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Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV, genus Capillovirus) is an economically important virus. It has an approx. 6.5 kb, monopartite, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. The present study includes identification of 24 isolates—13 isolates from apple (Pyrus malus L.) and 11 isolates from pear (Pyrus communis L.)—from different agricultural fields in South Korea. The coat protein (CP) gene of the corresponding 23 isolates were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. The CP sequences showed phylogenetic separation based on their host species, and not on the geography, indicating host adaptation. Further analysis showed that the ASGV isolated in this study followed host adaptation influenced and preferred by the host codon-usage.

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a broadcast packet in a VANET with the slotted ALOHA protocol where locations of vehicles are modeled by a one-dimensional Poisson point process. We consider the packet delivery probability under a broadcast delay constraint. Since the successful transmission of a broadcast packet is significantly affected by interferences at receivers which are spatially correlated, it is important to capture the spatial correlations properly in order to obtain an accurate expression of the packet delivery probability in a VANET. However, the exact analysis of the spatial correlations in interference is not mathematically tractable. In this paper we provide an accurate approximation of the spatial correlations in interference and derive the packet delivery probability with the help of the approximation. Numerical and simulation results are provided to validate our analysis and to investigate the performance of a VANET.

Despite strong performance on a variety of tasks, neural sequence models trained with maximum likelihood have been shown to exhibit issues such as length bias and degenerate repetition. We study the related issue of receiving infinite-length sequences from a recurrent language model when using common decoding algorithms. To analyze this issue, we first define inconsistency of a decoding algorithm, meaning that the algorithm can yield an infinite-length sequence that has zero probability under the model. We prove that commonly used incomplete decoding algorithms - greedy search, beam search, top-k sampling, and nucleus sampling - are inconsistent, despite the fact that recurrent language models are trained to produce sequences of finite length. Based on these insights, we propose two remedies which address inconsistency: consistent variants of top-k and nucleus sampling, and a self-terminating recurrent language model. Empirical results show that inconsistency occurs in practice, and that the proposed methods prevent inconsistency., EMNLP 2020

We explore the effectiveness of variational quantum circuits in simulating the ground states of quantum many-body Hamiltonians. We show that generic high-depth circuits, performing a sequence of layer unitaries of the same form, can accurately approximate the desired states. We demonstrate their universal success by using two Hamiltonian systems with very different properties: the transverse field Ising model and the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model. The energy landscape of the high-depth circuits has a proper structure for the gradient-based optimization, i.e. the presence of local extrema -- near any random initial points -- reaching the ground level energy. We further test the circuit's capability of replicating random quantum states by minimizing the Euclidean distance., Comment: v1: revtex4-1, 14 pages, 11 figures; v2: 13 pages, revised for journal submission

The Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV), of the genus Carlavirus (family Betaflexiviridae), was first detected as one of several viruses infecting sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas L.) in Korea. Out of 154 sweet potato samples collected in 2012 that were showing virus-like symptoms, 47 (31%) were infected with SPCFV, along with other viruses. The complete genome sequences of four SPCFV isolates were determined and analyzed using previously reported genome sequences. The complete genomes were found to contain 9,104-9,108 nucleotides, excluding the poly-A tail, containing six putative open reading frames (ORFs). Further, the SPCFV Korean isolates were divided into two groups (Group I and Group II) by phylogenetic analysis based on the complete nucleotide sequences; Group I and Group II had low nucleotide sequence identities of about 73%. For the first time, we determined the complete genome sequence for the Group II SPCFV isolates. The amino acid sequence identity in coat proteins (CP) between the two groups was over 90%, whereas the amino acid sequence identity in other proteins was less than 80%. In addition, SPCFV Korean isolates had a low amino acid sequence identity (61% CPs and 47% in the nucleotide- binding protein [NaBp] region) to that of Melon yellowing-associated virus (MYaV), a typical Carlavirus.

