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1. Human antibody response to Anopheles saliva for comparing the efficacy of three malaria vector control methods in Balombo, Angola.

Author

Laura Brosseau, Papa Makhtar Drame, Patrick Besnard, Jean-Claude Toto, Vincent Foumane, Jacques Le Mire, François Mouchet, Franck Remoue, Richard Allan, Filomeno Fortes, Pierre Carnevale, and Sylvie Manguin

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles whole saliva, used as biomarker of Anopheles exposure, was investigated over a period of two years (2008-2009), in children between 2 to 9 years old, before and after the introduction of three different malaria vector control methods; deltamethrin treated long lasting impregnated nets (LLIN) and insecticide treated plastic sheeting (ITPS)--Zero Fly®) (ITPS-ZF), deltamethrin impregnated Durable (Wall) Lining (ITPS-DL--Zerovector®) alone, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with lambdacyhalothrin alone. These different vector control methods resulted in considerable decreases in all three entomological (82.4%), parasitological (54.8%) and immunological criteria analyzed. The highest reductions in the number of Anopheles collected and number of positive blood smears, respectively 82.1% and 58.3%, were found in Capango and Canjala where LLIN and ITPS-ZF were implemented. The immunological data based on the level of anti-saliva IgG Ab in children of all villages dropped significantly from 2008 to 2009, except in Chissequele. These results indicated that these three vector control methods significantly reduced malaria infections amongst the children studied and IRS significantly reduced the human-Anopheles contact. The number of Anopheles, positive blood smears, and the levels of anti-saliva IgG Ab were most reduced when LLIN and ITPS-ZF were used in combination, compared to the use of one vector control method alone, either ITPS-DL or IRS. Therefore, as a combination of two vector control methods is significantly more effective than one control method only, this control strategy should be further developed at a more global scale.

Published
2012
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2. Human antibody responses to the Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide: a novel tool for evaluating the efficacy of ITNs in malaria vector control.

Author

Papa Makhtar Drame, Anne Poinsignon, Patrick Besnard, Sylvie Cornelie, Jacques Le Mire, Jean-Claude Toto, Vincent Foumane, Maria Adelaide Dos-Santos, Mbacké Sembène, Filomeno Fortes, Francois Simondon, Pierre Carnevale, and Franck Remoue

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

To optimize malaria control, WHO has prioritised the need for new indicators to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector control strategies. The gSG6-P1 peptide from gSG6 protein of Anopheles gambiae salivary glands was previously designed as a specific salivary sequence of malaria vector species. It was shown that the quantification of human antibody (Ab) responses to Anopheles salivary proteins in general and especially to the gSG6-P1 peptide was a pertinent biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles. The present objective was to validate this indicator in the evaluation of the efficacy of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs). A longitudinal evaluation, including parasitological, entomological and immunological assessments, was conducted on children and adults from a malaria-endemic area before and after the introduction of ITNs. Significant decrease of anti-gSG6-P1 IgG response was observed just after the efficient ITNs use. Interestingly, specific IgG Ab level was especially pertinent to evaluate a short-time period of ITNs efficacy and at individual level. However, specific IgG rose back up within four months as correct ITN use waned. IgG responses to one salivary peptide could constitute a reliable biomarker for the evaluation of ITN efficacy, at short- and long-term use, and provide a valuable tool in malaria vector control based on a real measurement of human-vector contact.

Published
2010
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3. The Anopheles gambiae cE5 salivary protein: a sensitive biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control

Author

Alexandra Marie, Filomeno Fortes, Anne Poinsignon, Fabrizio Lombardo, Gabriella Fiorentino, Franck Remoue, Jacques Le Mire, Bruno Arcà, Sylvie Cornelie, Papa M. Drame, Raffaele Ronca, Patrick Besnard, Pierre Carnevale, Transmission-Interactions-Adaptations hôtes/vecteurs/pathogènes (MIVEGEC-TRIAD), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Marie, A, Ronca, Raffaele, Poinsignon, A, Lombardo, F, Drame, Pm, Cornelie, S, Besnard, P, Le Mire, J, Fiorentino, Gabriella, Fortes, F, Carnevale, P, Remoue, F, and Arca, B.

