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The largest and most recently emended Marasmius sect. Globulares (Globulares-Sicci complex) has increased in number of species annually while its infrasectional organization remains inconclusive. During forays in remnants of the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, 24 taxa of Marasmius belonging to sect. Globulares were collected from which nine are herein proposed as new: Marasmius altoribeirensis, M. ambicellularis, M. hobbitii, M. luteoolivaceus, M. neotropicalis, M. pallidibrunneus, M. pseudoniveoaffinis, M. rhabarbarinoides and M. venatifolius. We took this opportunity to evaluate sect. Globulares sensu Antonín & Noordel. in particular, combining morphological examination and both single and multilocus phylogenetic analyses using LSU and ITS data, including Neotropical samples to a broader and more globally distributed sampling of over 200 strains. Three different approaches were developed in order to better use the genetic information via Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses. The implementation of these approaches resulted in: i) the phylogenetic placement of the new and known taxa herein studied among the other taxa of a wide sampling of the section; ii) the reconstruction of improved phylogenetic trees presenting more strongly supported resolution especially from intermediate to deep nodes; iii) clearer evidence indicating that the series within sect. Sicci and sect. Globulares in the traditional concept are non-monophyletic by this more stringent evaluation; and iv) the existence of several monophyletic suprespecific groups equivalent to the stirpes of Singer – clusters of morphologically similar species. These two latter points corroborate with findings of previous studies implementing analyses with the entire genus. Based on these results, we proposed a new infrasectional classification elevating Singer's concept of stirpes to series. Thirteen new series, the emendation of three extant series and three subsections gathering these series based on the major clades are proposed.

Tetrapyrgos is characterized by small basidiomata which have a mostly whitish pileus, a well-defined central or eccentric, mostly dark greyish stipe, a non- or very weakly gelatinous pileipellis and pileus tramal tissues; the pileipellis is composed of Rameales-like structures, and the basidiospores are distinctly tetrahedral. Members of this genus are commonly found on dead leaves and woody debris on the floor of tropical and subtropical forests. Recent studies suggest changes in the circumscription of Tetrapyrgos and Campanella Still poorly documented, to date, only about 18 species have been assigned to Tetrapyrgos. Through integrative taxonomy, we describe six new species from the Brazilian Amazon, based on evidence from morphological and ITS data. Tetrapyrgos longicystidiata is formally synonymized in T. atrocyanea.

Omphalotaceae is the family of widely distributed and morphologically diverse marasmioid and gymnopoid agaric genera. Phylogenetic studies have included the family in Agaricales, grouping many traditionally and recently described genera of saprotrophic or parasitic mushroom-producing fungi. However, some genera in Omphalotaceae have not reached a stable concept that reflects monophyletic groups with identifiable morphological circumscription. This is the case of Gymnopus and Marasmiellus, which have been the target of two opposing views: (1) a more inclusive Gymnopus encompassing Marasmiellus, or (2) a more restricted Gymnopus (s. str.) while Marasmiellus remains a distict genus; both genera still await a more conclusive phylogenetic hypothesis coupled with morphological recognition. Furthermore, some new genera or undefined clades need more study. In the present paper, a phylogenetic study was conducted based on nrITS and nrLSU in single and multilocus analyses including members of the Omphalotaceae, more specifically of the genera belonging to the /letinuloid clade. The resulting trees support the view of a more restricted Gymnopus and a distinct Marasmiellus based on monophyletic and strongly supported clades on which their morphological circumscriptions and taxonomic treatments are proposed herein. The results also provide evidence for the description of two new genera: Paragymnopus and Pusillomyces. Pusillomyces manuripioides sp. nov. (type species of the genus) is described with morphological description, taxonomic and ecological remarks, and illustrations.

