 matched control analysis, and 3 prospective randomized controlled studies met our inclusion criteria including a total of 2,380 patients (1,192 ART vs. 1,188 SRT). Higher favorable results were found in ART than in SRT was seen in the 5-year and 10-year biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival (risk ratio [RR], 0.61 and 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.69 and 0.63-0.76). ART had a significantly higher 5-year progression-free survival rate than that in SRT (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51-0.80), but this was not the same for the 10-year progression-free survival rate (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.08). There was no significant difference for the 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates between ART and SRT (RR, 0.80 and 0.94; 95% CI, 0.59-1.07 and 0.80-1.11). Conclusions ART showed favorable results in BCR-free survival during the 5-year follow-up period. However, the 10-year progression-free survival and overall survival did not show any difference between ART and SRT.

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) between continuous and intermittent ADT. Materials and Methods Between January 2006 and May 2015, 603 patients were selected and divided into continuous ADT (CADT) (n=175) and intermittent ADT (IADT) (n=428) groups. The median follow-up in this study was 48.19 (1.0-114.0) months. The primary end point was time to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The types of ADT were monotherapy and maximal androgen blockade (i.e., luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist and antiandrogen). Results The characteristics of patients showed no significant differences between the CADT and IADT groups, except for the Gleason score (p