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Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected most countries in the world. Monitoring the humoral immune responses during the natural course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the duration of them provide useful information for the development of vaccination strategies against this virus and its emerging variants. The importance of the antibody response especially neutralizing antibodies in long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is significant. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study of sero-epidemiological type that has been proposed to compare the persistence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against N (nucleocapsid), S (spike) and RBD (receptor-binding domain) proteins in the community after the time of primary disease. A total of 652 serum samples were collected from hospital staff working in COVID wards, as well as a number of community members with different occupations, among those with positive antibody titers, 86 participated in the resampling test before vaccination. Results: There was no association between antibody titer and disease severity (p>0.05). A significant decrease in Ab levels was observed in the paired second samples. The highest rate of decrease was related to anti-N, then anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the initial antibody titer and its reduction over time (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Our data revealed that humoral immunity following natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 is detectable for at least 4 months, regardless of disease severity. The most decrease in antibody titer over time was related to anti-N IgG levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Catalytic naphtha reforming process is a vital process for refineries due to the production of high-octane components, which is intensely demanded in our modern life. The significance of this industrial process induced researchers to investigate different aspects of catalytic naphtha reforming process intensively. Some of the investigators try to improve this process by representing more effective catalysts, while others try to elucidate its kinetic and deactivation mechanisms and design more efficient reactor setups. The amount of these established papers is so much that may confuse some of the researchers who want to find collective information about catalytic naphtha reforming process. In the present paper, the published studies from 1949 until now are categorized into three main groups including finding suitable catalyst, revealing appropriate kinetic and deactivation model, and suggesting efficient reactor configuration and mode of operation. These studies are reviewed separately, and a suitable reference is provided for those who want to have access to generalized information about catalytic naphtha reforming process. Finally, various suggestions for revamping the catalytic naphtha reforming process have been proposed as a guideline for further investigations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Advancements in the catalytic naphtha reforming process, as one of the main processes in petrochemical industry, contributed to development of continuous catalytic regenerative naphtha reformer units. Increasing the yield of aromatic and hydrogen as well as saving the energy in this process through the application of thermal coupling technique is a potentially interesting idea. This novel idea has been assessed in this paper. In the proposed configuration, continuous catalyst regeneration naphtha reforming process is coupled with hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in a two co-axial reactor separated by a solid wall, where the generated heat in nitrobenzene hydrogenation reaction transfers to naphtha reforming reaction medium through the surface of the tube. A steady-state, homogeneous, two-dimensional model is used to describe the performance of this configuration and a kinetic model including 32 pseudo-components with 84 reactions is considered for naphtha reforming reaction. After validating the model with the commercial data of a domestic plant, the obtained results of coupled reactor are compared by the conventional one. The obtained results show the superiority of CCR coupled reactor against the conventional one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The significance of the catalytic naphtha reforming process in the petroleum refining and petrochemical industry generates continuous evolution of the technology. These improvements would be observed in presenting more efficient reactor setups in order to improve production yield and operating conditions, as well as elucidating better kinetic and deactivation models with higher predicting ability. Both of these items have been considered in this work. An optimized radial-flow moving bed membrane reactor has been proposed as a novel configuration for naphtha reforming process. Optimization has been carried out by differential evolution (DE) method considering 40 decision variables. A detailed kinetic model has also been presented. The proposed kinetic model consists of 32 lumped pseudo-components and 84 reactions. Deactivation rate of catalyst has also been taken into account by considering coke deposition on both acidic and metallic sites. Plant data have been used to validate the modeling results. In order to assess the performance of the proposed configuration, the obtained modeling results have been compared with those of conventional configuration, which shows the superiority of the presented one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A novel thermally coupled reactor in CCR naphtha reforming process is modeled. [•] A new kinetic model involving 32 pseudo-component and 84 reactions is proposed. [•] Modeling is carried out in two dimensions considering a new deactivation model. [•] Nitrobenzene hydrogenation is employed as the heat source. [•] The aromatics and hydrogen increase 92 and 190kmol/h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphtha reforming is one of the most important processes in refineries in which high value-added reformate for gasoline pool and aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylene are produced. It is necessary to establish new naphtha reforming units and develop the traditional units to increase the efficiency of the processes. In this study, according to the recent progresses in the naphtha reforming technology, mathematical modeling of this process in continuous catalyst regeneration mode of operation is accomplished in two dimensions (radial and axial) by considering cross flow pattern. In addition, a new catalyst deactivation model has been proposed and a new reaction network model based on 32 pseudo-components with 84 reactions is investigated. Then, this model has been validated by comparing with industrial data, and its results have acceptable agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]