Marasmius is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi known to harbor a large diversity of species and morphological structures. To date, sections Globulares, Leveilleani, Marasmius, Neosessiles, and Sicci (traditional view) are confirmed in Marasmius s.s. This study focused on the taxa of Marasmius sect. Marasmius, with 18 species from the Atlantic Rainforest of Southeastern Brazil herein included in morphological and phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS data, along with species of the section from various tropical and temperate areas of the World. Seven new species are described: Marasmius alienigenus sp. nov., M. avellaneus sp. nov., M. gracilis sp. nov., M. longibasidiatus sp. nov., M. subputtemansii sp. nov., M. subvigintifolius sp. nov., and M. ypyrangensis sp. nov. Additionally, Marasmius sect. Marasmius subsect. Horriduli is herein emended based on evidences from phylogenetic and morphological analyses. Subsection Horriduli circumscribes foliicolous species producing basidiomata containing Chrysochaetes-type elements in the pileipellis and lamellar edge. This prompts the perspective of a pluralistic view in how characterizing structures of the pileipellis and cheilocystidia to replace the paradigmatic dichotomy Rotalis-Siccus in classification.

Resume Trois nouvelles especes de Marasmius sont decrites ici avec leur caractere unique soutenue par des examens morphologique et taxinomique completes. Marasmius cantareirensis et M. fuligineo-ochraceus appartiennent a la sect. Marasmius subsect. Sicciformes tandis que M. pulberistipitatus est un representant de la sect. Globulares. Tous les echantillons ont ete preleves en foret tropicale atlantique dans le sud-est du Bresil. Descriptions micro- et macromorphologiques detaillees sont fournies pour chaque taxon, suivies par des illustrations et commentaires taxinomiques.

Marasmius is a widely represented genus in tropical areas, particularly in the Neotropics, which holds exceptional diversity. Previous studies have shown that traditional sections of the genus (e.g. sensu Singer) are still in conflict with phylogenetic data. This paper addresses some issues concerning morphology at the sectional level, section Neosessiles in particular, with regards to taxonomic concepts and partial phylogenetic relationships of new Neotropical species with interesting combinations of inter-sectional characteristics. Taxa descriptions in this study include Marasmius conchiformis sp. nov., M. conchiformis var. dispar var. nov., M. conchiformis var. lenipileatus var. nov., M. griseoroseus, M. griseoroseus var. diminutus var. nov., M. linderoides sp. nov., and M. longisetosus sp. nov. Some of these taxa have pleurotoid habit, and because this condition is poorly known in Marasmius, we considered it appropriate to look at their phylogenetic placement with respect to other species of the genus. We conducted Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses on ribosomal 28S long subunit (LSU) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) alignments to verify the singularity of the new taxa and to make an assessment of their relationships, regarding morphology, to other species of Marasmius. Overall, molecular and morphological data do support three new distinctive species and three varieties. Part of our findings also supports the view of some macromorphological and micromorphological characters as being highly homoplasic.

