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The majority of injuries and deaths are caused by a vehicle accident in the front structure. This research endeavours to systematically refine bumper beam structures through an amalgamation of computational simulations, advanced material selection, and experimental validations. A multifaceted approach is employed, encompassing finite element analysis (FEA) techniques to model and predict crash responses, coupled with iterative design iterations to optimize energy absorption and deformation characteristics. The study delves into the synergistic effects of material properties, geometric parameters, and structural arrangements on crash performance. The results underscore the intricate interplay between structural rigidity, energy absorption, and occupant safety. This work entails designing a car bumper beam in the W section that could withstand a low-impact collision with a new energy absorbing material. The optimized designs exhibit superior crashworthiness metrics, highlighting the potential to significantly mitigate collision-induced forces. This study underscores the imperative for continuous exploration and innovation in bumper beam design to elevate vehicular safety standards and ultimately reduce the human and economic toll of road accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of injuries and deaths are caused by a vehicle accident in the front structure. This research endeavours to systematically refine bumper beam structures through an amalgamation of computational simulations, advanced material selection, and experimental validations. A multifaceted approach is employed, encompassing finite element analysis (FEA) techniques to model and predict crash responses, coupled with iterative design iterations to optimize energy absorption and deformation characteristics. The study delves into the synergistic effects of material properties, geometric parameters, and structural arrangements on crash performance. The results underscore the intricate interplay between structural rigidity, energy absorption, and occupant safety. This work entails designing a car bumper beam in the W section that could withstand a low-impact collision with a new energy absorbing material. The optimized designs exhibit superior crashworthiness metrics, highlighting the potential to significantly mitigate collision-induced forces. This study underscores the imperative for continuous exploration and innovation in bumper beam design to elevate vehicular safety standards and ultimately reduce the human and economic toll of road accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of injuries and deaths are caused by a vehicle accident in the front structure. This research endeavours to systematically refine bumper beam structures through an amalgamation of computational simulations, advanced material selection, and experimental validations. A multifaceted approach is employed, encompassing finite element analysis (FEA) techniques to model and predict crash responses, coupled with iterative design iterations to optimize energy absorption and deformation characteristics. The study delves into the synergistic effects of material properties, geometric parameters, and structural arrangements on crash performance. The results underscore the intricate interplay between structural rigidity, energy absorption, and occupant safety. This work entails designing a car bumper beam in the W section that could withstand a low-impact collision with a new energy absorbing material. The optimized designs exhibit superior crashworthiness metrics, highlighting the potential to significantly mitigate collision-induced forces. This study underscores the imperative for continuous exploration and innovation in bumper beam design to elevate vehicular safety standards and ultimately reduce the human and economic toll of road accident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of energy produced in an internal combustion (IC) engine plays a key role in improving engine performance. Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) is one of the effective engine modification methods to utilize the energy effectively in an IC engine. The alternative fuels with very poor fuel properties can be fuelled successfully in a TBC mode. In this study, an investigation was carried out in a TBC, single-cylinder, diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil-diesel blend. In the first phase, the waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) is fuelled in the standard engine for the performance, combustion and emission characteristics. In the second phase, the WCOME blend with diesel to an appropriate percentage of 20% by volume (WCOMEB20) and tested in the standard engine for the characteristics. In the third phase, the standard engine is converted to TBC mode. The engine combustion chamber components such as piston crown, cylinder head, inlet and exhaust valve were coated with bond coat nickel, chromium, aluminium alloy (NiCrAl) thickness 100 microns and ceramic coat of 8% yttria stabilized zirconia (8%YSZ) with a thickness of 200 microns. In the fourth phase, the WCOMEB20 was fuelled in the TBC mode for the characteristics and finally, the results were compared. From the experimental result, it was come known that WCOMEB20 showed betterment in the fuel properties such as viscosity, density, and cetane index compare with the neat WCOME. The substantial improvement in the performance and exhaust emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), and smoke opacity with WCOMEB20 compared with neat WCOME. Furthermore, the TBC mode fuelled with WCOMEB20 experienced a supreme enhancement in the performance, combustion and emission except nitric oxide (NO). This improvement was due to the betterment in the fuel properties with WCOMEB20 and high in-cylinder temperature with TBC which enhanced the combustion and reduce the unburnt charges present inside the combustion chamber. From the above finding, it was concluded that WCOMEB20 fuelled with TBC mode was an effective fuel and engine modification technique to improve the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion are the major concerns in the present situation. Researchers have tried various biofuels for compression ignition (CI) engine in order to overcome these problems. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was found to be suitable alternate fuel for CI engine because of their huge availability, economically cheaper and renewable capability. However, WCO has poor fuel properties which led to inferior combustion in CI engine. Due to inferior combustion, engine performance was poor, engine exhaust emissions were higher. In this experimental work, different techniques were adopted to improve the performance of CI engine using WCO, as the base fuel. WCO was collected in bulk from a restaurant and used for the entire research work. A single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, water cooled CI engine was used for this research work. In the first phase of work, experiments were conducted using diesel, WCO as fuel and kept as baseline data. WCO was converted into waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) through transesterification process and conducted experiments using WCOB in the second phase of this work. In the third phase of the work, copper oxide nanofluids were prepared by wet chemical method in four mass concentrations, blended with WCOB and experiments were conducted. Finally, all the experimental outputs from various techniques were compared and analysed. It was observed that WCO produced lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher exhaust emissions than diesel. In the second phase, BTE was improved while using WCOB as compared to WCO. HC, CO emissions and smoke opacity were reduced. But nitric oxide (NOx) emission was found to be increased as compared to WCO. It was noted that BTE was improved further while using copper oxide nanofluids blended with WCOB. Emissions and smoke were drastically reduced as compared to WCOB and WCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to describe and analyse a mechanical device designed to enhance the safety of the automobile. The topic is mainly focused on analysing how to absorb kinetic energy during a collision with an obstacle. Though the vehicle has a crumple zone there should be an impact attenuator to improve the crashworthiness, the survey says that 60% of accidents happen in the frontal crumple zone, this paper analyses opportunities to convert automobile's kinetic energy into another type of energy in the case of collision. The energy-absorbing device described in the present article incorporates the hydraulic, pneumatic and mechanical mechanisms. For this purpose, various mechanical, hydraulic dampers are normally used. Such components are designed to absorb the impact energy and reduce or eliminate its impact on the driver, the passengers in the motor vehicle and are typically referred to as additional elements of safety to the passenger. The position for the hydro-mechanical device is fixed in the crumple zone, the design is implemented into the crash analysis software after various dynamic calculations and the crashworthiness is calculated and by the result the alteration is made and the impact drop test is performed on the system. The main aim of this project is to improve the crashworthiness of the crumple zone in the passenger vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents detailed experimental research performed on a coil spring that uses the passive mode suspension operation with different road profiles. A quarter car model comprised of two degrees of freedom was developed for ride comfort assessment. The quarter car test rig model for a single independent front suspension that embodies sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension system and the tire was used. The damping factor is calculated at different road profiles and operating frequencies. An excitation of sinusoidal road profiles with constant amplitude is enforced via an electric motor representing the road profiles. The experimental results of the sprung mass and unsprung mass displacements due to road excitation are measured, recorded and processed. In this study, the sprung mass responses were received for the generated road profiles in contracted and stretched modes of the static compression coil enabling the researchers to select a suitable controller design and innovative materials for the passive, active vehicle suspension systems based on the feedback of the displacement sensors in future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levitation generally refers to the force that resists gravitational force in any particular direction. This article postulates an experimental setup that is used to describe the application of hydrostatic force for developing a new mode of hovering-based levitation system. This research work explores how a new hovering process can be created with the help of a water vehicle attached to the air vessels. With this hovering process, it is likely to test that the lateral force of the water acts on the bottom of the boat vehicle and creates a new levitation system. By minimizing the resistance forces such as rolling, aerodynamic and skin friction resistances, it is possible to ensure that new modes of transportation systems such as Maglev and Hyperloop were introduced. The relationship between the amount of water in the open rectangular channel, the draft value of the boat vehicle, the volume of air vessels attached and the payload is estimated. In both boat vehicle models with and without air vessels, changes in buoyancy, changes in draft value and changes in the momentum of the water beneath the vessel are experimentally tested and compared. This comparative study confirms the formation of levitation on a boat vehicle to which air vessels are attached. Thus, with a boat model attached to the open-bottomed air vessels, the hovering process is tested and demonstrated how much the levitating force developed at static conditions. In the future, this method can be used as a low-cost levitation method in the transportation sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the performance of the compound casting, the corrosion-wear behaviour of a Zinc Silicate coating on the surface of IS 2062 Grade B Carbon Steel using high velocity oxygen fuel spraying is assessed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Zinc Silicate coating, as well as its thickness, were investigated. . Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), surface roughness, and co-efficient of friction were used to investigate the coating's corrosion behaviour. From the perspectives of powder qualities and process parameters, the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings was explored. When compared to uncoated materials, experimental results revealed that the microstructure of the coating was noticeable, and the wear properties are also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the performance of the compound casting, the corrosion-wear behaviour of a Zinc Silicate coating on the surface of IS 2062 Grade B Carbon Steel using high velocity oxygen fuel spraying is assessed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Zinc Silicate coating, as well as its thickness, were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), surface roughness, and co-efficient of friction were used to investigate the coating's corrosion behaviour. From the perspectives of powder qualities and process parameters, the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings was explored. When compared to uncoated materials, experimental results revealed that the microstructure of the coating was noticeable, and the wear properties are also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the performance of the compound casting, the corrosion-wear behaviour of a Zinc Silicate coating on the surface of IS 2062 Grade B Carbon Steel using high velocity oxygen fuel spraying is assessed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Zinc Silicate coating, as well as its thickness, were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), surface roughness, and co-efficient of friction were used to investigate the