A nationwide survey was performed to investigate the current incidence of viral diseases in Korean sweet potatoes for germplasm and growing fields from 2011 to 2014. A total of 83.8% of the germplasm in Korea was infected with viruses in 2011. Commercial cultivars that were used to supply growing fields were infected at a rate of 62.1% in 2012. Among surveyed viruses, the incidence of five Potyvirus species that infect sweet potato decreased between 2012 and 2013, and then increased again in 2014. Representatively, the incidence of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) was 87.0% in 2012, 20.7% in 2013 and then increased to 35.3% in 2014. Unlike RNA viruses, DNA viruses were shown to decrease continuously. The incidence of Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) was 5.5% in 2003, 59.5% in 2011, and 47.4% in 2012. It then decreased continuously year by year to 33.2% in 2013, and then 25.6% in 2014. While the infection rate of each virus species showed a tendency to decline, the virus infection status was more variable in 2013 and 2014. Nevertheless, the high rate of single infections and mixed infection combinations were more variable than the survey results from 2012. As shown in the results from 2013, the most prevalent virus infection was a single infection at 27.6%, with the highest rate of infection belonging to sweet potato symptomless virus-1 (SPSMV-1) (12.9%). Compared to 2013, infection combinations were more varied in 2014, with a total of 122 kinds of mixed infection.

Architecture optimization, which is a technique for finding an efficient neural network that meets certain requirements, generally reduces to a set of multiple-choice selection problems among alternative sub-structures or parameters. The discrete nature of the selection problem, however, makes this optimization difficult. To tackle this problem we introduce a novel concept of a trainable gate function. The trainable gate function, which confers a differentiable property to discretevalued variables, allows us to directly optimize loss functions that include non-differentiable discrete values such as 0-1 selection. The proposed trainable gate can be applied to pruning. Pruning can be carried out simply by appending the proposed trainable gate functions to each intermediate output tensor followed by fine-tuning the overall model, using any gradient-based training methods. So the proposed method can jointly optimize the selection of the pruned channels while fine-tuning the weights of the pruned model at the same time. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method efficiently optimizes arbitrary neural networks in various tasks such as image classification, style transfer, optical flow estimation, and neural machine translation., Accepted to AAAI 2020 (Poster)

Sweet potato is a vegetatively propagated crop that is produced for both growth in Korean fields and for export out of the country. The viruses that are present in introduced sweet potatoes can spread both domestically and to foreign countries. Determining the time and path of virus movement could help curtail its spread and prevent future dispersal of related viruses. Determining the consequences of past virus and sweet potato dispersal could provide insight into the ecological and economic risks associated with other sweet potato-infecting viral invasions. We therefore applied Bayesian phylogeographic inferences and recombination analyses of the available Sweepovirus sequences (including 25 Korean Sweepovirus genomes) and reconstructed a plausible history of Sweepovirus diversification and movement across the globe. The Mediterranean basin and Central America were found to be the launchpad of global Sweepovirus dispersal. Currently, China and Brazil are acting as convergence regions for Sweepoviruses. Recently reported Korean Sweepovirus isolates were introduced from China in a recent phase and the regions around China and Brazil continue to act as centers of Sweepovirus diversity and sites of ongoing Sweepovirus evolution. The evidence indicates that the region is an epidemiological hotspot, which suggests that novel Sweepovirus variants might be found.

The complete genome sequence of a new virus isolated from a bellflower (Campanula takesimana) plant was determined. The genome of this virus is composed of monopartite single-stranded RNA of 11,649 nucleotides in length. BLAST searches of protein databases showed that the encoded polyprotein has a maximum amino acid sequence identity of 42% (with 99% coverage) to the polyprotein of the isolate Orissa of rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV; genus Waikavirus). Phylogenetic analysis strongly supports that the identified virus is a member of a new species of the genus Waikavirus. The name bellflower vein chlorosis virus (BVCV) is proposed for this new virus.

