Search

The prevalence of orthopedic implants is increasing with an aging population. These patients are vulnerable to risks from periprosthetic infections and instrument failures. Here, we present a dual-functional smart polymer foil coating compatible with commercial orthopedic implants to address both septic and aseptic failures. Its outer surface features optimum bioinspired mechano-bactericidal nanostructures, capable of killing a wide spectrum of attached pathogens through a physical process to reduce the risk of bacterial infection, without directly releasing any chemicals or harming mammalian cells. On its inner surface in contact with the implant, an array of strain gauges with multiplexing transistors, built on single-crystalline silicon nanomembranes, is incorporated to map the strain experienced by the implant with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, providing information about bone-implant biomechanics for early diagnosis to minimize the probability of catastrophic instrument failures. Their multimodal functionalities, performance, biocompatibility, and stability are authenticated in sheep posterolateral fusion model and rodent implant infection model.

Background Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein of 29-kilodalton (kDa), which is widely expressed in normal human tissues and tumorigenic tissues. Its expression in the odontogenic epithelium during odontogenesis and in neoplastic odontogenic tissues has been demonstrated. Unicystic ameloblastoma poses a diagnostic challenge, as its histologic presentation can be sometimes mistaken for cystic odontogenic lesions. In the present study, an attempt is made to overcome the confusion encountered in the diagnosis of dentigerous cyst and unicystic ameloblastoma, using the expression of calretinin in both lesions and to compare this expression with conventional ameloblastoma to accurately diagnose and differentiate these lesions. Materials and methods A total of eighty cases, in which twenty cases each of ameloblastoma, unicystic ameloblastoma, dentigerous cyst, and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) were included in the study. Slides were made from the archival blocks of each case and were stained immunohistochemically with calretinin. Results Correlation between calretinin staining and histopathological diagnosis was done, and it was found that all twenty cases of ameloblastoma showed positivity for calretinin, whereas 17 of twenty cases of unicystic ameloblastoma showed positivity for calretinin staining. All the cases of OKC and dentigerous cyst were negative for calretinin. Conclusion Calretinin may serve as an important diagnostic adjunct in the differential diagnosis of ameloblastoma and cystic odontogenic lesions.

GM-CSF co-expressing T17 cells instigate pathologic inflammation during autoimmune disorders, but their function in immunity to infections is unclear. Here, we demonstrate the role of GM-CSF

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in nature, present in soil and water, and cause primary leading to disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. NTM infections are surging in recent years due to an increase in an immune-suppressed population, medical interventions, and patients with underlying lung diseases. Host regulators of innate immune responses, frontiers for controlling infections and dissemination, are poorly defined during NTM infections. Here, we describe the role of CBLB, an E3-ubiquitin ligase, for innate immune responses and disease progression in a mouse model of NTM infection under compromised T-cell immunity. We found that CBLB thwarted NTM growth and dissemination in a time- and infection route- dependent manner. Mechanistically, we uncovered defects in many innate immune cells in the absence of Cblb, including poor responses of NK cells, inflammatory monocytes, and conventional dendritic cells. Strikingly, Cblb-deficient macrophages were competent to control NTM growth in vitro. Histopathology suggested the lack of early formation of granulomatous inflammation in the absence of CBLB. Collectively, CBLB is essential to mount productive innate immune responses and help prevent the dissemination during an NTM infection under T-cell deficiency.

Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous and cause chronic lung infections to fatal disseminated diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The incidence and prevalence of NTM infections are increasing globally, mainly due to the surging numbers of immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis is often misleading, and the emergence of multi-drug resistant NTM has deprived the treatment options. Innate immune responses, dictated by immune regulators, shape the clinical outcomes of NTM infections. Here, we describe the role of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, CBLB, for innate immunity against an NTM infection. We found that the absence of CBLB, under T-cell deficiency, enhanced the bacterial burden and dissemination following both intravenous and intratracheal infections. Strikingly, CBLB fostered an early induction of granulomatous inflammation, which thwarts the dissemination. CBLB-deficiency caused a significant reduction of NK cell numbers, but not their intrinsic functions. Further, we found that CBLB was required to augment the numbers of inflammatory monocytes and conventional dendritic cells, the latter, additionally, for their activation. Thus, our findings suggest that CBLB plays an essential role in eliciting protective innate immune responses to control the growth and dissemination of NTM during T-cell deficiency.

