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In this paper, we propose the design to accommodate for the Ku-band (12–18 GHz), K-band (18–27 GHz), and Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) frequency used cases as high-fidelity broadcasting for military applications, short-range terrestrial communication, and advanced weather forecasting applications by implementing the design structure with horn antenna having bottleneck profile. To have a ubiquitous application embedded with a single antenna, this structure was developed using advanced design analysis to determine the paragon shape responsible for high radiation efficiency. This constraint is evaluated in terms of return loss, radiation pattern, electromagnetic field patterns, and current distribution. The simulated impedance bandwidth of the bottleneck horn antenna is 100% showing that the antenna is operational at the entire intended frequency band range. The accounted gain is of 23.18 dB and directivity of 23.23 dB having 99.78% efficiency and low operating power of 0.5 W making the antenna high-line ideal for the desired satellite communication.

This paper proposes energy efficient LEACH protocol for secure data transmission for wireless networks. The proposed work uses Networks Simulator – NS2.27 for the simulation of cluster based routing protocol LEACH in wireless sensor network. The work is to enhance the performance of LEACH in terms of energy saving and secure data transmission. Instead of random selection of Cluster Head (CH) the selection method is based on residual energy and vicinity of the node. With this hybrid approach, the node, which is eligible for the CH, will become cluster head and it enhances the performance of traditional LEACH. Traditional LAECH does not support secure data transmission and authentication of nodes in the clusters. By adding security between CH and CM using XOR function and key management, secure data transmission and authentication is carried out for selected application where security is the most important aspect. The proposed LEACH enhances lifetime of the wireless sensor network with security.

Stress situations such as study tight deadlines or important social obligations. Of fen makes nervous or fearful. In high school students they facing educational and social problems. This period is already growth and development period at this time so many body changes occurs in the students body. Individuals with anxiety disorder experience excessive anxiety. Fear as worry, causing them either to anode situations. The result of survey on the basis of anxiety disorder in high school students. Is very high in ahmednagar tarakpur in some area. They need special treatments for educational development.

α-, β-, and γ-actin differentially regulate cytoskeletal dynamics and stability in axons of motoneurons. Locally translated α-actin contributes to stable actin filaments in axonal branches, whereas β- and γ-actin give rise to highly dynamic filaments that modulate growth cone dynamics., Axonal branching and terminal arborization are fundamental events during the establishment of synaptic connectivity. They are triggered by assembly of actin filaments along axon shafts giving rise to filopodia. The specific contribution of the three actin isoforms, Actα, Actβ, and Actγ, to filopodia stability and dynamics during this process is not well understood. Here, we report that Actα, Actβ, and Actγ isoforms are expressed in primary mouse motoneurons and their transcripts are translocated into axons. shRNA-mediated depletion of Actα reduces axonal filopodia dynamics and disturbs collateral branch formation. Knockdown of Actβ reduces dynamic movements of growth cone filopodia and impairs presynaptic differentiation. Ablation of Actβ or Actγ leads to compensatory up-regulation of the two other isoforms, which allows maintenance of total actin levels and preserves F-actin polymerization. Collectively, our data provide evidence for specific roles of different actin isoforms in spatial regulation of actin dynamics and stability in axons of developing motoneurons.

Reduced levels of the SMN (survival of motoneuron) protein cause spinal muscular atrophy, the main form of motoneuron disease in children and young adults. In cultured motoneurons, reduced SMN levels lead to disturbed axon growth that correlates with reduced actin mRNA and protein in growth cones, indicating that anterograde transport and local translation of β-actin mRNA are altered in this disease. However, it is not fully understood how local translation of the β-actin mRNA is regulated in SMN-deficient motoneurons. Here, we established a lentiviral GFP-based reporter construct to monitor local translation of β-actin mRNA. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living motoneurons revealed that β-actin is locally translated in the growth cones of embryonic motoneurons. Interestingly, local translation of the β-actin reporter construct was differentially regulated by various Laminin isoforms, indicating that Laminins provide extracellular cues for the regulation of local translation in growth cones. Notably, local translation of β-actin mRNA was deregulated in motoneurons from a mouse model for the most severe form of SMA (Smn −/− ;SMN2). Taken together our findings suggest that local translation of β-actin in growth cones of motoneurons is regulated by Laminin signalling and that this signalling is disturbed in SMA.