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), the smallest plant pathogen known to infect chrysanthemums, is a single-stranded circular RNA viroid that induces stunting that results in an overall height reduction of 30–50 % in mature plants. A catalytic single-chain variable antibody, 3D8 scFv, which exhibits intrinsic DNase and RNase activities, was expressed in chrysanthemums to generate transgenic plant resistance to CSVd infection. Moreover, a codon-optimized version of the 3D8 scFv gene for chrysanthemums was also transformed into plants; these codon-optimized transgenic chrysanthemums expressed twice as much 3D8 scFv and displayed 60 % more resistance to CSVd infection, compared with transgenic chrysanthemums harboring the original 3D8 scFv gene. CSVd challenge experiments with codon-optimized and original 3D8 scFv-transgenic chrysanthemums showed that CSVd in newly produced leaves of both codon-optimized and original 3D8 scFv-transgenic plants was not detected by RT-PCR. This is the first report describing the development of a CSVd-resistant chrysanthemum harboring a catalytic single-chain antibody, 3D8 scFv, which has intrinsic RNase activity.

In this chapter, we present a comparative study on the performance of Neural Network training algorithms towards the goal of developing an intelligent system that can classify, in real-time, the behavior of control systems. An investigation on the performance of five neural network training algorithms: Levenberg–Marquardt, Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) Quasi–Newton, Resilient Backpropagation, Scaled Conjugate Gradient, and Gradient Descent with Momentum and Adaptive Learning Rate, in classifying 30,000 records of simulated operational data on a typical industrial control system is conducted. The comparisons are made on four neural network system metrics: network error performance, success rate, run time, and number of epochs (iterations). The results are tabulated and analyzed. The chapter concludes with perceptive observations and offers avenues for future research extensions. We envision this small scale study would pave the way to the utilization of intelligent analytics as an avenue towards the realization of an enhanced security posture of our nation’s critical infrastructures. Further, this case study on the application of machine learning technology on information security may offer additional forum for academic inquisition.

In recent years, Intelligent Assistant services have come out to respond to user requests or to perform certain functions. These services get the request input from users with natural ways such as voice or text. However, the biggest hurdle of this approach is that it is very difficult for users to know the scope of the service (feature or knowledge) and therefore it is difficult to deliver the right request. If the Intelligent Assistant suggests the proper features based on user's context or preference with users based on the natural language or voices, it could make users be familiar with Intelligent Assistant therefore it could make Intelligent Assistants be very widely used. In this paper, we proposed the architecture to make the user's interaction guide for the Intelligent Assistant. We used the plan recognition of the task network to make the candidates of the actions/answers based on the user's context. After making the candidates we used the filters to filtering the candidates and scored the candidates. Finally, we used the NLG/TTS to make the natural sentences to give the guide to the users. As a result, even without the user's request, we could give the guide utterance to the user.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus, has a single-stranded DNA genome. TYLCV can induce severe disease symptoms on tomato plants, but other hosts plants such as cucurbits and peppers are asymptomatic. A full-length DNA clone of a Korean TYLCV isolate was constructed by rolling-circle amplification from TYLCV-infected tomatoes in Korea. To assess relative susceptibility of sweet pepper varieties to TYLCV, 19 cultivars were inoculated with cloned TYLCV by agro-inoculation. All TYLCV-infected sweet peppers were asymptomatic, even though Southern hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analysis showed TYLCV genomic DNA accumulation in roots, stems, and newly produced shoots. Southern hybridization indicated that TYLCV replicated and moved systemically from agro-inoculated apical shoot tips to roots or newly produced shoots of sweet peppers. Whitefly-mediated inoculation experiments showed that TYLCV can be transmitted to tomatoes from TYLCV-infected sweet peppers. Taken together, these results indicate that sweet pepper can be a reservoir for TYLCV in nature.

The combinational analysis of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis (PCR-RE) to distinguish six Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) isolates from five countries was developed. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus has spread from the Middle East to Western Europe, Central America and Eastern Asia, and occurs on infected crops such as tomatoes, peppers, cucurbits and beans. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolates from Jordan (TYLCV-Mld[Jo:Cuc] and TYLCV-IL[Jo:Cuc]), Israel (TYLCV-IL[IL:Reo:86]), Spain (TYLCV-Mld[ES72/97]), USA (TYLCV-IL[US:F10:04]) and Korea (TYLCV-KR) were collected, and the sequences of the six isolates were analysed to distinguish them by PCR-RE combination analysis. Oligonucleotide primers for the six TYLCV isolates were designed to amplify approximately 740 base pairs including the intergenic region (IR) and parts of V1 and V2 ORF. Unique restriction enzyme sites were analysed to identify isolate-specific restriction enzyme sites on the PCR products of each isolate. Three enzymes (DdeI, FauI and BssSI) were selected by in silico analysis, and then, the PCR products following the serial digestion of each restriction enzyme were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis to distinguish the TYLCV isolates. Taken together, the PCR-RE combination analysis by serial digestion with three restriction enzymes could be a useful method for distinguishing the six isolates.