Subjects
anopheles gambiae, Anopheles gambiae, vector exposure, Malaria vector control, malaria, Vector exposure, Biology, infectious diseases, mosquito control, immunology, insecticide-treated bednets, salivary proteins and peptides, Anopheles, medicine, longitudinal studies, Malaria vector, humans, Insecticide treated nets, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Insecticide-treated nets, cE5 salivary protein, child, adult, microbiology, biomarkers, Biomarker, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, insect vectors, Malaria, 3. Good health, animals, immunoglobulin g, ce5 salivary protein, Immunology, insecticide-treated nets, Salivary Proteins, Biomarker (medicine), biomarker, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract

Evaluation of vector control is crucial for improving malaria containment and, according to World Health Organization, new complementary indicators would be very valuable. In this study the IgG response to the Anopheles-specific cE5 salivary protein was tested as a tool to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in reducing human exposure to malaria vectors. Sera collected during a longitudinal study carried out in Angola, and including entomological and parasitological data, were used to assess the IgG response to the Anopheles gambiae cE5 in both children and adults, before and after the application of insecticide-treated nets. Seasonal fluctuation of specific IgG antibody levels according to exposure was only found in children (up to approximate to 14 years old) whose anti-cE5 IgG response dropped after bed nets installation. These results were fully consistent with previous findings obtained with the same set of sera and indicating a substantial reduction of human-vector contact shortly after nets implementation. Overall, children IgG response to the cE5 protein appeared a very sensitive biomarker, which allowed for the detection of even weak exposure to Anopheles bites, indicating it may represent a reliable additional tool to evaluate the efficacy of vector control interventions.

Published
2015

4. Human antibody response to Anopheles saliva for comparing the efficacy of three malaria vector control methods in Balombo, Angola

Author

Sylvie Manguin, Papa M. Drame, Vincent Foumane, François Mouchet, Patrick Besnard, Franck Remoue, Laura Brosseau, Pierre Carnevale, J.C. Toto, Jacques Le Mire, Richard Allan, Filomeno Fortes, Infections Parasitaires : Transmission, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutiques (IP-TPT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Service de Santé des Armées, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Vector Control Group (MIVEGEC-VCG), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Service de Santé des Armées-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

Subjects
Male, Veterinary medicine, Saliva, Mosquito Control, Anopheles gambiae, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Indoor residual spraying, lcsh:Medicine, Protozoology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Public Health Surveillance, lcsh:Science, Child, Immune Response, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Anopheles, VILLAGE, 3. Good health, Plasmodium Falciparum, Infectious Diseases, ENFANT, Child, Preschool, Medicine, MOUSTIQUE, Female, Research Article, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Malaria vector control, SAVANE, Microbiology, Antibodies, Vector Biology, Immune Activation, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, METHODE DE LUTTE, PIEGE, medicine, Parasitic Diseases, ETUDE COMPARATIVE, Animals, Humans, Biology, SEROLOGIE, 030304 developmental biology, lcsh:R, VECTEUR, Immunity, Vectors and Hosts, PALUDISME, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Malaria, Antibody response, Deltamethrin, chemistry, Angola, Immunoglobulin G, INSECTICIDE CHIMIQUE, Parastic Protozoans, lcsh:Q, MOUSTIQUAIRE IMPREGNEE
Abstract

