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Orientalism is the critique of the European perspective about the creation of colonial discourse and this approach advocates that European colonialism has created a concept of “othering". The Occident and the Orient is a pure European construct, and it would see another world from the lens of Europe and give a verdict of being inferior about all those concepts, cultures and ideologies which are not in conformity with European perceptions. The present work is based on the colonial construction of the history of Balochistan, and colonial scholars had provided the landmark of historiography in Balochistan. These colonial scholars had derived their concepts of the cultures and histories of the indigenous people based on the official documents provided by the colonial masters. So, the primary premise of the colonial discourse was not to do academic research rather it was to control the indigenous people. This premise of colonial historiography was bequeathed after partition as the post-partition and indigenous scholars had followed the footsteps of colonial scholars especial in the theories of ethnic origins. The present work is a historiographical critique of colonial and post-independence historiography into Balochistan, and it has been endeavored to provide main themes of oriental historiography and its counter-narrative which based on a post-colonial perspective derived from primary and secondary sources. The paper is an attempt in opening of new debates in the historiography of peripheral regions like Balochistan and its an effort to shed light on the areas on which there is a historical silence.

A new adaptive frequency selective surface (AFSS) has been presented for electromagnetic (EM) shielding applications. Passive EM shields lack reconfigurability which severely limits their application. Moreover, active EM shields involving PIN diodes and other active elements consume power all the time. This paper incorporates a novel adaptive approach with frequency selective surface (FSS) to create a smart environment. The unit cell of the designed FSS has the shape of an octagon loop; each loop includes a pin diode at 180° intervals. An envelope detector has been used to trigger the microcontroller whenever an incident RF signal has been detected. The PIN diodes are switched ON or OFF automatically based on the requirements using a microcontroller to save power. When the PIN diodes are OFF, the FSS is in the shielding mode and when they are ON it is in the transmission mode. A prototype has been built for measurements. A good agreement between theory and experiment has been observed. The proposed AFSS can also be programmed as a time-based event and remote-controlled for on-demand EM wave shielding applications.

Abstract Background Sodium-Glucose-Co-Transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (Empagliflozin) is an effective drug in controlling blood glucose through predominantly glycosuria. Glycosuria increases the risk of genitourinary infections in diabetes. This study was aimed to establish the safety and efficacy of Empagliflozin (Group-A) versus standard care (Group-B) in Pakistani Muslim individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods A multicenter, randomized clinical trial was conducted in five cities across Pakistan from July 2019 to August 2020. Patients of both genders aged 18–75 years, body mass index (BMI) ≤ 45 kg/m2, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7–10% (53 mmol/mol to 86 mmol/mol) and treatment-naive to Empagliflozin were included. Treatment was given for 24 weeks, and allocation was done through randomization. Results Out of 745 screened patients, 333 met the eligibility criteria, and a total of 244 (73.3%) patients were enrolled. More hypoglycemic events were reported in the standard care group, whereas positive urine culture, fungal infection, dehydration, and hypotension occurrence were comparable between the two groups. The 6 months mean HbA1c reduction was significant in both groups; (Group-A: 0.91 ± 0.15; p

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of lumber puncture-proven acute bacterial meningitis among children with fever and seizures of first onset. METHODOLOGY From March 2020 to March 2021, a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the paediatrics department of Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar. The sample size for a total of 342 people was estimated using WHO software. The study included all children who had first-onset febrile seizures through OPD and the emergency department. All children underwent lumber punctures using a stringent aseptic procedure, and the hospital laboratory received the samples to look for bacterial meningitis. On a pre-made Proforma, details including name, age, and gender were entered. The gathered data were input into the computer for additional SPSS analysis (version 23). RESULTS Most individuals were male and were lies in the 21-40 months of age group. Mean weight and length/height were evaluated, respectively. The majority had a history of 6-10 days of disease duration. Bacterial meningitis was found significantly (p0.05) associated with the duration of diseases. CONCLUSION All children between the ages of 6 months and 60 months who presented with episodes of fever and seizures were found to have a statistically significant (p