Ureteral triplication is one of the rare anomalies of the urinary system. The following case describes management of child with triple system of right kidney with refluxing upper moiety ureter. It is not unusual to find such clinical presentations but the embryology with relevance to these malformations has been intriguing. The recent knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing the process of ureteral budding and elongation raises some important questions. The current report discusses and hypothesizes the concept that certain family of molecules may be responsible for helping the ureteral bud to find its way to the respective metanephros. Keywords : embryology of ureter, Robo2, Slit2, ureteral triplication, Weigert–Meyer law

Rhabdomyolysis due to trauma and burns is an important cause of acute renal failure (ARF) secondary to myoglobinuria. To prevent morbidity and mortality from ARF due to rhabdomyolysis, early detection of ARF by monitoring the biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine, serum creatine kinase (CK), and urinary myoglobin (UM) can be helpful. The aims of the study were (1) to detect ARF due to rhabdomyolysis using serum creatinine, serum CK, and UM in trauma and electrical burn patients (2) to compare utility of these parameters in early prediction of ARF in patients of rhabdomyolysis. A total of 50 patients with trauma and electrical burns were included in the study. Serum creatinine, serum CK, and UM measurements were done at the time of admission and after 48 h. Diagnosis of ARF was made in the patients by Rifle’s criteria. The presence of significant elevation of creatinine, serum CK, and UM at the time of admission and after 48 h was compared in patients developing ARF by Fisher’s exact test. Fifteen of the 50 patients developed ARF as per the defined criteria. Of these, 9 patients (60 %) had raised level of serum creatinine above 1.4 mg% at admission and 14 patients (93.33 %) had CK level >1250 U/L at admission, whereas UM was positive in 6 (40 %) patients. Serum creatinine was significantly raised in all of the 15 ARF patients (100 %) after 48 h of admission and serum CK was raised in 14 of the 15 ARF patients (93.33 %). UM was negative in all the patients after 48 h of admission. Statistical analysis showed that rise in serum CK on admission was significantly increased in patients developing ARF as compared with serum creatinine and UM (P

Aim: To study the role of urinary enzymes N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase (NAG), alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with suspected pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO). Materials and Methods: A total of 70 patients, 29 managed conservatively (group A) and 41 managed by pyeloplasty (group B), were studied prospectively. A serial measurement of urinary enzymes NAG, AKP and GGT level was performed in both the groups. The mean levels of these urinary enzymes were compared between the two groups and among the patients of the same group at presentation as well as during follow-up. Results: There was a significant fall in the mean AKP level in patients managed conservatively at 8 months of follow-up. Similarly, in the operated group, there was a significant fall in the AKP levels at both 3 months and 8 months of follow-up. The mean level of GGT also showed a significant fall after 3 months of surgery but did not show further significant change at 8 months after surgery. The mean levels of NAG and GGT in the conservatively managed group were significantly low compared with that of patients requiring pyeloplasty at presentation as well as in the follow-up. The mean level of AKP was significantly low in the conservatively managed group when compared with the patients requiring surgery, but did not differ significantly in both the follow-ups after surgery. Conclusions: The level of urinary enzymes NAG, AKP and GGT are significantly high in the patients with hydronephrosis (HDN) requiring pyeloplasty when compared with the patients managed conservatively. The level of AKP significantly falls after pyeloplasty in the patients of HDN due to PUJO. There is a negative correlation with the preoperative level of enzyme NAG with split renal function in the patients of HDN requiring pyeloplasty.

In neurons, translation of a message RNA can occur metres away from its transcriptional origin and in normal cells this is orchestrated with perfection. The life of an mRNA will see it pass through multiple steps of processing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm before it reaches its final destination. Processing of mRNA is determined by a myriad of RNA-binding proteins in multi-protein complexes called messenger ribonucleoproteins; however, incorrect processing and delivery of mRNA can cause several human neurological disorders. This review takes us through the life of mRNA from the nucleus to its point of translation in the cytoplasm. The review looks at the various cis and trans factors that act on the mRNA and discusses their roles in different cells of the nervous system and human disorders.

The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of life (QOL) of operated patients with spina bifida (SB) in their initial years and to elucidate the factors affecting the QOL and the timing of proposed interventions. We studied 18 patients operated on for SB, aging 3 years or more at the time of assessment. The quality of life score was calculated for all the patients by the parental-administered questionnaire method. The impact of all these factors on the social and school lives of these patients was studied. Eleven patients were having neurogenic bladder. Thirteen patients were having stool problems which ranged from mild to severe constipation and soiling. Five patients were having lower limb deformities interfering with normal ambulation. Ten patients were able to walk on their own without any help, four patients were using either crutches or help of the caregiver for ambulation while the remaining four patients were non-ambulatory. Twelve patients were attending school. The calculated QOL scores ranged from 2 to 15. The Barthel Index (BI) ranged from 15 to 100. The QOL questionnaire score and BI were showing significant positive correlation. The patients operated on for SB commonly have the neurological sequelae. The QOL score identifies the important problems in the initial years after surgery which can help in initiating and maintaining rehabilitative services in these patients. The treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence very early in life will allow these children to have a normal social and school life.

In this paper MATLAB programming results are shown for induction machine under three different dynamic conditions: (a) motoring mode to generating mode; (b) sudden load change in generating mode; (c) three phase fault in generating mode in stationary reference frame as well as in synchronously rotating reference frame.

The occurrence of four gastrointestinal (GIT) anomalies in a single patient is extremely rare. Only one report of four GIT anomalies in a child has been published in the English literature. The current report presents a child with four anomalies and discusses the molecular mechanisms which control the development of the gastrointestinal tract.