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Many medical schools have transitioned from traditional teacher-centred education to active student-centred education. The Conception of Learning and Teaching (COLT) questionnaire investigates teachers’ conceptions of learning and teaching in student-centred medical education. This observational and multicentred study aims to validate the Italian version of the Conceptions of Learning and Teaching (COLT-IT) questionnaire and assess the Italian medical educators’ learning and teaching conceptions. To develop the COLT-IT, a back-translation was performed. The COLT-IT and socio-demographic questionnaires were electronically distributed to educators across 13 Italian medical schools. Analyses included explorative factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability analysis. A total of 394 medical teachers completed the survey. Although the EFA suggested retaining three factors, statistical conditions led to the exclusion of eleven of the original eighteen items and one factor. The CFA confirmed the bi-dimensional structure of the COLT-IT. The two-factor scale retained the original naming of subscales: Teacher centredness (TC) and Appreciation of active learning (AL). Approximately 50% of participants exhibited high levels of AL, while scores in the TC subscale were more varied. No differences emerged based on gender, age, or the geographical location of the medical school. The 7-item COLT-IT is a reliable, valid, robust, and easy-to-administer tool for promoting and monitoring the implementation of a student-centred approach in medical education.

Owing to the availability of bright X-rays sources such as the ESRF-EBS, inelastic X-ray scattering of samples contained in complex sample environments, including high pressure devices, has become feasible. Compared to well-established characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction or X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, inelastic X-ray scattering of samples under extreme conditions is a relatively novel probe. However, unique information about the electronic, magnetic, and local atomic structure is accessible with inelastic X-ray scattering. Here, capabilities of beamline ID20 of the ESRF in the field of high pressure inelastic X-ray scattering are presented and some recent activities are reviewed.

RIVM rapport:De Nederlandse overheid wil de luchtkwaliteit verbeteren omdat minder luchtvervuiling beter is voor de gezondheid. Ze heeft hiervoor in 2020 het Schone Lucht Akkoord (SLA) gesloten met inmiddels meer dan 100 gemeenten en alle provincies. Afgesproken is om in 2030 50 procent minder gezondheidseffecten te hebben van luchtvervuiling door Nederlandse bronnen dan in 2016. De SLA-partners hebben begin 2023 hun jaarlijkse plannen ingeleverd waarin staat hoe zij de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden en fijnstof in Nederland gaan verminderen. Het RIVM heeft berekend dat de gezondheidseffecten als gevolg van luchtvervuiling in 2030 met 46 procent afnemen ten opzichte van 2016. Voorwaarde daarvoor is dat deze plannen volledig worden uitgevoerd. Als ook de effecten van maatregelen tegen klimaatverandering en stikstofneerslag worden meegerekend is een gezondheidswinst van 50 procent haalbaar. Een gezondheidswinst van 50% betekent dat mensen in Nederland gemiddeld per persoon 2,5-3,5 maanden langer leven. De SLA-partners willen ook dat de luchtkwaliteit gaat voldoen aan de WHO(World Health Organization)-advieswaarden uit 2005 voor fijnstof en stikstofdioxide. Deze advieswaarden zijn strenger dan de normen die nu in Nederland gelden. De Europese Unie gebruikt deze advieswaarden om de wettelijke normen voor fijnstof en stikstofdioxide Europees aan te scherpen. Deze normen zullen naar verwachting gaan gelden vanaf 2030. RIVM berekeningen laten nu zien dat deze advieswaarden in 2030 bijna overal in Nederland kunnen worden gehaald als de plannen voor het SLA worden uitgevoerd. In een paar gebieden zullen extra maatregelen nodig zijn om in 2030 aan de nieuwe EU(Europese Unie)-wetgeving te voldoen. Dit blijkt uit de tweede voortgangsmeting van het RIVM. Hierin staat alle informatie om te kunnen berekenen of de doelen van het SLA worden gehaald. Bijvoorbeeld hoeveel de uitstoot en de concentraties van stikstof(di)oxiden en fijnstof dalen bij verschillende pakketten van maatregelen. Adviesbureau, The Dutch government wants to improve air quality, since less air pollution is better for public health. To this end, it concluded the Clean Air Agreement (Schone Lucht Akkoord, SLA) in 2020. More than 100 municipalities and all provinces have since decided to sign up to this agreement. The agreement includes a commitment to reduce the health effects of air pollution from Dutch sources by 50% by 2030, compared to 2016. In March 2023, the SLA signatories submitted their annual plans indicating how they would reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter (implementation plans). According to calculations by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), implementation of all of these plans will decrease the health effects of air pollution by 46% by 2030. Health gains of 50% are possible if the effects of additional measures to combat climate change and nitrogen deposition are also taken into account. A health gain of 50% would translate to a mean increase in life expectancy of 2.5-3.5 months per Dutch resident. Another goal of this agreement is to comply with the WHO guideline values from 2005 for concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. These guideline values are stricter than the current mandatory limit values. In the meantime, the European Union is about to finalise a process to strengthen the EU air quality limit values, also based on the 2005 WHO guideline values. These limit values are expected to be valid in 2030. Calculations performed by RIVM show that the guideline values can be achieved across nearly all of the Netherlands in 2030 if the SLA plans are implemented. Additional measures will be needed in some specific areas to comply with the new EU limit values in 2030. RIVM's second progress assessment contains all the necessary information to calculate whether the goals of the SLA are being met, including by how much the emissions and concentrations of nitrogen (di)oxides and particulate matter will