A total of 94 tomato accessions were evaluated for the resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using a Sw5-2 SCAR marker and bioassay. PCR products of the marker were approximately 574 bp, 500 bp, and 462 bp, among which the longest was linked to TSWV resistance allele of Sw5-b. This allele was only found in three accessions (09-438, 10-318, and 10-321) in which some individuals showed apparent recovery or stem necrosis symptom to a tomato isolate of TSWV-pb1. Thirty-five individuals (one per each accession) which were non-infected by ELISA were selected for further observation. Among these, 26 individuals that did not show any symptom at 5 months after inoculation were confirmed for viral infection by RT-PCR. TSWV-specific PCR amplicon was weakly detected in all 26 individuals including ‘Eureta’, a commercial F 1 possessing the resistance allele of Sw5-b. The resistant genes in the selected individuals may play an important role for reducing the viral concentration in tissues of inoculated tomato plants and seems to be quantitatively controlled by several factors including Sw5-b gene.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae, members of which are characterized by closed circular single-stranded DNA genomes of 2.7-2.8 kb in length, and include viruses transmitted by the Bemisia tabaci whitefly. No reports of TYLCV in Korea are available prior to 2008, after which TYLCV spread rapidly to most regions of the southern Korean peninsula (Gyeongsang-Do, Jeolla-Do and Jeju-Do). Fifty full sequences of TYLCV were analyzed in this study, and the AC1, AV1, IR, and full sequences were analyzed via the muscle program and bayesian analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Korea TYLCVs were divided into two subgroups. The TYLCV Korea 1 group (Masan) originated from TYLCV Japan (Miyazaki) and the TYLCV Korea 2 group (Jeju/Jeonju) from TYLCV Japan (Tosa/Haruno). A B. tabaci phylogenetic tree was constructed with 16S rRNA and mitochondria cytochrome oxidase I (MtCOI) sequences using the muscle program and MEGA 4.0 in the neighbor-joining algorithm. The sequence data of 16S rRNA revealed that Korea B. tabaci was closely aligned to B. tabaci isolated in Iran and Nigeria. The Q type of B. tabaci, which was originally identified as a viruliferous insect in 2008, was initially isolated in Korea as a non-viruliferous insect in 2005. Therefore, we suggest that two TYLCV Japan isolates were introduced to Korea via different routes, and then transmitted by native B. tabaci.

Rehmannia glutinosa (family Scrophulariaceae) is a widely used traditional medicinal plant. In Korea, the area under the cultivation of this plant, as well as its production, has gradually increased because of its medicinal properties. R. glutinosa is conventionally propagated using its tuberous roots rather than its seeds, which have poor viability and low propagation rate. However, vegetative propagation is vulnerable to the accumulation of viruses over subsequent generations. Viral diseases cause significant loss of yield and deterioration of quality in R. glutinosa (Ling and Liu, 2009). In 2010, three R. glutinosa plants showing virus-like symptoms, namely chlorotic and necrotic local spots, vein necrosis and mosaic on the leaves, and stunting, were collected from a greenhouse in the Hwasun area of Korea. Electron microscopy and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that these plants were infected with three different virus species, Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2)...