International audience; Human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles whole saliva, used as biomarker of Anopheles exposure, was investigated over a period of two years (2008–2009), in children between 2 to 9 years old, before and after the introduction of three different malaria vector control methods; deltamethrin treated long lasting impregnated nets (LLIN) and insecticide treated plastic sheeting (ITPS) - Zero Fly®) (ITPS-ZF), deltamethrin impregnated Durable (Wall) Lining (ITPS-DL – Zerovector®) alone, and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with lambdacyhalothrin alone. These different vector control methods resulted in considerable decreases in all three entomological (82.4%), parasitological (54.8%) and immunological criteria analyzed. The highest reductions in the number of Anopheles collected and number of positive blood smears, respectively 82.1% and 58.3%, were found in Capango and Canjala where LLIN and ITPS-ZF were implemented. The immunological data based on the level of anti-saliva IgG Ab in children of all villages dropped significantly from 2008 to 2009, except in Chissequele. These results indicated that these three vector control methods significantly reduced malaria infections amongst the children studied and IRS significantly reduced the human-Anopheles contact. The number of Anopheles, positive blood smears, and the levels of anti-saliva IgG Ab were most reduced when LLIN and ITPS-ZF were used in combination, compared to the use of one vector control method alone, either ITPS-DL or IRS. Therefore, as a combination of two vector control methods is significantly more effective than one control method only, this control strategy should be further developed at a more global scale.

Published
2012

5. Multiple independent introductions of Plasmodium falciparum in South America

Author

Amanda Maestre, Eric Elguero, Dionicia Gamboa, Sedigheh Zakeri, Albina Wide, Céline Arnathau, Patrick Besnard, Paul N. Newton, Oscar Noya, Jean Akiana, Christine Chevillon, Thibaut Jombart, François Renaud, Eric M. Leroy, Agnès Aubouy, Francois Balloux, Franck Prugnolle, Lise Musset, Eric Legrand, C. Rogier, Hervé Bogreau, Didier Fontenille, Tim J. Anderson, Jacques Le Mire, Bernard Carme, Pierre Carnevale, Mayfong Mayxay, Benjamin Ollomo, Vincent Veron, Erhan Yalcindag, Patrick Durand, Dieudonné Nkoghe, Umberto D'Alessandro, Didier Menard, Francisco J. Ayala, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Health, Emergence, Adaptation and Transmission (MIVEGEC-HEAT), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Service Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Parasitaire, Département de la Médecine Préventive et des Essais Cliniques-Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Pharmacochimie et Biologie pour le Développement (PHARMA-DEV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Imperial College London-Faculty of Medicine-Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Malaria Control Program, Société Nationale de Métallurgie (Sonamet), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Alexander von Humboldt' (IMT AvH), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Zoonoses virales et MTN (MIVEGEC-VIROZ), Biologie des infections virales: Emergence, DIFfusion, Impact, Contrôle, Elimination (EDIFICE), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Emergence des Pathologies Virales (EPV), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Grupo Salud y Comunidad, Facultad de Medicina-Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia], Wellcome Trust-Mahosot Hospital-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Mahosot Hospital-Microbiology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria [Venezuela], Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón, Instituto de Medicina Tropical [Caracas, Venezuela} (IMT), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française]-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG), Institut Pasteur d'Iran, Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, This study was funded by Agence Nationale de Recherche Grant MGANE 07 SEST 012 (Programme Sante-Environnement et Sante-Travail-Malaria Genetic Adaptation to a New Environment), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre Régional des Oeuvres Universitaires et Scolaires, Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, and Institut Kurde de Paris. D.G. is supported by DGCD (Framework Agreement 03, 2008-2010, Project 910000) and US Public Health Service grants, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Grant R01 AI067727, and International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research Grant 1U19AI089681-01., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Antioquia = University of Antioquia [Medellín, Colombia]-Facultad de Medicina, Laboratoire de Parasitologie [Cayenne, Guyane française], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre National de Référence du Paludisme [Cayenne, Guyane française] (CNR - laboratoire associé), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], and University of California (UC)

