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Recently, Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) ultraviolet and visible spectrometer instrument on board the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) simultaneously measured the limb emission intensities for both [OI] 2972 and 5577 {\AA} (green) emissions in the dayside of Martian upper atmosphere. We aim to explore the photochemistry of all these forbidden atomic oxygen emissions ([OI] 2972, 5577, 6300, 6464 {\AA}) in the Martian daylight upper atmosphere and suitable conditions for the simultaneous detection of these emissions lines in the dayside visible spectra. A photochemical model is developed to study the production and loss processes of O(1S) and O(1D) by incorporating various chemical reactions of different O-bearing species in the upper atmosphere of Mars. By reducing Fox (2004) modelled neutral density profiles by a factor of 2, the calculated limb intensity profiles for [OI] 5577 and 2972 {\AA} emissions are found to be consistent with the NOMAD-TGO observations. In this case, at altitudes below 120 km, our modelled limb intensity for [OI] 6300 {\AA} emission is smaller by a factor 2 to 5 compared to that of NOMAD-TGO observation for [OI] 2972 {\AA} emission, and above this distance it is comparable with the upper limit of the observation. We studied various parameters which can influence the limb intensities of these atomic oxygen forbidden emission lines. Our calculated limb intensity for [OI] 6300 {\AA} emission, when the Mars is at near perihelion and for solar maximum condition, suggests that all these forbidden emissions should be observable in the NOMAD-TGO visible spectra taken on the dayside of Martian upper atmosphere. More simultaneous observations of forbidden atomic oxygen emission lines will help to understand the photochemical processes of oxygen-bearing species in the dayside Martian upper atmosphere., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

We have developed a model to calculate the emission intensities of various vibrational transitions of N$_2$ triplet band and Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH) band emissions in the dayglow of Pluto for solar minimum, moderate, and maximum conditions. The calculated overhead intensities of Vegard-Kaplan ($ A^3\Sigma_u^+ - X^1\Sigma^+_g $), First Positive ($ B^3\Pi_g - A^3\Sigma^+_u $), Second Positive ($ C^3\Pi_u - B^3\Pi_g $), Wu-Benesch ($W^3\Delta_u - B^3\Pi_g$), Reverse First Positive, and LBH ($a^1\Pi_g$-- $X^1\Sigma^+_g$) bands of N$_2$ are 17 (74), 14.8 (64), 2.4 (10.8), 2.9 (12.7), 2.9 (12.5), and 2.3 (10) R, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) condition. We have predicted the overhead and limb intensities of VK (150-190 nm) and LBH (120-190 nm) bands of N$_2$ on Pluto for the New Horizons (NH) flyby condition that can be observed by Alice: the ultraviolet imaging spectrograph also know as P-Alice. The predicted limb intensities of VK and LBH bands peak at radial distance of $ \sim$2000 km with the value of about 5 (13) and 9.5 (22) R for solar zenith angle 60$ ^\circ $ (0$ ^\circ $), respectively. We have also calculated overhead and limp intensities of few prominent transition of CO Fourth Positive bands for NH flyby condition., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Present study deals with the model calculations of CO Cameron band and CO2+ ultraviolet doublet emissions in the dayglow of Venus. The overhead and limb intensities of CO Cameron band and CO2+ UV doublet emissions are calculated for low, moderate, and high solar activity conditions. Using updated cross sections, the impact of dierent e-CO cross section for Cameron band production is estimated. The electron impact on CO is the major source mechanism of Cameron band, followed by electron and photon impact dissociation of CO2. The overhead intensities of CO Cameron band and CO2+ UV doublet emissions are about a factor of 2 higher in solar maximum than those in solar minimum condition. The effect of solar EUV flux models on the emission intensity is ~30-40% in solar minimum condition and ~2-10% in solar maximum condition. At the altitude of emission peak (135 km), the model predicted limb intensity of CO Cameron band and CO2+ UV doublet emissions in moderate (F10.7 = 130) solar activity condition is about 2400 and 300 kR, respectively, which is in agreement with the very recently published SPICAV/Venus Express observation. The model limb intensity profiles of CO Cameron band and CO2+ UV doublet are compared with SPICAV observation. We also calculated intensities of N2 Vegard-Kaplan UV bands and OI 2972 {\AA} emissions during moderate and high solar activity conditions., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures. In Journal of Geophysical Research, 2013