Adolescents entering a new academic world are confronted with multiple transition challenges. The challenges are compounded as they experience higher academic work load. In short, failure to cope effectively with these challenges can result in major problems, but since a number of problems seem to be faced simultaneously , they feel particularly stressed. Due to their immaturity and future uncertainties, they seem not to have any control over the situation. The present research investigated the stress of such adolescents. A sample of 300 adolescents was drawn randomly from the Coaching Institutes of Agra city. Self- prepared Adolescent Stress Inventory (ASI) was administered to get information from the subjects. The result of the present study revealed that adolescents are affected by self-inflicte d, parent inflicted, and peer inflicted stress and they also experience a high amount of these stresses.

The role of hormone receptors as a prognostic and therapeutic tool in breast cancer is widely accepted. The frequency of nonreactivity of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer patients of India is much more common than in the West. This study was conducted with the aim of analysis of steroid receptor status in breast cancer with clinico-pathological characteristics from the northern hilly state of Himachal Pradesh, India located in the region of the Western Himalayas. Fifty five consecutive patients with the diagnosis of breast cancer were included in this study. Detailed clinical and histopathologic data was recorded in all cases. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. On immunohistochemical staining, 34.5% cases proved to be estrogen receptor positive and 36.4% cases progesterone receptor positive. The results in the present study documented low estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor positivity in breast cancer from this region of India.

Incidence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries is increasing rapidly affecting young Indians. Many individuals require early bypass surgery for critical coronary occlusion and internal mammary artery is considered ideal conduit because of its long term patency. Present autopsy study aims at finding the prevalence of atherosclerosis in coronary and Internal Thoracic Arteries (ITA) in different age groups in north–west India. This autopsy study was conducted on 100 cadavers of age ranging from 17 years to 63 years. One cm long segment of each coronary artery and of internal thoracic artery from origin, termination and at level of 3rd costal cartilage was removed for histopathological examination. Rest of the arteries were thoroughly examined and any suspicious area was also subjected to histopathological examination. All sections were examined after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Atherosclerosis was graded according to luminal narrowing from grade 0 to IV. Mean age was 34.58 ± 11.83 years, atherosclerotic changes were found in 86% of all cases. All specimens of coronary artery had evidence of atherosclerosis by end of third decade. Grade IV changes in 24% coronary arteries were seen and their mean age was 42.92 ± 10.31 years. Atherosclerosis was found only unilaterally in 6% of all ITA specimens. Increase in severity with age in ITA were minimal. The progression and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis in our population is faster. Atherosclerosis in ITA though less frequent is also early in our population but progression is slow. Risk factors causing such rapid onset and progression of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries in the region need to be studied to formulate appropriate preventive strategies.

Background: Fine needle aspiration has an important role in diagnosis of thyroid neoplasm. However, it is difficult to differentiate between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma by cytology alone. Recently, silver staining has been performed for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) to differentiate various tumors. Aims: The present study was undertaken to see if the AgNOR technique could distinguish between benign and malignant lesions, particularly, follicular neoplasm. Materials and Methods: One hundred forty cases of thyroid lesions were examined, which included colloid goiter (n = 36), multinodular goiter (n = 38), subacute thyroiditis (n = 6), Hashimoto′s thyroiditis (n = 17), lymphocytic thyroiditis (n = 3), follicular neoplasm (n = 18), Hurthle cell neoplasm (n = 3), papillary carcinoma (n = 16), and medullary carcinoma (n = 3). Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology in 80 cases. The usual one-step silver colloidal reaction was performed at room temperature for 35 minutes and intranuclear dots of silver deposits were counted in 100 cells. Results: AgNOR counts of benign and malignant lesions were compared and were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean AgNOR counts were higher in neoplastic lesions. Conclusions: AgNOR counting in fine needle aspiration smears is a simple, sensitive, and cost-effective method for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid follicular neoplasms.

