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Nowadays, the need to use natural pigments instead of artificial colorants in food has increased due to health risks. Chlorophyll is a natural colorant with antioxidant properties. Chlorophyll is a natural pigment with superior antioxidant properties. However, this pigment is unstable in the different conditions of food processing. To increase the stability of chlorophyll extracted from Ulva intestinalis algae, encapsulation of chlorophyll with maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein isolate (WPI) carriers by two drying methods including spray drying and freeze drying was achieved. The optimum combination of wall and core materials to achieve the highest response including encapsulation efficiency (EE) and chlorophyll content (CC) was obtained by response surface methodology and central composite design. The optimal chlorophyll microcapsule (Chl-M) obtained was chosen for subsequent tests containing solubility, moisture content, and antioxidant properties. The results showed that the highest EE and CC were 90.27 ± 0.21 %, 55.36 ± 0.36 μg/mL, and 90.46 ± 0.62 %, 85.85 ± 0.43 μg/mL, respectively in SD and FD. The microcapsules produced by the freeze dryer (FD) had higher antioxidant activity (79.1 ± 0.24) than the microcapsules produced by the spray dryer (SD) (67.5 ± 0.16). The highest solubility (95.32 %) and the lowest moisture content (3.7 ± 0.05) were related to the SD. Freeze drying method (FDM) had the highest EE (91.2 %), CC (89.67 μg/mL), and antioxidant properties (79.1 %). It is hoped that the encapsulated chlorophyll can be used as a health-promoting food color additive in the food industry.

Background: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms may face configurational changes in size and shape resulting from extreme weakness in their wall. These configurational changes are associated with an amplified risk of rupture and surgical challenges as these aneurysms have proven to be unstable. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have addressed the issue of configurational aneurysmal changes between the patient’s presentation (radiological images) and intraoperative findings. This paper aims to compare aneurysmal size and shape between pre-operative Computed tomography angiography and intraoperative lesion characteristics in a cohort of patients presented to our centre. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on cases admitted to the Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, and underwent microsurgical clipping of ruptured aneurysms. Their records were checked for aneurysmal configurational changes by comparing pre-operative radiological images and intra-operative findings. Results: Of the 275 patients, 5 cases were enrolled with aneurysmal configurational changes. Three of them were females, and two were males. The pre-operative aneurysmal shapes based on Computed tomography angiography were (3 unicyst and two conical shapes) and the range of aneurysmal size was (7-11 mm) with a mean of 9 mm. Compared to intra-operative findings, there were total aneurysmal shape changes (connected cyst in 4 patients and spherical aneurysm in one patient). The range of aneurysmal size was (7-11 mm) with a mean of 9 mm. Conclusion: Intracranial aneurysms may undergo configurational changes through the time between pre-op imaging and surgery; early detection of these changes may ensure optimal management of such cases.

Chlorophyll (Chl) is a healthy green pigment that is very unstable. So, chlorophyll microcapsules were fabricated using maltodextrin and whey protein isolate as carriers and freeze-drying (FD) and spray-drying (SD) as encapsulation methods. The microcapsules obtained by the freeze-drying method (FDM) had smaller particle sizes (1.087–0.165 µm) and higher ζ-potential (−10.6 to −18.3 mV) than the spray-drying method (SDM) (3.420–0.285 µm) and (−9.5 to −10.7 mV) respectively. FTIR, XRD, and DSC studies showed that the inclusion of Chl within microcapsules and FDM had a higher melting point (150.12 °C) than SDM (125.03 °C) and Chl (115.66 °C). FD was more effective in protecting Chl from changes in pH (pH 2 to 8, Chl retention; 49.67 %–91.28 %) and light (Chl retention; 38.12 %) than SD. Therefore, due to preserving Chl and increasing its stability, FDM could be a promising approach to use as a natural food colourant.