Subjects
Genetics Population, Genetic Distance, Range (biology), Human Migrations, MESH: Emigration and Immigration, America, Latin, MESH: Logistic Models, Mosquitoes, Genetic diversity, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Demography, Logistic Models|Phylogeny, Cluster Analysis, Origins, MESH: Models, Genetic, MESH: Genetic Variation, MESH: Phylogeny, Migration, Phylogeny, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, Malaria Origin, Phylogenetic tree, Human migration, MESH: Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Anopheles, Genetic Diversity|East, genetic diversity, Protozoal diseases, Vectors, Colonial era, Emigration and Immigration, Biological Sciences, Models Genetic, New World, Southeast Asia, Genealogy, Phylogenetics, Plasmodium Falciparum, Phylogeography, MESH: Phylogeography, Molecular epidemiology, Emigration And Immigration, Microsatellite DNA, MESH: Bayes Theorem, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Africa, General, MESH: Genetics, Population, Biology, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Clusters, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, education, 030304 developmental biology, Demography, MESH: Principal Component Analysis, MESH: Humans, Models, Genetic, business.industry, Genetic Variation, Bayes Theorem, MESH: South America, South America, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Cluster Analysis, Geographic Distribution, Malaria, Genetics, Population, Logistic Models, Evolutionary biology, Polymorphism Single Nucleotide, Africa, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.00 [https], MESH: Microsatellite Repeats, business, Geographical distribution, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract

The origin of Plasmodium falciparum in South America is controversial. Some studies suggest a recent introduction during the European colonizations and the transatlantic slave trade. Other evidence—archeological and genetic—suggests a much older origin. We collected and analyzed P. falciparum isolates from different regions of the world, encompassing the distribution range of the parasite, including populations from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South America. Analyses of microsatellite and SNP polymorphisms show that the populations of P. falciparum in South America are subdivided in two main genetic clusters (northern and southern). Phylogenetic analyses, as well as Approximate Bayesian Computation methods suggest independent introductions of the two clusters from African sources. Our estimates of divergence time between the South American populations and their likely sources favor a likely introduction from Africa during the transatlantic slave trade.

Published
2012

7. Human antibody responses to the Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide : a novel tool for evaluating the efficacy of ITNs in malaria vector control

Author

Franck Remoue, Patrick Besnard, Filomeno Fortes, Mbacké Sembène, Anne Poinsignon, Maria Adelaide Dos-Santos, François Simondon, Jacques Le Mire, Vincent Foumane, Sylvie Cornelie, Papa M. Drame, J.C. Toto, Pierre Carnevale, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), and Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])

Subjects
Saliva, Epidemiology, Anopheles gambiae, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], lcsh:Medicine, Mosquitoes, Immunoglobulin G, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Animals, lcsh:Science, Immune Response, MESH: Immunoglobulin G, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, MESH: Peptides, Anopheles, MESH: Salivary Proteins and Peptides, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Antibody Formation, 3. Good health, MESH: Angola, Infectious Diseases, Biomarker (medicine), Medicine, Antibody, Research Article, Infectious Disease Control, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, MESH: Malaria, Malaria vector control, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, parasitic diseases, medicine, Parasitic Diseases, Animals, Humans, MESH: Saliva, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Humans, lcsh:R, Tropical Diseases (Non-Neglected), Vectors and Hosts, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Malaria, Biomarker Epidemiology, Angola, Antibody Formation, biology.protein, MESH: Biomarkers, lcsh:Q, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Peptides, Biomarkers
Abstract

International audience; To optimize malaria control, WHO has prioritised the need for new indicators to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector control strategies. The gSG6-P1 peptide from gSG6 protein of Anopheles gambiae salivary glands was previously designed as a specific salivary sequence of malaria vector species. It was shown that the quantification of human antibody (Ab) responses to Anopheles salivary proteins in general and especially to the gSG6-P1 peptide was a pertinent biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles. The present objective was to validate this indicator in the evaluation of the efficacy of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs). A longitudinal evaluation, including parasitological, entomological and immunological assessments, was conducted on children and adults from a malaria-endemic area before and after the introduction of ITNs. Significant decrease of anti-gSG6-P1 IgG response was observed just after the efficient ITNs use. Interestingly, specific IgG Ab level was especially pertinent to evaluate a short-time period of ITNs efficacy and at individual level. However, specific IgG rose back up within four months as correct ITN use waned. IgG responses to one salivary peptide could constitute a reliable biomarker for the evaluation of ITN efficacy, at short- and long-term use, and provide a valuable tool in malaria vector control based on a real measurement of human-vector contact.