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in not an uncommon disease in children. It may lead to symptomatic infection and later on renal damage. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of ASB and its distribution by sex and age groups in children coming for routine immunization in District Peshawar, Pakistan. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan form March 2017 to August 2017. 146 children presenting for routine immunization were selected. Sex, age groups, age in years and presence of ASB were variables. Sex, age groups and presence of ASB were analyzed by count and percentage with 80%CL. Age in years was analyzed by mean, SD and range with 95%CI. Results: Out of 146 children, 65 (44.52%) were males and 81 (55.48%) females, and 51 (34.93%) in age group ≤3 years, 52 (35.62%) in 3.0-6.50 years and 43 (29.45%) in 6.51-10 years. Mean age of sample was 4.82±2.81 (09-9.50, range 8.60) (95%CI 4.36-5.28) years. ASB was found in 16 (10.96%) cases. Prevalence of ASB was higher 4.11% in boys than 6.856% girls. It was highest 6.85% in age group 3.0-6.50 years, followed by 2.74% in 6.51-10 years and 1.37% in age group ≤3.0 years. Conclusion: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria is quite common in our children. It is a significant health risk especially among females, and we suggest more studies to find out the underlying factors and follow up studies on its complications.

Non-Newtonian flows are a relatively recent aspect of industrial heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The development of new products, the use of conventional fluids under special conditions, the interaction of heat exchange phenomena with viscosity variations, and the search for new manufacturing processes all encourage us to evaluate industrial problems involving fluid flows that do not obey Newton's classical law. The present study deals with the modelling and the numerical simulation of natural convective flow, heat exchange, and entropy generation features within a hexagonal-shaped domain influenced by an inclined magnetic field and filled with a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid charged with Alumina nanoparticles. Three variant configurations of three cooling channels positioned inside the domain are considered. The equations system resulting from the mathematical modelling of the physical problem has been discretized via the finite element method. The spatial distribution of apparent viscosity was portrayed in this study. The findings represented that by growing the Power-law index from 1.2 to 1.8 as well as the magnetic field's power from 0 to 80, the mean Nusselt would descend 27.5% and 12.1%, respectively. Moreover, it was recognized that Config.2 might present the highest mean Nu among other cases examined in this research.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) is a key regulator of lipid homeostasis in hepatocytes and target for fatty acids and hypolipidemic drugs. Different natural molecules from two locally available plants Trillium govanianum and Bergenia ciliatae were screened virtually using docking scoring function and ADMET properties. The molecular analysis using Molinspiration revealed that these compounds follow Lipinski Rule. These compounds have good absorption, biodegradable, and very low toxicity according to ADMET studies. Docking against the Human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (hPPARs) obtained from protein data bank (PDB) code 3VI8 which showed that Paullinic acid has the lowest binding energy followed by Berginin and Arbutin. Hopefully, this study will be effective to use these miraculous medicinal plants in drugs to cure infectious and metabolic diseases.

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of hypovitaminosis D in children presenting with Idiopathic musculoskeletal pain IMSP). METHODOLOGY The cross-sectional research was carried out at Peshawar’s Hayatabad Medical Complex’s Department of Pediatrics. The study duration was 6 months. The study comprised 151 patients with non-specific musculoskeletal pain who were tested for vitamin D levels to diagnose hypovitaminosis. RESULTS The age range of the participants was 3 to 15 years with a male predominance of 72.8%. The sample’s average the weight was above the 25 percentile. Hypovitaminosis D was found in 23.2%. Decreased sun exposure was documented in 82.85% of cases with hypovitaminosis. Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and increased alkaline phosphatase were documented in 71.4%, 11.4% and 42.8% participants respectively with hypovitaminosis. CONCLUSION Hypovitaminosis D Is one of the risk factors for non-specific musculoskeletal pain but the current study revealed only 23.2% of participants had hypovitaminosis and inadequate sun exposure was a major risk factor for hypovitaminosis.

Abstract Background One of the leading long-term complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) includes renal dysfunction and urinary tract infections (UTI) which are considered to be prevalent in uncontrolled diabetes. Moreover, physiological factors like age, gender, duration of diabetes, other diabetic complications like neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and glycosuria are also considered as predisposing factors for increased prevalence of UTI in diabetes which can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Methods This was a cross-sectional, multi-centre study including diabetic patients from 12 clinical sites spread across major cities of Pakistan. The inclusion criteria were adult Pakistani population of age between 18 to 75 years both genders and suffering from T2DM irrespective of duration. A detailed clinical history of the past 3 months was recorded and, biochemical investigations of blood samples were conducted. Urine culture analysis performed identified the type of pathogen present and was done only for asymptomatic patients. Results A total of 745 type 2 diabetic patients were initially screened, out of 545 patients considered for final analysis 501 (91.92%) were negative and the rest 44 (8.08%) had positive urine culture. Female gender had a significantly higher proportion of positive urine culture (77.27%, p-value