Coffee consumption is a prevalent daily practice worldwide, and coffee is known to contain a variety of chemical compounds that can impact human health. This study aims to examine the influence of coffee consumption on serum lipid profile. To achieve this, a total of 109 participants from the Jordanian population were recruited for this study, spanning from April 2022 to September 2022. Of these, 90 individuals were regular coffee consumers, while 19 individuals served as a healthy control group by abstaining from coffee consumption. Venous blood samples were collected from participants and subjected to serum lipid profile analysis using an automated biochemistry analyzer. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in age (48 ± 6 years vs. 45 ± 7 years) and body mass index (27.9 ± 5.9 kg/m2 vs. 27.3 ± 5.2 kg/m2) between the group of coffee consumers and the non-coffee consuming control group. However, a significant increase was observed in the mean serum lipid levels of triglycerides (229.6 ± 7.87 mg/dL vs. 187.6 ± 5.43 mg/dL), total cholesterol (235.9 ± 17.83 mg/dL vs. 228 ± 8.75 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (144.6 ± 5.97 mg/dL vs. 137.8 ± 7.18 mg/dL), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (45.8 ± 1.58 mg/dL vs. 37.5 ± 1.43 mg/dL) in the coffee-consuming group compared to the non-coffee consuming group (p

Objective: To present the results of a local diagnostic reference level (LDRL) audit for 50th fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), Gallium-68 etraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid–octreotide (68Ga-DOTATATE), and 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) whole-body and 18F-FDG brain imaging positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans. Materials and methods: Patients who underwent whole-body 18F-FDG (158 patients), brain 18F-FDG (50 patients), 68Ga-PSMA (20 patients) and 68Ga-DOTATATE (24 patients) PET/CT examinations at Prince Sultan Military Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were selected for this study. For these patients, related data were collected that included demographic information, radiation dose quantities, PET/CT protocols and scanner specifications. The LDRL value of the radiation dose for each type of scan was determined based on the calculation of the 50th percentile. Results: The reported 50th percentile for 18F-FDG for whole-body (307.10 MBq) and brain (280.46 MBq) scans were in good agreement with reported national DRLs (NDRLs). The value of the 50th percentile related to 18F-FDG brain imaging was higher than the 50th percentile identified in the literature. The derived LDRLs for 68Ga-DOTATATE (172.05 MBq) and 68G-PSMA (183.89 MBq) were lower than those in the published Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) United Kingdom report of 250 MBq and 200 MBq, respectively. The determined CT dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) for diagnostic CT components associated with whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations were higher than the published Japanese NDRL and lower than the New Zealand NDRL. However, the derived 50th percentile of 68Ga PET/CT scans was higher than the CT radiation dose associated with a whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT scan. Conclusion: This study derived the LDRL for four common PET/CT procedures. There is room for lowering the 18F-FDG administered activity with good image quality, despite good agreement with previously published data on NDRLs. It is preferable to optimize the diagnostic CT component associated with all whole-body scans without compromising diagnostic CT image quality.

The flow uniformity among individual branches within a manifold system can be a significant factor to predict the performance and efficiency of various engineering applications. The non-uniform flow within the manifold system occurs due to the development of vena-contracta at the inlet to the tubes. In order to reduce the flow mal-distribution in the header-lateral system, an approach is presented in this paper. In this approach, the inlet to the lateral pipe is arranged such that the flow enters the lateral pipe with a velocity vector inclined at a certain angle with respect to the cross section of the manifold. Two test sections representing two header structures were used in this study. The first test section is conventional manifold, the second is a modified manifold (the lateral pipes of manifold were tilted a certain angle with axis of manifold). In both test sections, the diameter of the main pipe was 101.6 mm and of the lateral pipe was 50.8 mm. The results of this study showed that the method of changing the angle of water entry to lateral pipes in order to obtain uniform flow has improved the flow distribution by 54% at entry angle of 60, that is a reduction in absolute stander deviation from (0.481) to (0.136) and the maximum ratio between highest and lowest flow is 26%. Also, the change in the total flow rate has a slight effect on flow uniformity.

The uniform flow distrbiution in the multi-outlets pipe highly depends on the several parameters act togather. Therefor, there is no general method to achieve this goal. The goal of this study is to investigate the proposed approach that can provide significant relief of the maldistribution. The method is based on re-circulating portion of flow from the end of the header to reduce pressure at this region . The physical model consists of main manifold with uniform longitudinal section having diameter of 152.4 mm (6 in), five laterals with diameter of 76.2 mm (3 in), and spacing of 300 mm. At first, The experiment is carried out with conventional manifold, which is a closed-end. Then, small amount of water is allowed by controling the valve located at the end of the manifold slowly. The pressure and the flow distribution among the lateral pipes were recorded. Different inlet flows have been tested and the values of these flows are (625, 790, and 950) l/min. The result reveals that the conventional header give high non-uniform flow distrbution and the distribution of flow is greatly improved by using the perposed methods . When the recircluting ratio is of 15%, the non-uniform coefficient (the stander devation) is reduced from 0.48 to 0.13 which means improves in the flow distribution by 75%.

