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Basically, augmented reality (AR) technology grants innovative ways so as to manipulate and visualize a three-dimensional (3D) model of an object through superimposing computer-generated images onto another object interactively. Being able to interact in real-time with digital and spatial information offers further chances in order to manipulate medical data efficiently and easily. In fact, surgeons encounter multiple challenges handling digital patient data during surgical interventions. Multiple techniques are invested in order to visualize the operative areas, as for example fluoroscopy and ultrasound methods. The latter display certain deficiencies. Therefore, the AR technique can stand for a good candidate in order to project a 3D model of a target organ into the surgeon's perspective and view field so as to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the medical intervention intraoperatively. The basic target of this paper is to simulate a generated biomechanical model of the liver organ and visualize its deformations through the use of an AR headset during the open surgery. The proposed approach is validated by the use of acquired CT scans of a human liver organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Renal infarct is rare and often misdiagnosed because the symptoms are misleading. The mechanisms are various, mainly thrombotic and embolic. Case presentation In this review, we report the case of a 61-year-old Tunisian woman presented to the emergency unit with a 4-hour history of abdominal pain diffused at both flanks, ultrasounds was performed to remove a surgical emergency, showed a peri-renal fluid collection with heterogeneous parenchyma. We followed by a CT scan, which confirmed the diagnosis of renal infarct. The patient was treated by heparin at a curative dose, and the outcome was favorable. Conclusion Diagnosis is difficult and should be considered in patients with inexplicable flank or abdominal pain and with risk factors to this disease. Our purpose is to raise clinician’s awareness for this condition so that they will be more likely to diagnose it. This will facilitate prompt diagnosis and treatment. A review of the literature was performed and the case is discussed in the context of the current knowledge of this condition.

Inguinal hernia is frequent and reaches up to 8% of the population. It was reported that over 20 million inguinal hernia repairs are performed annually. The bladder may herniate in 1%–3% of the cases through the inguinal canal that can be responsible for various symptoms. The most specific is the classic "two-stage micturition." However, the diagnosis usually remains unspecific, and a surgeon can fall in the trap of a "simple" inguinal hernia and cause accidental damages to an undiagnosed bladder hernia. Therefore, a clear diagnosis must be assessed based on clinical and radiological findings to avoid complications. In these two presented cases, the patients presented cystolithiasis complicating the bladder herniation. One of the patients also developed a bladder tumor which appeared to be urothelial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La fistule artério-urétérale (FAU), qui survient immédiatement après une cystectomie, est une complication exceptionnelle et grave. De nos jours, seulement quelques cas sporadiques ont été signalés dans la littérature. Elle se manifeste presque exclusivement par une hématurie brutale, massive et intermittente pouvant être à l'origine d'une instabilité hémodynamique menaçant le pronostic vital du patient à court terme. Son diagnostic doit être fait sans retard. Les explorations radiologiques restent peu spécifiques et peu sensibles et se basent essentiellement sur l'artériographie. Le traitement est non codifié selon l'état général du patient et surtout de la nature de la fistule. Nous décrivons un cas de FAU faisant suite à une pelvectomie antérieure et nous discuterons à l'aide d'une revue de la littérature les aspects diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques de cette complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors report the third published case of hydatid disease of the spermatic cord and describe its unusual presentation in the form of hydrocele. Hydatid disease is endemic to some countries, where it constitutes a real public health problem. It can affect all organs of the body. However, primary involvement of the spermatic cord is exceptional. Implantation of the hydatid larva is essentially haematogenous. The positive diagnosis is based on ultrasound. Eosinophilia is neither constant nor specific and only contributes to the diagnosis when it is positive. However positive hydatid serology has a diagnostic and prognostic value. Resection of the roof of the cyst is the treatment of choice.

Formerly considered to be a salvage or last resort technique before nephrectomy, ureterocalicostomy can be indicated in certain well defined situations, when strictly dependent drainage of urine is essential. Due to its particular indications, this procedure is rarely performed and operators have limited experience. The authors report 17 cases of ureterocalicostomy performed in 16 patients: 8 cases obtained an excellent long-term result with absence of clinical signs, urinary tract infection and proximal dilatation of the neo-junction. 4 cases obtained a good result with resolution of clinical symptoms and bacteriological signs and improvement of the dilatation on intravenous urography. 3 cases obtained a poor result with persistence of clinical symptoms and dilatation on intravenous urography. 2 nephrectomies were subsequently performed 4 years and 10 years after ureterocalicostomy for non-functioning kidney and for chronic pyelonephritis.

Metastatic spread of advanced transitional cell bladder carcinoma rarely involves the skin. However, the presence of a skin metastasis indicates at least microscopic dissemination of cancer cells to the liver or lung, corresponding to a poor prognosis. The authors report a new case of single skin metastasis during the course of a poorly differentiated stage pT3a N0 M0 transitional cell bladder carcinoma. The patient died 5 months after the appearance of the skin metastasis.

Penoscrotal elephantiasis is a rare disease outside of filariasis endemic regions. The authors report a case of primary penoscrotal elephantiasis treated by complete surgical resection of the pathological tissue and penoscrotal reconstruction, with a good functional and cosmetic result. The complementary investigations indicated and the various treatment options are analysed in the light of a review of the literature.

Renal oncocytoma is a rare, benign tumour, which is rarely diagnosed preoperatively. The authors report 5 cases of renal oncocytoma operated over a 10-year period. Based on a review of the literature, the various complementary investigations allowing a preoperative diagnosis and the indications for conservative surgery are discussed and analysed.