De Nederlandse overheid wil de luchtkwaliteit verbeteren omdat minder luchtvervuiling beter is voor de gezondheid. Ze heeft hiervoor in 2020 het Schone Lucht Akkoord (SLA) gesloten met inmiddels meer dan 100 gemeenten en alle provincies. Afgesproken is om in 2030 50 procent minder gezondheidseffecten te hebben van luchtvervuiling door Nederlandse bronnen dan in 2016. De SLA-partners hebben begin 2023 hun jaarlijkse plannen ingeleverd waarin staat hoe zij de uitstoot van stikstofoxiden en fijnstof in Nederland gaan verminderen. Het RIVM heeft berekend dat de gezondheidseffecten als gevolg van luchtvervuiling in 2030 met 46 procent afnemen ten opzichte van 2016. Voorwaarde daarvoor is dat deze plannen volledig worden uitgevoerd. Als ook de effecten van maatregelen tegen klimaatverandering en stikstofneerslag worden meegerekend is een gezondheidswinst van 50 procent haalbaar. Een gezondheidswinst van 50% betekent dat mensen in Nederland gemiddeld per persoon 2,5-3,5 maanden langer leven., The Dutch government wants to improve air quality, since less air pollution is better for public health. To this end, it concluded the Clean Air Agreement (Schone Lucht Akkoord, SLA) in 2020. More than 100 municipalities and all provinces have since decided to sign up to this agreement. The agreement includes a commitment to reduce the health effects of air pollution from Dutch sources by 50% by 2030, compared to 2016. In March 2023, the SLA signatories submitted their annual plans indicating how they would reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter (implementation plans). According to calculations by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), implementation of all of these plans will decrease the health effects of air pollution by 46% by 2030. Health gains of 50% are possible if the effects of additional measures to combat climate change and nitrogen deposition are also taken into account. A health gain of 50% would translate to a mean increase in life expectancy of 2.5-3.5 months per Dutch resident.

Management of suspected early-onset sepsis (EOS) is undergoing continuous evolution aiming to limit antibiotic overtreatment, yet current data on the level of overtreatment are only available for a select number of countries. This study aimed to determine antibiotic initiation and continuation rates for suspected EOS, along with the incidence of culture-proven EOS in The Netherlands. In this retrospective study from 2019 to 2021, data were collected from 15 Dutch hospitals, comprising 13 regional hospitals equipped with Level I-II facilities and 2 academic hospitals equipped with Level IV facilities. Data included birth rates, number of neonates started on antibiotics for suspected EOS, number of neonates that continued treatment beyond 48 h and number of neonates with culture-proven EOS. Additionally, blood culture results were documented. Data were analysed both collectively and separately for regional and academic hospitals. A total of 103,492 live-born neonates were included. In 4755 neonates (4.6%, 95% CI 4.5–4.7), antibiotic therapy was started for suspected EOS, and in 2399 neonates (2.3%, 95% CI 2.2–2.4), antibiotic treatment was continued beyond 48 h. Incidence of culture-proven EOS was 1.1 cases per 1000 live births (0.11%, 95% CI 0.09–0.14). Overall, for each culture-proven EOS case, 40.6 neonates were started on antibiotics and in 21.7 neonates therapy was continued. Large variations in treatment rates were observed across all hospitals, with the number of neonates initiated and continued on antibiotics per culture-proven EOS case varying from 4 to 90 and from 4 to 56, respectively. The high number of antibiotic prescriptions compared to the EOS incidence and wide variety in clinical practice among hospitals in The Netherlands underscore both the need and potential for a novel approach to the management of neonates with suspected EOS.