coating's corrosion behaviour. From the perspectives of powder qualities and process parameters, the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings was explored. When compared to uncoated materials, experimental results revealed that the microstructure of the coating was noticeable, and the wear properties are also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at studying the effect of hydrogen induction on engine performance, emission and combustion behaviour of a diesel engine fuelled with the emulsion of used palm oil (called as WCO-waste cooking oil) as pilot fuel and hydrogen as primary fuel. A single cylinder water-cooled direct injection diesel engine was tested at 100% and 40% loads. Results were compared with neat diesel, neat WCO and WCO emulsion at both loads in single fuel operation. WCO emulsion in single fuel mode indicated improvement in performance and reduction in all emissions as compared to neat WCO. Dual fuel operation with hydrogen induction further reduced the emissions of smoke HC and CO with WCO as pilot fuel at all power outputs. However, hydrogen induction resulted in reduced thermal efficiency at 40% load. WCO emulsion showed higher ignition delay as compared to neat WCO. Dual fuel operation with hydrogen induction increased the ignition delay further. Heat release pattern showed higher premixed combustion rate with hydrogen induction mainly at high power outputs. Premixed combustion rate became very high at higher rates of hydrogen admission mainly at high power output. In general, hydrogen induction showed superior performance at high power output and inferior performance at low power output with WCO emulsion as injected fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the event of an accident, in today's vehicle belt and airbag systems and steering columns absorb the kinetic energy of occupants in front crashes. Most steering columns are equipped with a deformation device, which provides additional forward displacement of the steering wheel when being impacted dynamically by the occupant. As these features perform on predefined force levels, they deform less when loaded with lower energy, e.g. when impacted by a smaller occupant. So especially for occupants of lower kinetic energy the maximum available forward displacement is not provided, so they will be decelerated on a higher g-levels than needed. This study investigates for different dummies how the force level of the steering column must be designed to keep the standard injury criteria as low as possible. The aim is to make a statement about the required optimized force levels of the steering column in order to examine technical feasibility in subsequent studies. To carry out these investigations, a parameter study is carried out in Siemens Madymo and the results obtained are interpreted. Subsequently, the limitations of this study are pointed out and further improvements are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, one of the key emphases in electric car research has been batteries. Long-established battery technologies, such as lead-acid batteries, are necessary, but they must be upgraded. Lithium-ion batteries, for example, are a new technology that has lately entered the market. The introduction of hybrids, plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles has broadened the range of automobiles available. The energy density, charging and discharging properties, system integration and cost of battery technologies can all be used to classify them. Calendar life, cycle life, performance and safety at low and high temperatures are all important performance characteristics. In this study, a detailed comprehensive review has been done related to the development in battery technology for future mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research work was performed on adaptive steering columns that can be integrated in passenger cars and could minimize injuries to the occupants in frontal car crashes. Steering columns are typically equipped with a deformation device, which allows limited forward displacement of the steering wheel when being impacted dynamically by the occupant. As these features perform on pre-described force levels, they deform less when loaded with lower energy, so e.g. when impacted by a smaller occupant. So especially for small occupants the maximum available forward displacement is not used, these passengers will be decelerated on a higher g-level than needed. A component simulation model with a standard restraint system was set up using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna to investigate kinematics and injury pattern for all available dummy sizes (5-50-95%ile). For the steering column, a damping device was developed allowing adaptive force levels with help of magneto-rheological fluids. This advanced safety feature could improve safety for a wide range of occupants in passenger cars and will help to minimize or even prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The caprellid fauna of India is investigated. A total of 538 samples (including algae, seagrasses, sponges, hydroids, ascidians, bryozoans, encrusted dead corals, coral rubble, fine and coarse sediments) were collected from 39 stations along the coast of India, covering a wide diversity of habitats from intertidal to 12 m water depth. A new species ( Jigurru longimanus n.sp.) is described, and figures of the 11 valid species reported so far from India are given together with a key for their identification. No caprellids were found in sediments from the northeast (16-20ºN) coast of India while they were abundant in the southeast and west coast. Decreases in salinity due to river discharges associated with lower values of oxygen, higher water temperatures and lower nutrient inputs along the east coast could explain these differences in caprellid composition between the two coastlines. Significantly, lower abundance of caprellids in India, as in other tropical ecosystems, is probably related to the lack of species belonging to the genus Caprella, which reach very high abundances in temperate waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computing engine, the Protein Structure Analysis Package ( PSAP), has been developed to calculate and display various hidden structural and functional features of three-dimensional protein structures. The proposed computing engine has several utilities to enable structural biologists to analyze three-dimensional protein molecules and provides an easy-to-use Web interface to compute and visualize the necessary features dynamically on the client machine. Users need to provide the Protein Data Bank (PDB) identification code or upload three-dimensional atomic coordinates from the client machine. For visualization, the free molecular graphics programs RasMol and Jmol are deployed in the computing engine. Furthermore, the computing engine is interfaced with an up-to-date local copy of the PDB. The atomic coordinates are updated every week and hence users can access all the structures available in the PDB. The computing engine is free and is accessible online at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]