Recently the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph has revealed the presence of N2 Vegard-Kaplan band emissions in Titan's dayglow limb observation. We present model calculations for the production of various N2 triplet states in the upper atmosphere of Titan. The Analytical Yield Spectra technique is used to calculate steady state photoelectron fluxes in Titan's atmosphere, which are in agreement with those observed by the Cassini's CAPS instrument. Considering direct electron impact excitation, inter-state cascading, and quenching effects, the population of different levels of N2 triplet states are calculated under statistical equilibrium. Densities of all vibrational levels of each triplet state and volume production rates for various triplet states are calculated in the model. Vertically integrated overhead intensities for the same date and lighting conditions as the reported by UVIS observations for N2 VK, 1P, 2P, Wu-Benesch, and Reverse First Positive bands of N2 are found to be 132, 114, 19, 22, and 22 R, respectively. Overhead intensities are calculated for each vibrational transition of all the triplet band emissions of N2, which span a wider spectrum of wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared. The calculated limb intensities of total and prominent transitions of VK band are presented. The model limb intensity of VK emission within the 150-190 nm wavelength region is in good agreement with the Cassini UVIS observed limb profile. An assessment of the impact of solar EUV flux on the N2 triplet band emission intensity has been made by using three different solar flux models, viz., Solar EUV Experiment, SOLAR2000 model of Tobiska (2004), and HEUVAC model of Richards et al, (2006). The calculated N2 VK band intensity at the peak of limb intensity due to S2K and HEUVAC solar flux models is a factor of 1.2 and 0.9, respectively, of that obtained using SEE solar EUV flux., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures; Icarus, 2012

This study is aimed at making a calculation about the impact of the two most commonly used solar EUV flux models -- SOLAR2000 (S2K) of \cite{Tobiska04} and EUVAC model of \cite{Richards94} -- on photoelectron fluxes, volume emission rates, ion densities and CO Cameron and CO$_2^+$ UV doublet band dayglow emissions on Mars in three solar activity conditions: minimum, moderate, and maximum. Calculated limb intensities profiles are compared with SPICAM/Mars Express and Mariner observations. Analytical yield spectrum (AYS) approach has been used to calculate photoelectron fluxes in Martian upper atmosphere. Densities of prominent ions and CO molecule in excited triplet a$^3\Pi$ state are calculated using major ion-neutral reactions. Volume emission rates of CO Cameron and CO$_2^+$ UV doublet bands have been calculated for dif{}ferent observations (Viking condition, Mariner and Mars Express SPICAM observations) on Mars. For the low solar activity condition, dayglow intensities calculated using the S2K model are $\sim$40% higher than those calculated using the EUVAC model. During high solar activity, due to the higher EUV fluxes at wavelengths below 250 \AA\ in the EUVAC model, intensities calculated using EUVAC model are slightly higher ($\sim$20%) than those calculated using S2K model. Irrespective of the solar activity condition, production of Cameron band due to photodissociative excitation of CO$_2$ is around 50% higher when S2K model is used. Altitude of peak limb brightness of CO Cameron and CO$_2^+$ UV doublet band is found to be independent of solar EUV flux models. Calculated limb intensities of CO Cameron and CO$_2^+$ UV doublet bands are on an average a factor of $\sim$2 and $\sim$1.5, respectively, higher than the SPICAM Mars Express observation, while they are consistent with the Mariner observations., Comment: 27 Pages, 12 Figures; Planetary and Space Science, 2011