In order to enhance the efficiency of flat plate solar water collectors without changing in its original shape and with low additional cost, twisted strips are inserted inside its riser pipes. Three flat plate collectors are used for test. Family of twisted strips are inserted inside each collector risers with different twisted ratios (TR=3,4,5). The collectors are connected in parallel mode (Z-Configuration) and are exposed to the same conditions (solar radiation and ambient temperature) .The experimental results show that, the highest heat transfer rate occurs at twisted ratio (3) .Consequently, for the same twisted ratio the daily efficiencies for the solar collector at different flow rate used (60,100 and 150) ℓ /hr. were 49 %, 57% and 63% respectively.

The investigation of the existence of a tempera-ture change with pressure inside the pneumatic cylinder chambers during the charging and dis-charging strokes in the pneumatic cylinder is ex-perimentally demonstrated. Three different varia-bles (pressure, piston displacement and tempera-ture) were measured in this work while operating with a servo pneumatic system and a discussion of the relationship between these variables was pre-sented. The cylinder used has a piston diameter of (0.05m), piston rod diameter (0.02m) and a stroke length of (0.2m). The results show a temperature rise of 23 K above atmospheric temperature at chamber (1) while air compressing and a tempera-ture drop of 17 K below atmospheric temperature at chamber (2) while air expansion and measures other temperature changes also.

A theoretical method for the prediction of cavitation in hydraulic radial turbines is developed in this work. The method combines a steady, quasi-three dimensional analyses which are based on the streamline curvature technique with an approach for the prediction of cavitation based on the definition of "available" and "required" cavitation coefficients. A radial inflow turbine is selected as a test case to investigate the capability of the present method as a cavitation prediction tool at design and offdesign conditions. The effects of various operating conditions on the cavitation inception are examined at constant values of total head and turbine suction head. It has been found that cavitation is formed near the outlet when the turbine operated at the design speed. While at off-design speeds and flow rates, cavitation covers longer distances along suction and pressure surfaces.

A three dimensional numerical simulation of fluid flow in a manifold-laterals system was carried out; several geometrical changes were made to study the effect on water flowing inside the manifold. The manifold hydraulic diameter and the length were kept constant in the study. The geometrical changes include the distance between laterals, the length of the laterals, and the laterals size. It is found that for Reynolds Number (100 and 1000), increasing the length of the laterals gives uniform flow profile at laterals outlet. Also reducing lateral size will create a similar effect. A good agreement was found between the present and FLUENT6.2 results for mass flow rate from laterals.

The present work is conducted in order to study the effect of oiltemperature and pressure variation on the hydraulic system performance at various ranges of temperature and pressure. The oil is the first component which will be influenced by the changes in the surrounding conditions and all its properties will be changed. The most important property of the oil that will be studied is the viscosity. The viscosity is measured experimentally at different temperatures (20→ 100) °C and atmospheric pressure and by using correlations taken fromliterature of other researchers in order to evaluate the viscosity at different temperatures and pressures. The hydraulic test bench existing at the Fluid Mechanic Laboratory/University of Technology has been developed to meet the requirements of the experimental work. The effect of the temperature and pressure will be studied by evaluating the work of two loading actuators (hydraulic cylinder and motor). It was found that, the oil viscosity depends mainly on the temperature and the effect of pressure on the viscosity can be noticed clearly at lowtemperature. The temperature rising in the closed hydraulic circuit is faster and higher than that in the open hydraulic circuit and the work of the system depends mainly on the temperature and the working period

In this investigation the individual component models for a typical subcritical cycle are developed based on the best published theoretical and empirical literature. The developed approach, especially for air conditioning systems, is conceptually new and can be used with modification to a variety of multicomponent system applications. The component models are then integrated and the model predictions validated against the data from various experimental test systems.A variable speed compressor test rig was used to obtain the experimental data to be compared with the results predicted from the system model. The experimental data was monitored from the start-up of the system until the achievement of its steady-state. The system approached its steady-state after 270 sec and 360 sec for compressor speeds of 900 rpm and 1200 rpm respectively. The system disturbance was imposed by changing the operation conditions for each component. A comparison between the experimental data for these disturbances and theoretical results shows a good agreement with a discrepancy ofabout (5%). The model can be used as a basis for the design, performance and efficiency of a vapor compression systems.