In this work, we report the preparation of TiO2 and Co-S doped TiO2 nanostructures by sol–gel and wet impregnation method for their potential applications in photocatalytic processes for environmental applications in water purification to degrade pollutant dyes. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical properties, and chemical composition of the synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The photocatalytic accomplishment of synthesized nanostructures is observed for the degradation of brilliant green (BG). All the synthesized nanostructures exhibited excellent photodegradation activity. The observed rate of degradation of dye is higher with the Co-S doped TiO2 nanostructures than pure TiO2.

OBJECTIVES: To determine knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending tertiary care hospitals. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A total of 162 mothers were selected who were practicing breastfeeding of ages between 20 to 35 years, having a full-term baby of age up to 6 months old. The data is collected through a pre-planned questionnaire and then was analyzed using statistics version 24.0. The duration of the study was from 1st June 2020 to 30th October 2020. RESULTS: The results showed that no significant association was found between age groups, socio-economic status regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between knowledge, attitude, and practice with respect to educational status (p

Five Bacillus cereus strains including B. cereus AVP12, B. cereus NC7401, B. cereus BDBCO1, B. cereus JF70 and B. specie JL47 isolated from the diesel fuel polluted soil adhered to the roots of Tagetes minuta were screened for lipase production with phenol red agar method. B. cereus NC7401 strain successfully expressing and secreting lipase with maximal lipolytic activity was subjected to a submerged fermentation process with five different carbon (starch, glucose, maltose, fructose, and lactose) and five different nitrogen (tryptone, ammonium nitrate, peptone, urea, yeast extract) sources to produce lipase enzyme. Maximum enzyme activity was found with starch (30.6 UmL-1), maltose (40 UmL-1), and tryptone (38.6 UmL-1), and the lipases produced using these sources were named lipase A, B, and C respectively. The total protein content of 8.56, 8.86, and 2.75 μg mL-1 were obtained from B. cereus NC7401 cultured using starch, maltose, and tryptone respectively. Lipase was stable between temperature range 30-80°C and pH 5-10 whereas optimally active at 55°C and pH 8.0. The enzyme was relatively stable for 10 days at 4°C and its optimum reaction time with the substrate was 30 minutes. It was tolerant to 1.5% (v/v) methanol as an organic solvent, 1.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 as a media additive and 1.5% (w/v) Ni2+ as a metal ion. SDS, n-hexane, and Ag+ inhibited lipolytic activity. Oil stains were removed from cotton fabric which showed oil removal efficiency enhancement in the presence of a lipase. Fat hydrolysis of 20, 24, and 30% was achieved following 6 hours of incubation of the fat particles with lipase A, B, and C respectively at a concentration of 20 mg mL-1. To as best of our knowledge, this study on lipases extracted from bacteria of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan origin has never been reported before.

In this study, successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO nanocomposite through an eco-friendly method using Corriandrum sativum leaf extract as a capping agent is reported. Using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, and SEM techniques, the synthesized materials were characterized for structural analysis, functional groups identification, spectroscopic measurements, and morphological analysis. The percentage composition and purity of the samples were determined by using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), which showed the synthesis of materials. Morphological analysis was done by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which reflected that the CuO NPs, ZnO NPs and ZnO/CuO nanocomposite were spherical, and the average size calculated by using Image J software was around 25 nm, 55 nm, and 11 nm, respectively. FTIR and UV-Vis analyses were used for synthetic confirmation through characteristic peaks of materials. The synthesized (ZnO, CuO, and CuO/ZnO) nanomaterials were evaluated for photocatalytic activity using methylene blue (MB) dye. Among all three photocatalysts, the composite showed maximum photodegradation compared to the other two materials. The present work could lead to a pathway for the decontamination of harmful dyes of wastewater released from different industries.