Objectives This study sought to determine the efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background Previous randomized trials have demonstrated that statin pre-treatment reduced major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients with stable angina pectoris and acute coronary syndrome. However, no randomized studies have been carried out with STEMI patients in a primary PCI setting. Methods A total 171 patients with STEMI were randomized to 80-mg atorvastatin (n = 86) or 10-mg atorvastatin (n = 85) arms for pre-treatment before PCI. All patients were prescribed clopidogrel (600 mg) before PCI. After PCI, both groups were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg). The primary end point was 30-day incidence of MACE including death, nonfatal MI, and target vessel revascularization. Secondary end points included corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count, myocardial blush grade, and ST-segment resolution at 90 min after PCI. Results MACE occurred in 5 (5.8%) and 9 (10.6%) patients in the 80-mg and 10-mg atorvastatin pre-treatment arms, respectively (p = 0.26). Corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was lower in the 80-mg atorvastatin arm (26.9 ± 12.3 vs. 34.1 ± 19.0, p = 0.01). Myocardial blush grade and ST-segment resolution were also higher in the 80-mg atorvastatin arm (2.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.9 ± 0.8, p = 0.02 and 61.8 ± 26.2 vs. 50.6 ± 25.8%, p = 0.01). Conclusions High-dose atorvastatin pre-treatment before PCI did not show a significant reduction of MACEs compared with low-dose atorvastatin but did show improved immediate coronary flow after primary PCI. High-dose atorvastatin may produce an optimal result for STEMI patients undergoing PCI by improving microvascular myocardial perfusion. (Efficacy of High-Dose AtorvaSTATIN Loading Before Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction [STATIN STEMI]; NCT00808717 ).

A lot of conventional algorithms have tried to cancel the residual frame synchronization error (RFSE), which causes the performance degradation of channel estimation when using interpolation between pilot sub-carriers in comb-type pilot-aided OFDM systems. Among them, a tracking method has been attractive to provide good performance by eliminating the effects of RFSE. However, it requires high computational complexity because of its compensation process including many complex multiplications. In this paper, we propose a new method which significantly reduces computational costs by adjusting the starting point of FFT window in order to compensate for the RFSE. For the performance verification, we apply the proposed method to the IEEE 802.16e mobile WiMAX system and estimate its computational power compared to the tracking method. Simulation and implementation results show that the proposed algorithm has the performance similar to the tracking method and is very efficient for low power implementation in comb-type pilot-aided OFDM systems because it consumes only 40.5% of the tracking method's power.

The objective of this study was to investigate atrial myocardial properties through two-dimensional (2D) myocardial imaging in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and its predictive role for recurrence after catheter ablation. Echocardiographic examinations were performed in 40 patients with paroxysmal AF before catheter ablation and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Using a software package, bidimensional acquisitions were analyzed to measure longitudinal strain and strain rate for the left atrium (LA). Systolic strain and strain rate in all eight segments, and its average values, were significantly reduced in AF patients compared to controls. During 9 months of follow-up after catheter ablation for AF, 11 of 40 AF patients had AF recurrence. AF recurrence was associated with gender, LA volume index, and average values of systolic strain and strain rate. By multivariate analysis, only average strain was an independent predictor of AF recurrence (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.98, p = 0.018). Lower systolic strain of LA was strongly associated with recurrence after catheter ablation. Thus, diverse adjunctive ablation strategies should be considered to reduce recurrence in patients with lower systolic strain.

Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), which belongs to the genus Fabavirus, is a destructive pathogen of many economically important horticultural and ornamental crops. In this study, we constructed infectious full-length cDNA clones of two distinct isolates of BBWV2 under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. BBWV2-PAP1 isolated from paprika (Capsicum annuum var. gulosum) induces severe disease symptoms in various pepper varieties, whereas BBWV2-RP1 isolated from red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) causes mild symptoms. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of the infectious cDNA clones of BBWV2-PAP1 and RP1 resulted in the same symptoms as the original virus isolates. The infectious cDNA clones of BBWV2-PAP1 and RP1 were used to examine the symptoms induced by pseudorecombinants between the two isolates to localize in which of the two genomic RNAs are the symptom severity determinants in BBWV2. The pseudorecombinant of RP1-RNA1 and PAP1-RNA2 induced severe symptoms, similar to those caused by the parental isolate PAP1, whereas the pseudorecombinant of PAP1-RNA1 and RP1-RNA2 induced mild symptoms, similar to those caused by the parental isolate RP1. Our results suggest that BBWV2 RNA2 contains a symptom determinant(s) capable of enhancing symptom severity.