The examination of recent collections of Favolaschia from remnants of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil, resulted in the identification of F. aurantiaca, F. cinnabarina and F. luteoaurantiaca sp. nov. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences obtained from these collections were introduced into the previously published phylogenetic tree of the genus to assess the position of these species within the Favolaschia clade. A maximum likelihood analysis generated a phylogenetic tree with a better resolution, especially for the clade that contains species belonging to section Favolaschia subsection Auriscalpium, where the three specimens collected in Brazil also were clustered in.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2018-11-12T17:37:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2175-78602015000401033.pdf: 947946 bytes, checksum: a99ef4ce93dda8cd40df3283b1018ed4 (MD5) Resumo Até 2010, o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de fungos do Brasil estava registrado em publicações esparsas de taxonomia e ecologia e em algumas poucas listas de espécies. Com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil, e a disponibilização da lista online, tem sido possível agregar o conhecimento disperso. A versão ora apresentada acrescenta 2.111 nomes de espécies aos 3.608 listados em 2010. São citadas 5.719 espécies de fungos distribuídas em 1.246 gêneros, 102 ordens e 13 divisões, consistindo em considerável aumento em relação a 2010, quando estavam registrados 924 gêneros e 78 ordens. Predominam os Basidiomycota (2.741 espécies, em 22 ordens) e Ascomycota (1.881 espécies, em 41 ordens). A Mata Atlântica possui a maior quantidade de registros, com 3.017 espécies, seguido pela Amazonia (1.050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) e Pampa e Pantanal com 84 e 35 espécies, respectivamente. A região Nordeste tem a maior riqueza (2.617 especies), seguida pelo Sudeste (2.252), Sul (1.995), Norte (1.301) e Centro Oeste (488 espécies). Em relação aos Estados da Federação, São Paulo (1.846 espécies), Pernambuco (1.611) e Rio Grande do Sul (1.377) são os mais diversos. Abstract Knowledge about the Brazilian fungal diversity was, until 2010, recorded in few taxonomy and ecology publications, as well as in a handful of species lists. With the publication of the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil and the continued availability of an online list, it has been possible to aggregate this dispersed knowledge. The version presented here adds 2,111 species names to the 3,608 listed in 2010. A total of 5,719 species of fungi distributed in 1,246 genera, 102 orders and 13 phyla represents a considerable increase over the last five years, when only 924 genera and 78 orders were registered. Basidiomycota (2,741 species in 22 orders) and Ascomycota (1,881 species in 41 orders) predominate over other groups. The Atlantic Rainforest has the largest number of records, with 3,017 species, followed by Amazon Rainforest (1,050), Caatinga (999), Cerrado (638) and Pampa and Pantanal with 84 and 35 species, respectively. The Northeast region has the greatest richness (2,617 species), followed by Southeast (2,252), South (1,995), North (1,301) and Central-West (488 species). Regarding the States of the Federation, São Paulo with 1,846 species, Pernambuco with 1,611 and Rio Grande do Sul with 1,377 species are the most diverse. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de São Paulo Instituto de Botânica Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Depto. Botânica Lab. Micologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe Depto. Biociências ABL Herbarium Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Depto. Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia Faculdade São Lucas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Biociências Depto. Botânica Ecologia e Zoologia Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco Centro de Ciências Agrárias Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Depto. Ciências Biológicas Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Inst. Biociências Depto. Botânica Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Coordenação de Botânica Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Depto. Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas Universidade Federal de Lavras Depto. Fitopatologia Lab. Sistemática e Ecologia de Fungos Instituto Federal de São Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Inst. Biociências de Rio Claro Depto. Bioquímica e Microbiologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Inst. Biociências de Rio Claro Depto. Bioquímica e Microbiologia

Two taxa of Marasmius sect. Marasmius are herein (re)described, reported from the Amazon forest. Marasmius calvocystidiatus is proposed as a new species on account of its glabrous (bald) pileus with smooth cystidia, some of them lobed or with coarse excrescences in the pileipellis. On the other hand, the only taxon of sect. Marasmius subsect. Horriduli , Marasmius horridulus is redescribed herein, highlighting its “hairy” pileus (similar to Crinipellis species) with abundant, dextrinoid, setiform hairs rising from a hymeniform to subhymeniform pileipellis composed of anomalous broom-cells. Molecular evidence (based on ITS data) indicates that both taxa indeed belong to Marasmius sensu stricto , and are immediate sister to each other in trees reconstructed by phylogenetic analyses accomplished in this study. Our phylogenetic hypothesis also suggests that M. calvocystidiatus and M. horridulus are close to M. purpureisetosus , a species with sparse setiform hairs and also anomalous thick-walled broom cells in the pileipellis, and to a group of species members of sect. Marasmius subsect. Rotalis . In this paper we present morphological descriptions, line drawings, color plates and a phylogenetic hypothesis in support of our findings for M. calvocystidiatus and M. horridulus .

Marasmius magnus, is herein described as a new species from the southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil. It is characterized by the very large basidiomata, small and ellipsoid basidiospores, absence of cheilocystidia and rarely projecting pleurocystidia. The uniqueness of the species is confirmed by ITS data and further supported by a complete morphological description, taxonomic comments, illustrations and photographs.

Phaeocollybia megalospora var. tetraspora was described from Amazonas State, and is reported now from Pará State, Brazil, as a second record. Phaeocollybia megalospora var. tetraspora is characterized by a conic pileus with the surface strongly viscid, and stipe with pseudorhiza. It differs from P. megalospora var. megalospora by the presence of four-spored basidia instead of two-spored. The present work provides macro- and micromorphological descriptions, illustrations and ITS and LSU sequences.