We present a study concerning the thermospheric O/N2 variations for the period 2002 to 2020, using the measurements of global ultraviolet imager (GUVI) onboard TIMED satellite. In this regard, monthly averaged O/N2 was computed—using the five quietest days of the month—at low- and mid-latitudes. To find the longitudinal dependence of thermospheric variations, the analysis is further extended to different longitudinal sectors, namely Asia, Africa, and America. We found that the latitudinal and longitudinal O/N2 variations follow the solar activity. These variations, during a high solar activity in northern winter, are found to be always much greater than southern winter and northern summer. The latitudinal and longitudinal variations of O/N2 at low- and mid-latitudes in December solstice are observed to be higher than June solstice counterparts in the northern hemisphere. We also computed the amplitudes of annual and semiannual variations using the bandpass filters. The former variations of O/N2 for low-latitudes do not follow the solar activity in the southern hemisphere. Moreover, these variations are stronger for mid-latitudes as compared with low-latitude regions. Similarly, the annual variations in Asian and African sectors of southern hemisphere do not follow the solar cycle (SC) trends. In the northern hemisphere, the variations are stronger during a solar maximum than in the southern counterpart. The observed semiannual variations are in-phase for both hemispheres; moreover, the corresponding amplitude remains almost the same at low- and mid-latitudes, while the semiannual variations for low-latitudes, and corresponding longitudinal regions, are stronger during a high solar activity. These variations, for mid-latitudes, in African, northern Asian, and southern American sectors do not follow the SC activity.

In this work, we report the engineering of sub 30 nm nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) and their nanocomposite, using a green method, to degrade an organic dye (methyl orange) that is responsible for water pollution. The plant extract of Eucalyptus globulus was used as a capping and stabilizing agent, as it is non-toxic, easy to use, and affordable. The percent purity and composition of the samples were found using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), which confirmed the formation of 75% CuO nanoparticles, 77.81% ZnO nanoparticles, and 77.34% ZnO/CuO nanocomposite in respective samples. Morphological analysis was achieved using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR investigations revealed that the vibrations of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles and CuO/ZnO nanocomposite were observed at 568 cm−1, 617.9 cm−1, and 475 cm−1, respectively. The bandgap of the synthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles, and ZnO/CuO nanocomposite was analyzed using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), and found to be 3.36 eV, 1.83 eV, and 1.48 eV, respectively. Best photocatalytic activity confirmed that favorable conditions for the maximum degradation of methyl orange are at pH 12 and 0.02 g of the photocatalyst is required.

Enhanced bandwidth issues for 5G system are fruitfully resolved by organizing free space optics (FSO) communication frameworks. The high bandwidth, the maximum number of channel transmission requirements, and high data rate have been boosted during the last years because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The online services and digital applications have increased pressure on installed optical network models. In addition, the optical networks with high capacity transmission produce nonlinear distortions, which degrade system efficiency. This paper presents a mixed FSO and fiber network to tackle the factors of nonlinearities and enrich the system capacity and range. Furthermore, the issues related to radio frequency, FSO pointing, and co-channel interference are considered in this work. The theoretical and simulation structures are validated using advanced measuring parameters, such as bit error rate (BER), peak to average power ratio (PAPR), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and outage probability. The nonlinear factors are addressed successfully, and the capacity is developed from current models. Finally, the proposed model’s limitations and future direction are discussed in this paper.

Data caching has emerged as a promising technique to handle growing data traffic and backhaul congestion of wireless networks. However, there is a concern regarding how and where to place contents to optimize data access by the users. Data caching can be exploited close to users by deploying cache entities at Small Base Stations (SBSs). In this approach, SBSs cache contents through the core network during off-peak traffic hours. Then, SBSs provide cached contents to content-demanding users during peak traffic hours with low latency. In this paper, we exploit the potential of data caching at the SBS level to minimize data access delay. We propose an intelligence-based data caching mechanism inspired by an artificial intelligence approach known as Reinforcement Learning (RL). Our proposed RL-based data caching mechanism is adaptive to dynamic learning and tracks network states to capture users’ diverse and varying data demands. Our proposed approach optimizes data caching at the SBS level by observing users’ data demands and locations to efficiently utilize the limited cache resources of SBS. Extensive simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of proposed caching mechanism based on various factors such as caching capacity, data library size, etc. The obtained results demonstrate that our proposed caching mechanism achieves 4% performance gain in terms of delay vs. contents, 3.5% performance gain in terms of delay vs. users, 2.6% performance gain in terms of delay vs. cache capacity, 18% performance gain in terms of percentage traffic offloading vs. popularity skewness (γ), and 6% performance gain in terms of backhaul saving vs. cache capacity.