Epilepsy surgery is the therapy of choice for many patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Recognizing and describing ictal and interictal patterns with intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings is important in order to most efficiently leverage advantages of this technique to accurately delineate the seizure-onset zone before undergoing surgery. In this seminar in epileptology, we address learning objective "1.4.11 Recognize and describe ictal and interictal patterns with intracranial recordings" of the International League against Epilepsy curriculum for epileptologists. We will review principal considerations of the implantation planning, summarize the literature for the most relevant ictal and interictal EEG patterns within and beyond the Berger frequency spectrum, review invasive stimulation for seizure and functional mapping, discuss caveats in the interpretation of intracranial EEG findings, provide an overview on special considerations in children and in subdural grids/strips, and review available quantitative/signal analysis approaches. To be as practically oriented as possible, we will provide a mini atlas of the most frequent EEG patterns, highlight pearls for its not infrequently challenging interpretation, and conclude with two illustrative case examples. This article shall serve as a useful learning resource for trainees in clinical neurophysiology/epileptology by providing a basic understanding on the concepts of invasive intracranial EEG.

RIVM rapport:Luchtverontreiniging is schadelijk voor de gezondheid. Het RIVM heeft onderzocht of blootstelling aan luchtvervuiling door fijnstof en stikstofdioxide invloed heeft op de kans om besmet te raken met het coronavirus en op de kans om daar ernstig ziek van te worden. Onder ernstig ziek verstaan we dat iemand in het ziekenhuis moet worden opgenomen of aan de ziekte overlijdt. Mensen die aan hoge concentraties luchtverontreiniging blootstonden, blijken een grotere kans te hebben om besmet te raken. Ook was hierdoor de kans groter dat mensen door corona in het ziekenhuis moesten worden opgenomen omdat ze erg ziek werden. Ten slotte was de kans dat ze aan corona stierven groter. Deze effecten zijn te zien kort (een tot twee weken) na een periode van meer luchtverontreiniging. Dat is ook zo wanneer mensen jaren wonen op een plek met meer luchtverontreiniging. Deze resultaten bevestigen eerdere conclusies uit internationaal onderzoek. Ook blijkt dat bij een langdurige blootstelling aan luchtverontreiniging de kans op een corona-infectie hetzelfde is als die op andere luchtwegaandoeningen. Denk aan andere luchtweginfecties met klachten die lijken op corona. Dat luchtverontreiniging in het algemeen een grotere kans geeft op luchtwegaandoeningen was al bekend. In het onderzoek is gekeken naar drie belangrijke bronnen van fijnstof in Nederland: landbouw, wegverkeer en industrie. Deze bronnen hebben invloed op de luchtkwaliteit. Ook verschilt per bron de samenstelling van fijnstof, en daarmee de schadelijkheid. Fijnstof van de veehouderij draagt bij aan zowel de kans op besmetting als de ernst van de ziekte. Fijnstof van wegverkeer lijkt meer invloed te hebben op de ernst van de ziekte en minder op de kans om met het virus besmet te raken. Fijnstof van industrie lijkt niet bij te dragen. De resultaten van het onderzoek ondersteunen het beleid van de Nederlandse overheid om de luchtkwaliteit te verbeteren. Het RIVM heeft dit onderzoek gedaan met de Universiteit Utrecht, Wageningen, Air pollution is harmful to health. RIVM has examined whether exposure to air pollution from particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide increases the risks of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 and falling severely ill. Severe illness was defined as a person requiring hospitalisation or dying as a result of COVID-19. This study found that people who were exposed to high concentrations of air pollution had an increased risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2. This exposure also increased the risk of hospital admission or death due to COVID-19. These effects were observed shortly (within one to two weeks) after exposure to elevated concentrations of air pollution. This was also the case for people who had been living for years in locations with elevated concentrations of air pollution. These results confirm the findings of previous international studies. It was also found that, among people under long-term exposure to air pollution, the risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 was not different from that of developing other respiratory diseases, such as those causing symptoms similar to those of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It was already known that exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing respiratory diseases in general. This study also looked at three major sources of particulate matter emissions in the Netherlands: agriculture, road traffic and industry. These sources have an impact on air quality. In addition, the composition of particle matter emissions and therefore their harmfulness differ per source. Exposure to particular matter emissions from agriculture increases both the risk of getting infected and the severity of the illness. It was found that particular matter emissions from road traffic have a larger effect on the severity of COVID-19 but less of an effect on the risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2. Particular matter emissions from industry did not appear to contribute significantly to either. The results of this study support the policy of

This paper is a response to the call for more caring kinds of scholarly transactions that acknowledge our interdependencies. We delve into collaborative filmmaking as a method that emplaces care in a range of different ways and that highlights researcher responsibility in the fieldwork. Recognising that discussions on care and responsibility often remain abstract, we ground our exploration in a recent collaborative filmmaking research project to argue that collaborative filmmaking can challenge researcher positionality and foster a deeper understanding of power dynamics in research practice and process. Starting from existing literature that tends to oversimplify research processes due to the pressure to present ‘knowledge’, we highlight the discrepancies between polished academic presentations and the intricate and sometimes contradictory realities of fieldwork. This paper offers insights for activists and other scholars in feminist and queer geographies, emphasising the role of care in shaping academic research.