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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and biological activity of ethanol extracted from the insect Jeotgal based on the fermentation period and extract concentration.Methods: Tenebrio molitor and Gryllus bimaculatus were crushed and then mixed with salt. Each sample was fermented at 15℃ for 180 days, and their physicochemical properties, such as salinity, brix, pH, color value and apparent viscosity were analyzed. The total polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging ability and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were measured as antioxidant activity.Results: Salinity measurement results showed no significant difference in the fermentation period, but pH and viscosity were analyzed and found to continuously decrease with the increase of the fermentation period. Based on biological activity analysis, the total polyphenol content, DPPH scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased with the increase of the fermentation period, and the effect was particularly remarkable at high concentrations. The results of the α-glucosidase inhibition activity showed that the effect was small at low concentrations but sufficient at high concentrations.Conclusion: The physiological activity of ethanol extract of salted fish using insects has been confirmed, and this finding may be used as a basic data for applying insect food to fermented food.

This study aimed to investigate the history, nutrition, and functional value of saltedfish intake from prehistoric to modern times worldwide. There is a very long history of human salted-fish intake as demonstrated by the traces of salted seafood left in ancient Egyptian murals and the fact that salted seafood was an important trade product in the Mediterranean sea. The intake of salted seafood is believed to have spread throughout the world after it was established as a traditional fermented food in Southeast Asia. Although the ingredients used to produce salted-fish differ in every country, the purpose of salted-fish manufacturing has remained the same in every country: the long-term preservation of fish and shellfish and the supply of animal protein. In modern society, the need for salted fish and shellfish has declined with advances in refrigeration and storage technology, but consumers' needs for the unique flavor, nutrition, and functionality of salted seafood are increasing. We hope that this comprehensive review of the history and the nutritional and functional aspects of humans’ salted-seafood intake will aid in the development and distribution of salted seafood, which will further satisfy consumers' preferences and salted seafood’s functionality.

INTRODUCTION This study investigated the role of natural polymers as moisturizers with low toxicity and biodegradability in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. We isolated a polysaccharide extract from Dendrobium candidum (D. candidum) and determined its efficacy in skin hydration when used as an active cosmetic ingredient. METHODS The molecular weight distribution of D. candidum polysaccharides was analyzed via gel permeation chromatography (GPC). We performed real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting assays to investigate the physiological mechanism of the polysaccharides extracted from D. candidum (PDC). Based on in vitro data, the efficacy of PDC in improving skin condition was tested on the face of 21 volunteers. RESULTS The expression of filaggrin (FLG), caspase-14, and bleomycin hydrolase, which are the major components contributing to skin hydration, was significantly increased in the PDC-treated group. Further, the PDC upregulated the mRNA expression of occludin and claudin-1, which play a key role in epidermal barrier function. In addition, a topical application of PDC markedly increased skin hydration and improved trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin elasticity after 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS It is the first study reporting the efficacy of PDC-mediated FLG mechanism associated with positive skin hydration. PDC can be used as an active ingredient in moisturizers. Long-term application of PDC-based moisturizers may result in significant improvement in elasticity and barrier function.

A taxonomic reappraisal of four marine littoral Phucobius Sharp species along the western Pacific Ocean including the South China Sea is presented based on morphological and molecular characters (COI and 28S). Specimens of the four species, each having its own distinct geographic distribution, are extremely similar to each other including the structures of the median lobe of the aedeagus, and may be regarded as conspecific. Also, the molecular analyses support the validity of P. pectoralis with three synonymies based on morphological characters. Genetic divergence of COI using uncorrected p-distance among all individuals of Phucobius species ranged from 0.11% to 3.21%. Three distinct geographical clusters (Russia, Korea and Japan, and Vietnam) are found in the NJ and PA trees and we treat all of them as a single species. Three new synonyms are proposed for Phucobius pectoralis (Boheman): P. simulator Sharp syn. nov., P. tricolor Bernhauer syn. nov., and P. densipennis Bernhauer syn. nov. Phucobius pectoralis is redescribed with illustrations of diagnostic characters. Also, the intraspecific variation among the populations of P. pectoralis is briefly discussed.