The nanocomposites of ZnO/NiO loaded Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) were successfully fabricated using co-precipitation method. The synthesized photocatalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the determination of crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition and optical properties respectively. The photocatalytic activity of as prepared photocatalyst was determined by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange (an azo dye) under ultra-violet (280 nm) and visible (480 nm) irradiation. The Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) exhibits absorbance tail around 400 nm, in the near UV region. SEM analysis shows the homogenous dispersion of ZnO and NiO on the surface of MWNTs. The efficiency for Photodegradation of ZnO coated MWNTs is shown to be greater than the efficiency of pristine ZnO. When NiO was loaded on the surface of MWNTs having ZnO coated layer, the activity was further enhanced and reached maximum for 3% NiO loading. The degradation in visible region is believed to be proceeding through self-sensitized degradation of pre-adsorbed dye. A different behavior for degradation was observed for ZnO coated MWNTs and ZnO/NiO coated MWNTs, which suggests that complete mineralization of azo dyes can be achieved in a self-sensitized degradation process after employing ZnO/NiO coated MWNTs. Keywords: ZnO/NiO coated MWNTs, Co-precipitation method, Photocatalyst, Dyes degradation

The production of new multi-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-allyl acetic acid) [P(NIPAM-AAA)] copolymer microgel by free radical emulsion polymerization is reported. Inside this copolymer microgel CuO nanoparticles were generated by in situ reduction of copper nitrate followed by the air oxidation process, their fabrication is confirmed by powdered X-ray diffraction analysis and the average size of CuO NPs was found to be 24 nm having monoclinic shapes. By using dynamic laser light scattering the swelling & de-swelling behaviour of the pure microgel was examined at different temperature and pH values. The copolymer microgel becomes unstable at low pH as well as at high temperature values respectively. UV–visible spectra show a red shift in surface plasmon resonance λSPR of CuO nanoparticles. The catalytic property of hybrid microgel was inspected by observing the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol in the presence of excess NaBH4 with various concentrations of catalyst at room temperature. The hybrid microgels also have good anti-bacterial activity against both Gram-positive (C. albicans) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. Keywords: Polymerization, NIPAM-AAA microgel, CuO NPs, Catalytic activity

Background: Contaminated food is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality. One of the risk factors of food contamination is poor personal hygiene of the food handler. The objective of the study was to assess the positive knowledge and practice regarding personal hygiene of domestic food handlers. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan from 1st Sep 2014 to 30th Dec 2014. A total of 100 respondents were chosen by purposive sampling technique. Data collecting tool was questionnaire. Our socio-demographic variables were age, education, income, residence and language. Our research variable was positive knowledge and practice, having attributes of hygiene of hands, personal attire, health of food handler and habits of respondents. SPSS version 20 was used for descriptive statistics. Data being categorical was expressed in frequency and percentages. Results: All the 100 respondents answered all the questions, so there was no missing data. The frequency of young age group was 46(46%), middle age 44(44%) & old age 10(10%). The frequency of literates was 76(76%) and illiterate 24(24%). The frequency of urban population was 82(82%)and rural 18(18%). Saraiki speaking were 65(65%), pushto speaking were 20(20%) and urdu speaking were 15(15%). Respondents of middle income status were 62(62%), 20(20%) were of low income status and 18(18%) were of high income status. The overall score of positive knowledge and practice about personal hygiene was 71% & 54.5% respectively. Conclusion: There is a gap between knowledge and practice of the female domestic food handlers.

Background: Pancytopenia is a common problem in clinical and haematological practice in pediatrics. A vast majority of diseases may present with pancytopenia. The clinical manifestations are usually attributable to anemia, leucopenia or thrombocytopenia, which may manifest clinically as pallor, infections or bleeding problems respectively. It is very important to know the common causes of pancytopenia in children, as some of them are completely curable while others can be treated to reduce morbidity and to prolong survival. Material & Methods: This was discripative cross-sectional study, conducted in Department of Pediatric, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A total of 168 patients presented with new onset pancytopenia on peripheral blood smear were included in the study. Results: There were 102(60.71%) males and 66(39.29%) females. Male to female ratio was 1.60:1. Average age of the patients was 7.46 years ±3.8SD with range 2 months - 15 years. The aplastic anemia was found in 57(33.93%) patients. Conclusion: Pancytopenia is more common in males than females. Aplastic anemia is a common finding of pancytopenia in this part of world in the specific age group.