Published
2010

8. Human antibody response to Anopheles gambiae saliva : an immuno-epidemiological biomarker to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets in malaria vector control

Author

François Simondon, Sylvie Cornelie, Papa M. Drame, Cheikh Sow, Pierre Carnevale, J.C. Toto, Jacques Le Mire, Vincent Foumane, Denis Boulanger, Mbacké Sembène, Anne Poinsignon, Franck Remoue, Patrick Besnard, Filomeno Fortes, Maria Adelaide Dos-Santos, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

Subjects
Insecticides, Saliva, Mosquito Control, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Anopheles gambiae, Parasite load, Immunoglobulin G, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Animals, Bites and Stings, Malaria, Falciparum, MESH: Mosquito Control, 0303 health sciences, biology, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, Anopheles, Articles, MESH: Angola, MESH: Bites and Stings, 3. Good health, Mosquito control, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Immunologic Tests, MESH: Insecticide-Treated Bednets, MESH: Malaria, 030231 tropical medicine, Antigens, Protozoan, MESH: Insect Vectors, Immunologic Tests, In Vitro Techniques, Antibodies, MESH: Anopheles, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Virology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, MESH: Species Specificity, MESH: Saliva, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: In Vitro Techniques, MESH: Humans, MESH: Antibodies, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Insect Vectors, Malaria, MESH: Insecticides, Angola, Vector (epidemiology), Immunology, MESH: Biomarkers, biology.protein, Parasitology, Biomarkers, MESH: Antigens, Protozoan
Abstract

International audience; For the fight against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) has emphasized the need for indicators to evaluate the efficacy of vector-control strategies. This study investigates a potential immunological marker, based on human antibody responses to Anopheles saliva, as a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Parasitological, entomological, and immunological assessments were carried out in children and adults from a malaria-endemic region of Angola before and after the introduction of ITNs. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels to An. gambiae saliva were positively associated with the intensity of An. gambiae exposure and malaria infection. A significant decrease in the anti-saliva IgG response was observed after the introduction of ITNs, and this was associated with a drop in parasite load. This study represents the first stage in the development of a new indicator to evaluate the efficacy of malaria vector-control strategies, which could apply in other arthropod vector-borne diseases.

Published
2010

9. Malaria: control strategies, chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment

Author

Jacques Le Mire, Philippe Guibert, and Laurent Arnulf

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Occupational Medicine, Developing country, Disease, Chemoprevention, Occupational safety and health, Occupational medicine, Risk Factors, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, Operations management, Malaria, Falciparum, Intensive care medicine, Developing Countries, Occupational Health, Travel, biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Insect Bites and Stings, Plasmodium falciparum, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Culicidae, Insect Repellents, Chemoprophylaxis, Malaria control, business, Malaria
Abstract

Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum continues to be the principal medical threat to travelers in tropical zones. Eighty percent of malaria cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention capacity nears 100%. In the event of infection, early diagnosis and bitherapy (treatment that includes two different active molecules) provide a nonfatal outcome. The greatest risk occurs in the weeks after returning home. The history of malaria has shown that it is important to anticipate the evolving nature of the disease and to be able to respond to it in a timely fashion. The efficiency of preventive treatments should lead toward the goal of zero malaria cases when dealing with travelers; however, virtually all empiric experience indicates that this goal rarely is reached.

Published
2004

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