Postoperative pyoderma gangrenosum (PPG) is rare, and its diagnosis is often delayed because of its wound infection-mimicking course. A 53-year-old breast cancer patient who underwent breast-conserving surgery of the right breast presented with fever, leukocytosis, C-reactive protein elevation, and redness of the right breast on postoperative day (POD) 3. The breast wound showed desquamation with painful ulcerative changes from POD 6, and fever was sustained under antibiotic administration. Wound irrigation was attempted; however, inflammatory skin damage progressed to involvement of the entire skin overlying the breast. With clinical suspicion of PPG, skin biopsy and systemic corticosteroid initiation were performed on POD 12. Wound damage progression ceased, and the systemic inflammation subsided. The patient underwent split-thickness skin grafting under intravenous corticosteroid administration, and the wound healed after 30 days. PPG is a rare clinical scenario. Early diagnosis is critical to avoid unnecessary treatment and aggravation of the surgical wound.

The protein p110γ is an isoform of the catalytic subunit of class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). PI3Ks are involved in the regulation of cell survival, growth, proliferation, and migration and have been implicated in the oncogenesis of various cancers. In this study, p110γ expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its association with clinicopathological factors and patient survival were evaluated. A total of 230 NSCLC tumors were immunohistochemically stained for p110γ. Of these, 174 (75.7%) and 56 (24.3%) were placed in the low and high expression groups, respectively. The positive rate of p110γ was significantly higher in adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma (p⟨0.001). Advanced stage NSCLCs showed higher p110γ expression than those at an early stage (p=0.002). Irrespective of the histological tumor type, the patients with high p110γ expression had significantly worse overall survival than those with low p110γ expression (p=0.004). p110γ expression was an independent poor prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis. Our results suggest that p110γ may be involved in the development and progression of NSCLC, and that p110γ has promising potential as a prognostic factor or novel therapeutic target for NSCLC.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the safety of mugwort Chochung, sugared garlic (single compound), and the mixture of two (1:1), and find the optimum mixing ratio of the mixture, which can maximize antioxidant activity by response surface methodology (RSM). Methods: We carried out MTT assay to evaluate the safety of each single compound, mugwort Chochung and sugared garlic, and the 1:1 mixture. Independent variables were set mugwort Chochung as X1, an assay of sugared garlic as X2, and 1 to 2 as a minimum and maximum range of assay by RSM. And, dependent variables were a total polyphenol assay, a total flavonoid assay, a DPPH radical scavenging ability, and an ABTS radical scavenging ability. Results: It did not show any cytotoxicity from each single compound, mugwort Chochung and sugared garlic, and the 1:1 mixture. Also, we found that the optimum mixing ratio of the mixture, which can maximize antioxidant activity, is mugwort Chochung (X1) of 1.96, sugared garlic (X2) of 2, derived from RSM. At the optimal conditions, the predicted characteristic values were: total polyphenol assay of 20.27 mg TAE/g, total flavonoid assay of 21.02 mg QE/g, DPPH radical scavenging ability of 85.65%, and ABTS radical scavenging ability of 84.85%. Conclusion: We prepared mugwort Chochung and sugared garlic to expand the use of mugwort and garlic, which are medicinal plants, and confirmed its safety of the mixture. Also, the optimum point for having maximum antioxidant activity was derived from RSM. We anticipate that this study could be useful as a natural functional food ingredient with secured safety.

Two basal Aleocharinae species (Deinopsis modesta Sharp and Adinopsis nippon Maruyama and Kamezawa) are discovered for the first time in the Korean Peninsula. Diagnoses, habitus photographs, and illustrations of the male genitalia of these two species are provided.

A taxonomic reappraisal of some species of Korean Oxyporus Fabricius is presented based on morphological and molecular characters (COI and 28S). A new species (O. parvus Lee and Ahn sp. nov.) and a new record (O. procerus Kraatz) are recognized in the Korean peninsula. The new species is superficially similar to O. germanus Sharp but can be separated by the structures of the median lobe of the aedeagus and molecular characters (partial COI and 28S). The minimum interspecific difference between O. parvus Lee and Ahn, sp. nov. and O. germanus (9.3–10.6%) was much higher than the maximum intraspecific difference between O. parvus Lee and Ahn, sp. nov. (2.1%) and they contained 7 and 4 molecular diagnostic characters, respectively. Three previous incorrect identifications are discussed and they (O. basicornis Cameron, O. basiventris Jarrige, and O. crocatus Fauvel) are excluded from the Korean fauna. The molecular analyses support the validity of the new species and the other five Korean species based on morphological characters. Descriptions with illustrations of habitus and diagnostic features of the new species and the new record are provided.