Background: Homicide is defined as killing of one human being by another human being. The various patterns of homicidal deaths include assault by sharp weapon, blunt weapon, firearm, strangulation, homicidal hanging, smothering, drowning, burns, poisoning etc. Killing of an individual is the highest level of aggression found in all the cultures. Therefore, the present study was conducted to find out the pattern of causes of death in homicidal cases on autopsy in Pakistan. Material & Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted from January, 2010 to March, 2014. Autopsies of 2025 dead bodies were conducted in homicidal cases and included in this study. The data was collected on written proforma from the records of Forensic medicine Department BMC Bannu, Alama Iqbal Memorial Hospital Sialkot, Banzeer District Hospital Rawalpindi and Banzeer District Hospital Abbottabad with permission of the authorities. Cases of deceased where cause of death was determined either by external and internal examination or by histological examination / chemical analysis of viscerae were included in this study. Partially decomposed, advancedly decomposed or skeletonized bodies, with no internal or external injuries sufficient to cause death and histological and toxicological reports failing to reveal any abnormal findings, were also included in the study. Different variables of bodies e.g., sex and age were analyzed using statistical package for social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. Results: There were 15.89 % (325 cases) of homicidal autopsies conducted at Bannu district, 31.76 % (670 cases) of homicidal autopsies conducted at district Rawalpindi, 22.02 % (450 cases) of homicidal autopsies conducted at district Sialkot and 30.33 % (600 cases) of homicidal autopsies conducted at district Abbottabad as shown in Table No 1.The victims of homicide at autopsy were maximum 31 % (750 cases) at the age range of 31 – 40 years as compared to age above 60 years 5.15 % (130 cases) which was minimum in this study as shown in Table No 2. The female victims of homicide were 32.76 % (670 cases) and male victims of homicide on autopsy were 67.24 % (1375 cases) as shown in Table No 3. It was seen in this study that in 60.14 % (1230 cases) the cause was fire arm injury, bomb blast in 2.54 % (53 cases), target killing in 2.94 % (60 cases), blunt weapon injury in 17.94 % (367 cases), asphyxia in 1.72 % (35 cases), sharp weapon injury 1.96 % (40 cases), drowning in 1.72 % (35 cases), electrocution in 1.28 % (26 cases), poisoning in 1.37 % (28 cases), burning in 3.61 % (74 cases) and undetermined cause in 4.74 % (97 cases) as shown in Table No 4. Conclusion: Homicidal deaths, mostly due to fire arms have increased substantially in the last decade. Strict measures should be taken to monitor and control the possession of illegal fire arms. Law and order need to be improved in the country. Key Words: Autopsy, cause of death, Homicide, Decomposed or Skeltonized body and corpse.

Studies on fatal firearm injuries have been published in various countries. However, their pattern and incidence in various regions of Pakistan has largely gone unreported. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess age, gender and location of injuries on the body by firearm weapons. Study Design: This was a descriptive study. Place & duration of study: The study was performed on data collected from mortuary at DHQ TeachingHospitalDera Ismail Khan KPK during 1 Jan 2013 to 31 Dec 2013. Method: 76 cases of firearm homicidal deaths were brought by police for autopsy examination at DHQ Teaching Hospital Dera Ismail Khan. These cases included both sexes of all age groups. Manner of death was decided on the basis of police inquest & autopsy report. The relevant Data was collected using pre tested questionnaire byinformation from the police record along withpostmortem examination of the victims and was statistically analyzed. Results: Firearm homicidal deaths predominantly occurred in young males residing in a rural locality. The peak incidence was between20-30 years in males and in females the age group most prone was 31-40 years. Male to female ratio was 6:1. The Head neck face (34.2%) followed by the multiple regions, chest and abdomen were the areas primarily targeted. Conclusion: Thehomicidal firearm injuries were most commonly foundinadult males of young age group.Head neck facemost frequently sustained injuriesas compared to other parts of the body. Key Words: Firearm injury; gunshot wounds; trauma incidence; trauma care, Autopsy

Background: Homicide means killing of a human being by the conduct of another human being. In the present study we assessed the pattern of homicide in Mirpur district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan. Material & Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at the District Headquarter Hospital, Mirpur, Kashmir from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2011. All medico-legal autopsies and corresponding police inquests were included and information entered in performas. Different variables like sex, age, type of weapon used, site of injury, place of occurrence and mode of death were recorded. Results: A total of 88 medico-legal autopsies were conducted during the study period. Out of these 80 cases were declared homicidal deaths. Most of these, 36.25% were of young age group i.e. 20-30 years followed by 10-20 years age group (16.25%). Firearms were the most frequently used and chest area was the commonest site of injury. Conclusion: Homicide rate in Mirpur district of Kashmir is 8 per 100,000 of population. Males are affected more as compared to females. Mostly young people between 20 and 30 years of age are the victims. Homicidal deaths are mostly by firearm weapons and chest is the most common site of injury.