We successfully fabricated the sub-wavelength size silicon oxide aperture array as a near-field optical probe in order to examine the possible light resonance-tunneling phenomenon. Initially, using a magnetic enhanced reactive ion etching (MERIE) system, a (5050) array of the (55) m 2 size patterns was fabricated on the silicon wafer followed by V-groove formation using alkaline solution Si bulk micromachining. The silicon oxide aperture array with sub-wavelength size was revealed after the water-diluted HF acid etching. The nano-size aperture on the top of the pyramidal array with an opening rate of ¨27 nm/min was carefully controlled with (50:1) water-diluted HF acid solution. The Al thin film was thermally evaporated on the (5050) array pattern and for sub wavelength size aperture fabrication. The initial diameter greater than 300 nm of the aperture was reduced down to ¨100 nm. The far-field diffraction pattern was clearly observed. The optical intensity revealed the extraordinary amounts of the light transmission through the nano-aperture array. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The influences of both SiCl4 additive gas and the magnitude of bias voltage on the anisotropic etch profile of aluminum pattern and the deterioration of photoresist (PR) mask layer have been studied by varying etching conditions. Using Cl2 gas as a primary etchant, the ratio of SiCl4 flow rate to Cl2 and the ion energy bombarded onto the surface were changed systematically. When a small amount of additive gas was added, undercut profile in Al layer was not observed even in the lowest bias voltage measured in this experiment. With the optimized etching condition, the PR deterioration usually reported during metal etching was not observed at all, which allows the complete PR strip without any additional process. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Silicon carbide (SiC) thin film have been prepared on both Si(100) and SiO patterned Si(100) substrates by the high vacuum 2 metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method using a single source precursor at various growth temperatures in the range of 700-1000 8C. Diethylmethylsilane(DEMS) was used as precursor without carrier gas. The effects of substrate temperature as well as deposition time on the crystal growth and hardness were mainly investigated in this study. The optimum temperature for the formation of the epitaxial SiC thin films were found to 900 8C on the basis of XRD results. However, the XPS result shows that the SiC film grown at 900 8C have carbon rich (Si:Cs1:1.2 composition) surface due to surface reaction of the precursor itself. From the SEM images, substrate temperature has influence on the grain size and crystallinity of the SiC films. Especially, the major crystal form of these deposited films was rectangular in shape on the substrates at 900 8C. We also obtain a high hardness SiC thin film with 32 GPa. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We successfully fabricated a nano-size silicon oxide aperture using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) anisotropic etching as a potential near-field optical probe application. Several other anisotropic semiconductor processes were also utilized for sub-wavelength size aperture fabrication. Initially, a 2 μm size dot array was photolithographically patterned on an Si(100) wafer. After the formation of a hollow pyramid by anisotropic KOH etching, stress-dependent oxide growth was performed at 1000°C to give an oxide etch-mask for dry etching. Reactive ion etching by 100 W, 9 mTorr, 40 sccm Cl2 feed gas using the ICP system with a negatively biased substrate was performed in order to fabricate the nano-size aperture. After etching at the bias voltages of 500 and 540 V, the diameter of the aperture was measured to be ~ 120 and ~ 200 nm, respectively. Finally, the oxide aperture with a sub-wavelength size diameter was obtained after Si bulk micromachining.

After the first identification of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the southern part of Korea in 2008, TYLCV has rapidly spread to tomato farms in most regions of Korea. From 2008 to 2010, a survey of natural weed hosts that could be reservoirs of TYLCV was performed in major tomato production areas of Korea. About 530 samples were collected and identified as belonging to 25 species from 11 families. PCR and Southern hybridization were used to detect TYLCV in samples, and replicating forms of TYLCV DNA were detected in three species (Achyranthes bidentata, Lamium amplexicaule, and Veronica persica) by Southern hybridization. TYLCV transmission mediated by Bemisia tabaci from TYLCV-infected tomato plants to L. amplexicaule was confirmed, and TYLCV-infected L. amplexicaule showed symptoms such as yellowing, stunting, and leaf curling. TYLCV from infected L. amplexicaule was also transmitted to healthy tomato and L. amplexicaule plants by B. tabaci. The rate of infection of L. amplexicaule by TYLCV was similar to that of tomato. This report is the first to show that L. amplexicaule is a reservoir weed host for TYLCV.