The performance of fluid handling mechanical parts such as compressor blades are usually significantly affected by the surface roughness, because they often operate in condition of peak output that is close to this flow condition. The influence of surface height roughness of compressor blades has been investigated experimentally under the effect of cascade stagger angle. The experimental results done by using the direct measuring technique showed that the aerodynamic coefficients of compressor cascade blades influences by presences of surface roughness and stagger angle. The lift coefficient, pitching moment coefficient and cascade blade efficiency were reduced, while the drag coefficient is increased, with the increase of height roughness. The height of roughness does eliminate the operating condition of the cascade blades, which reduce the value of the stall angle.

The Stirling engine is an external combustion engine that uses heat exchangers to enhance the addition and removal of energy. This makes the engine power-dense but expensive, less efficient and complicated. In this contribution, the Stirling engine based on the Franchot engine has novel cylindrical fins working as isothermalizers to improve heat transfer without the complications of heat exchangers. Enhancing the power density by isothermalizing work spaces is compared to the bare cylinder optimized by varying the phase angle. The theoretical analysis shows that both the adiabatic and isothermal fins increase the power and efficiency, achieving the Curzon and Ahlborn efficiency at the maximum power point. In comparison to the phase angle method, the finned engine resulted in much lower gas mass flow rate, which leads to a reduction in the regenerator pumping and enthalpy losses. Thus, the Stirling engine has the potential to be simple, cheap, efficient and power-dense, and thus can be used effectively for different applications.

This work emphasis on the competence of (100)-oriented PMN–PT buffer layered (0.68PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–0.32PbTiO3 with Pb(Zr0.3Ti0.7)O3/PbOx buffer layer) and (001)-oriented PMN–PT (0.67PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–0.33PbTiO3) for low grade thermal energy harvesting using Olsen cycle. Our analysis (based on well-reported experiments in literature) reveals that these films show colossal energy harnessing possibility. Both the films are found to have maximum harnessable energy densities (PMN–PT buffer layered: 8 MJ/m3; PMN–PT: 6.5 MJ/m3) in identical ambient conditions of 30–150°C and 0–600 kV/cm. This energy harnessing plausibility is found to be nearly five times higher than the previously reported values to date.

The prediction of the blood flow through an axisymmetric arterial stenosis is one of the most important aspects to be considered during the Atherosclrosis. Since the blood is specified as a non-Newtonian flow, therefore the effect of fluid types and effect of rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluid on the degree of stenosis have been studied. The motion equations are written in vorticity-stream function formulation and solved numerically. A comparison is made between a Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid for blood flow at different velocities, viscosity and Reynolds number were solved also. It is found that the properties of blood must be at a certain range to preventing atheroscirasis

Increasing the aerodynamic efficiency and enhancing the supermaneuverability for the selected supersonic aircraft (F-16A) is presented. Aerodynamic characteristics, surface pressure distribution and maximum lift are are estimated for the baseline configuration for different Mach number and angles of attack in subsonic and supersonic potential flow, using a low order three- dimensional panel method supported with semi-empirical formulas of Datcom. Estimation of the total nose-up and nose-down pitching moments about the center of gravity of the completed aircraft in subsonic region depending on the flight conditions and aircraft performance limitations. A modern program was implemented by suggesting a two dimensional thrust vectoring technique (pitch vectoring up and down) controlled by the best design of advanced aerodynamic and control surface (foreplane or canard). Work results shows that the canard (as a control surface) with thrust vectoring produces enough nose-down moment and can support the stabilator at high maneuvers, while for an aerodynamic surface, a rate of (5-6%) increase was achieved in the aerodynamic efficiency (lift-to-drag ratio) of the baseline configuration in both subsonic and supersonic flight

In the field of the hydraulic control system, the performance including the stability of the system are important parts of the hydraulic system working. In this work, electro-hydraulic control circuits including a proportional directional control valve have been designed. A mathematical model was developed to determine the natural frequency and damping ratio using Matlab software. To find out the stability of the system a proportional plus, integral plus, derivative (PID controller) control was used. The analysis was conducted with experimental work to study the pressure drop, loading pressure, flow rate, and extension velocity with and without external load. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental work and literature showed an agreement results.