Background: Homicide is defined as killing of a human being by the conduct of another human being.This study was conducted to determine the pattern of homicide in district Haripur. Methods: All medico-legal autopsy reports conducted in DHQ Hospital Haripur, by Department of Forensic Medicine, Abbottabad International Medical College, Abbottabad, from 1st January, 2009 to 31st December, 2010 and police inquest reports of the respective cases were studied. Results: A total of 196 cases of medico-legal autopsies were studied, out of which 148 were declared as homicidal deaths. The most common weapons used for homicide were firearm weapons.The most affected age group was 21 to 30 years followed by 11 to 20 years and 31 to 40 years. Male to Female ratio was 2.4:1. The causes of death were damage to vital organs, hemorrhage and shock. Conclusion: The cases of homicide in district Haripur are mostly by firearm weapons. Male are affected more than females. The most common age group affected is 21 to 30 years.

Background: This study was aimed to determine the levels and ratios of serum LH and Testosterone, among men with history of infertility, having varying sperm counts. Material & Methods: Two hundred fifty married men, presenting with a complaint of infertility, who had been initially evaluated for their seminal profile, and had been classified into four (04) groups, as azoospermic (50), oligozoospermic (75), asthenozoospermic (50) and normozoospermic (75) were studied for the analysis of serum LH and Testosterone levels using Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA), along with 50 proven fathers as a control group. The data was compared using student’s ‘t’ test. Results: LH indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration, while decreased Testosterone levels were associated with depleted sperm concentration. The mean levels of LH (mIU/ml) and Testosterone (nmol/L) for the groups were 13.85±2.33 and 11.86+0.70 (Azoospermia), 10.92±3.79 and 11.88+1.06 (Oligozoospermia), 3.92±1.17 and 16.24+2.05 (Asthenozoospermia), while the levels in normozoospermic men were 7.24±1.02 and 17.29+1.02, respectively. Similarly, the LH/T and T/LH ratios were 1.17(+/-0.28) and 0.86(+/-2.70) respectively in azoospermia, 0.92(+/-0.28)and 1.08(+/-0.17) in oligozoospermia, 0.30(+/-0.10)and 4.14(+/-10.4) in asthenozoospermia 0.42(+/-0.08) and 2.34(+/-0.48) in normozoospermic men. The proven fathers group had 7.74+0.71 mIU/ml LH and 15.88+ 1.15 nmol/ml testosterone, while the ratio of LH/T and T/LH was 0.49+ 0.28 and 2.05+ 0.33, respectively. Conclusion: The present data indicates that not only the disturbance in LH and Testosterone levels, but also disturbance in their ratios causes infertility, since these hormones act together by maintaining delicate feedback control system.

Background: Bombs are explosive devices used for homicidal purposes. The present study was conducted to know about the death and injuries due to bomb blasts in Dera Ismail Khan. Material & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted from January 2007 to December 2008. The data was collected from autopsy and medico-legal records of all dead and injured persons at DHQ Teaching Hospital and Department of Forensic Medicine Gomal Medical College, D. I. Khan. Results: Three hundred & forty-one un-natural deaths were reported and subjected to autopsy examination during the study period. Homicidal deaths constituted 256 (75%) of all autopsies. Out of homicidal deaths 82 (32.96%) were caused by blast injuries. Similarly 2153 injured persons were examined and recorded in the medico-legal register. Out of whom 253 (11.75%) were due to bomb blasts. In death cases, 461 injuries were found in various body regions giving an average of 5.62 injuries per person, and in injured person the number of injuries was 659, with average of 2.6 injuries per person. Lower extremities sustained the highest number of injuries both in dead and injured ones, followed by the head & neck injuries in dead and upper extremity injuries in the injured ones. Conclusion: Death due to bomb blasts are the second major cause of homicidal deaths after firearm in Dera Ismail Khan. Lower extremity injuries are the commonest in both dead and injured persons, followed by the head & neck injuries in dead and upper extremity injuries in the injured ones.