Electric vehicles(EVs) are widely used to address the problem of air pollution and to save energy. The EV charger has been widely used due to its low price and simplified installation. The slow charger transmits power information that can be supplied to the vehicle and EV’s and to its OBC control charging power within the maximum power information transmitted from the charger. To limit the peak power, an even distribution and schedule charging method was studied, but the usage rate of the charger was not considered. In this paper, an algorithm that can efficiently manage the charging usage by checking the vehicle status in real time is proposed. The proposed algorithm was implemented in Python, and the vehicle+charger model was simulated using LabVIEW to perform functional verification.

Background: Developing personalized strategies for cancer has shown good efficacies. Methods: We assessed the molecular targets programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), microsatellite instability (MSI), and PIK3CA. Seventy-four patients with liposarcomas who underwent curative resection were assessed for PD-L1 expression in the tumor and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6) by immunohistochemistry, MSI using polymerase chain reaction, and PIK3CA mutation/amplification using pyrosequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Seventeen (23%) cases were TIL+ (≥1 + expression) and associated with longer 5-year overall survival than those with TIL– tumors (84.4 vs. 60.8%, p = 0.007). Six (35.3%) PD-L1+ tumors were detected only in TIL+ cases, with none detected in tumor cells. Two well-differentiated liposarcomas showed MSI, one low and one high with concurrent loss of MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2. PIK3CA mutation was detected in 7 (9.5%) [exon 9 (n = 4) and exon 20 (n = 3)] and only 1 Q546K mutation was a PD-L1+ tumor. PIK3CA copy number gain was detected in 18 (24.4%) and was associated with TIL+ tumors (p = 0.045). Conclusions: Our comprehensive immuno-molecular panel suggests that liposarcoma should be categorized based on the molecular genomic subtype for precision medicine.

Excavators perform high-load operations in mainly a fixed place, and the heat balance is determined by the performance of the cooling system. Prediction of the cooling system performance is difficult due to non-uniformity of the air flow field inside the engine room and complicated boundary conditions. In the present study, CFD analysis of the engine room was performed for a preliminary evaluation of the cooling system performance of an excavator, and the analysis technique was validated by comparison with heat balance test results for an actual vehicle. CFD analysis was performed according to the design of experiment method for three types of internal design variables and two types of external design variables. A sensitivity analysis of the engine room design variables was performed and a regression model for the major design variables was proposed. Based on the regression model, optimization was conducted for the engine room layout for performance improvement.

A taxonomic study of Korean Carpelimus Leach is presented. Five species are recognized, three of which are identified for the first time in Korea [Carpelimus (Carpelimus) angusticollis (Bernhauer), Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) corticinus (Gravenhorst), and Carpelimus (Trogophloeus) paripalitans Gildenkov]. A key, descriptions, habitus photographs, and line drawings of diagnostic characters of these five species of Korean Carpelimus are provided to facilitate identification. Keywords: Carpelimus, East asia, Oxytelinae, Staphylinidae, Taxonomy

A species delimitation study of Korean CafiusStephens, 1829 using molecular characters (COI and 28S) is presented. Six coastal species are recognized, one of which is described as Cafius calculosus Lee & Ahn sp. nov. in the intertidal zone of the southern part of the Korean peninsula based on morphological and molecular characters. The new species is closely related and very similar to C. mimulus (Sharp, 1874). Interspecific genetic divergence of COI using uncorrected p-distance ranged from 10.77% to 18.78%, while intraspecific divergence ranged from 0.00% to 2.51% among six Korean Cafius species. All six species were each strongly supported as a single lineage using COI and 28S on both neighbor-joining and parsimony trees. A description, habitus photograph and diagnostic characters of the new species and a key to the species of Korean Cafius are provided to facilitate identification.

A taxonomic study of the intertidal Thinobius Kiesenwetter in Korea is presented. Three species are recognized, two of which are identified as new species (Thinobius jejuensis Lee & Ahn, sp. n. and Thinobius koreanus Lee & Yoo, sp. n.) and Thinobius kuroshio (Sawada) is recorded for the first time in Korea. A key, descriptions, habitus photographs, and line drawings of diagnostic characters of these three species are provided to facilitate identification.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.