A model for N2 triplet states band emissions in the Venusian dayglow has been developed for low and high solar activity conditions. Steady state photoelectron fluxes and volume excitation rates for N2 triplet states have been calculated using the Analytical Yield Spectra (AYS) technique. Model calculated photoelectron flux is in good agreement with Pioneer Venus Orbiter-observed electron flux. Since inter-state cascading is important for the triplet states of N2, populations of different levels of N2 triplet states are calculated under statistical equilibrium considering direct electron impact excitation, and cascading and quenching effects. Densities of all vibrational levels of each triplet state are calculated in the model. Height-integrated overhead intensities of N2 triplet band emissions are calculated, the values for Vegard-Kaplan (A^3Sigma_u^+ - X^1Pi_g^+), First Positive (B^3Pi_g - A^3Sigma_u^+), Second Positive (C^3Pi_u - B^3Pi_g), and Wu-Benesch (W^3Delta_u - B^3Pi_g) bands of N2, are 1.9 (3.2), 3 (6), 0.4 (0.8), and 0.5 (1.1) kR, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) conditions. The intensities of the three strong Vegard-Kaplan bands (0, 5), (0, 6), and (0, 7) are 94 (160), 120 (204), and 114 (194) R, respectively, for solar minimum (maximum) conditions. Limb profiles are calculated for VK (0, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6) and (0, 7) bands. The calculated intensities on Venus are about a factor 10 higher than those on Mars. The present study provides a motivation for a search of N2 triplet band emissions in the dayglow of Venus., Comment: Icarus, 2011

A model for N2 Vegard-Kaplan (VK) band (A^3Sigma_u^+ - X^1Sigma_g^+) emissions in Martian dayglow has been developed to explain the recent observations made by the Spectroscopy for Investigation of Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) ultraviolet spectrograph aboard Mars Express. Steady state photoelectron fluxes and volume excitation rates have been calculated using the analytical yield spectra technique. Since interstate cascading is important for triplet states of N2, the population of any given level of N2 triplet states is calculated under statistical equilibrium considering direct excitation, cascading, and quenching effects. Relative population of all vibrational levels of each triplet state is calculated in the model. Line of sight intensities and height-integrated overhead intensities have been calculated for VK, first positive (B^3Pi_g - A^3Sigma_u^+), second positive (C^3Pi_u - B^3Pi_g), and Wu-Benesch (W^3Delta_u - B^3Pi_g) bands of N2. A reduction in the N2 density by a factor of 3 in the Mars thermospheric general circulation model is required to obtain agreement between calculated limb profiles of VK (0-6) and SPICAM observation. Calculations are carried out to asses the impact of model parameters, namely, electron impact cross sections, solar EUV flux, and model atmosphere, on the emission intensities. Constraining the N2/CO2 ratio by SPICAM observations, we suggest the N2/CO2 ratios to be in the range 1.1-1.4% at 120 km, 1.8-3.2% at 140 km, and 4-7% at 170 km. During high solar activity the overhead intensity of N2 VK band emissions would be ~2.5 times higher than that during low solar activity., Comment: Journal of Geophysical Research (Planet), 2011

A Monte Carlo model has been developed to study the degradation of <1000 eV electrons in an atmosphere of CO2, which is one of the most abundant species in Mars' and Venus' atmospheres. The e-CO2 cross sections are presented in an assembled set along with their analytical representations. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out at several energies to calculate the "yield spectra", which embodied all the information related to electron degradation process and can be used to calculate "yield" (or population) for any inelastic process. The numerical yield spectra have been fitted analytically resulting in an analytical yield spectra (AYS). We have calculated the mean energy per ion pair and efficiencies for various inelastic processes, including the double and dissociative double ionization of \car\ and negative ion formation. The energy distribution of the secondary electrons produced per incident electron is also presented at few incident energies. The mean energy per ion pair for CO2 is 37.5 (35.8) eV at 200 (1000) eV, compared to experimental value 32.7 eV at high energies. Ionization is the dominant loss process at energies above 50 eV with contribution of ~50%. Among the excitation processes, 13.6 eV and 12.4 eV states are the dominant loss processes consuming ~28% energy above 200 eV. Around and below ionization threshold, 13.6 eV, 12.4 eV, and 11.1 eV, followed by 8.6 eV and 9.3 eV excitation states are important loss processes, while below 10 eV vibrational excitation dominates., Comment: 31 pages, 13 figures