In the field of hydraulic power plant, the cavitation is responsible of sever erosion which requires periodic unit shutdowns for inspection and repairs. Al-Mosul hydroelectric power plant is chosen as model in this study. Computer programs are developed by using the velocity gradient method to analyze the flow in the runner blades of the turbine (Francis Turbine) to calculate the available cavitation and compared with the critical cavitation. The erosion of the runner material (erosion rate, weight of lost material and mean depth of erosion) is also calculated to limit the operation hours of the power plant. The presented work shows that the cavitation appears on the underside of the turbine (Francis Turbine) blades in the trailing edge at distance of 82% from the leading edge due to decrease in pressure, flow separation and interference zone. This causes erosion depth of about 4 mm for the first four years of operation which represents about 17% of the blade thickness of the trailing edge. It is found that the operation hours of Al-Mosul power plant should not exceed 24000 operation hour. A good agreement is found between the prototype data obtained from the computer program analysis and experimental visualization shown in the literature and theoretical solution.

Since the recycling of composites from plant tissues is difficult, extraction of bioactive compounds from plant sources requires pre‐treatment by new technology such as pulsed electric fields (PEF). Due to the reduced consumption of organic solvents, the extractive techniques such as using supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) are of interest to researchers. This work aimed to investigating the influences of different parameters of SC‐CO2 (pressure, modifier volume, temperature, and dynamic time) and PEF (frequency and field strength) treatments on the amount extraction of β‐carotene, lycopene, lutein, β‐cryptoxanthin, total phenol content (TPC), and also antioxidant activity percentage of tomato to obtain the optimum circumstances extraction via PEF and SC‐CO2 methods. PEF data showed that treatments with moderate intensity (1 Hz and 0. 25 kV/cm) enhanced the extractability of lycopene (88%), β‐carotene (69%), and β‐cryptoxanthin (24%). The maximum recovery in total polyphenols was achieved at a 1 Hz and 1.75 kV/cm, leading to a 41.68% growth. The SC‐CO2 results showed that extraction at 55°C and 35 MPa, and in a short time of 20 min (without any modifier: methanol) resulted in the highest levels of carotenoids (100% recovery), especially lycopene, and antioxidant activity. Largest value of total polyphenols was obtained at 35 MPa, 35°C, during 30 min, and 250 μL methanol as a modifier (58.79% recovery). Results showed that the extraction of polyphenols, unlike carotenoids, required a modifier. Organic solvents, often called modifiers, are sometimes added to the supercritical fluid to increase the polarity range of the extraction process and to help overcome analyte retention in the matrix. In this study, methanol was used as a modifier in different volumes. Therefore, the SC‐CO2 gentle processing conditions, compared with PEF, improved the recovery of tomato bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to optimize such treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms may face configurational changes in size and shape resulting from extreme weakness in their wall. These configurational changes are associated with an amplified risk of rupture and surgical challenges as these aneurysms have proven to be unstable. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have addressed the issue of configurational aneurysmal changes between the patient’s presentation (radiological images) and intraoperative findings. This paper aims to compare aneurysmal size and shape between pre-operative Computed tomography angiography and intraoperative lesion characteristics in a cohort of patients presented to our centre. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on cases admitted to the Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, and underwent microsurgical clipping of ruptured aneurysms. Their records were checked for aneurysmal configurational changes by comparing pre-operative radiological images and intraoperative findings. Results: Of the 275 patients, 5 cases were enrolled with aneurysmal configurational changes. Three of them were females, and two were males. The pre-operative aneurysmal shapes based on Computed tomography angiography were (3 unicyst and two conical shapes) and the range of aneurysmal size was (7-11 mm) with a mean of 9 mm. Compared to intra-operative findings, there were total aneurysmal shape changes (connected cyst in 4 patients and spherical aneurysm in one patient). The range of aneurysmal size was (7-11 mm) with a mean of 9 mm. Conclusion: Intracranial aneurysms may undergo configurational changes through the time between pre-op imaging and surgery; early detection of these changes may ensure optimal management of such cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]