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of water, methanolic and pet ether extracts from leaves and fruit of A. marmelos and C. papaya. Methods: Crude extract of leaves and fruit of Aegle marmelos and Carica papaya were prepared for series of polar solvents by hot extraction method in soxhlet then the extracts were first screened for its antimicrobial activity by “Disc Diffusion Assay” against medically important bacteria, plant pathogen and fungi. Fractions showing activities were then used to determine MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC/MFC (minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration) by broth dilution and total activity were also calculated. Result: Aegle marmelos shows comparatively significant antimicrobial activity than Carica papaya . However antimicrobial activity was found both solvent and organism dependent. Almost all the extracts of Aegle marmelos show an inhibitory effect against most of the test organism whereas the test extracts Carica papaya show an inhibitory effect against the very few test organisms. Lowest MIC values 0.0195 mg/ml were recorded against Roultella planticola and Klebsiella pneumonae indicate the significant antimicrobial potential of the test extracts. The high value of TA was recorded against Roultella planticola in both the plants. Data were analyzed by one way ANNOVA and values were considered significant at P

A 9-year-old boy who presented with a left scrotal swelling was subsequently diagnosed as retiform sertoli cell tumor of testis which consisted entirely of retiform pattern. The case is reported in view of its rarity in this age group as well as its unique histologic appearance.

Secretory carcinoma (SC) of the breast is an extremely rare neoplasm, often associated with a very good prognosis. It is still rarer in adults, where it is potentially more aggressive than in childhood. The present case refers to a 52 year old female with a progressively growing lump in the right breast. The cytological and histopathological findings were characteristic of secretory carcinoma. The differential diagnoses are discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed.

Malignant transformation of the epithelial component of Warthin's tumor is extremely rare. We describe our experience of mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising in Warthin's tumor of the parotid gland in a 35 year old female. The tumor removed from the parotid region was well encapsulated and histologically comprised ofmucoepidermoid carcinoma along with areas of Warthin's tumor. The pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this rare occurrence have been discussed.

Cytohistological and immunohistochemical features of a rare case of breast carcinoma with diffuse neuroendocrine features occurring in an elderly female patient is reported. Cytology demonstrated predominantly single and loose clusters of monomorphic plasmacytoid tumor cells that possessed moderate amounts of basophilic cytoplasm with eccentrically placed nuclei. These cells were also showing conspicuos rosette like formations. Histological examination showed a typical endocrine pattern with organoid nests and ribbons of well differentiated monomorphic cells with frequent pseudorosette formation resembling carcinoid tumor of gastrointestinal tract. Neuroendocrine differentiation was confirmed by immunohistochemical positivity for neuron specific enolase, synaptophysin and chromagranin.

A mucinous cystadenoma of the renal pelvis with malignant transformation is an extremely rare entity. We discuss one such rare occurrence in a 62 year old female who developed mucinous nephrosis due to marked retention of mucin produced by the tumor.

Calcifying fibrous pseudotumor has recently been described in the soft tissues. It is a rare benign lesion characterized by the presence of abundant hyalinized collagen with psammomatous or dystrophic calcification, and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. We report one such rare case in an 18 year old female with a nodular mass in the soft palate treated by complete resection. The mass had all the pathologic features of a calcifying fibrous pseudo-tumor.

Idiopathic focal eosinophilic myositis is a rare benign pseudotumor of skeletal muscle of unknown cause, characterized by focal eosinophilic infiltration of striated muscle. It can mimic a soft tissue sarcoma clinically and on gross examination of the specimen. Microscopic examination establishes the diagnosis. It is important to recognize this pseudosarcomatous lesion so as to spare the patient from anxiety.

A 56 year old male presented with painless subareolar lump in the left breast was subsequently diagnosed as invasive lobular carcinoma. This case is reported in view of its rarity.

Apocrine carcinoma is a rare, unique and morphologically distinct type of invasive breast carcinoma. This tumor has predilection for elderly females (6th and 7th decade). This report is of apocrine carcinoma of the breast arising in a 27 year old female, a rare occurrence in this age group, with only a few cases on record.

The malignant mixed tumor (carcinosarcoma) of the salivary gland is an extremely rare tumor. By definition, it is composed of both malignant epithelial and malignant mesenchymal components. We report a case of carcinosarcoma in the parotid gland of a 59 year old man, that arose "de novo" and contained ductal adenocarcinoma as the epithelial component and osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma as mesenchymal components. The etiologic and histologic features are presented and in addition, the literature is reviewed.

Gross and microscopic examination was conducted on one hundred placentas. These included twenty five normal controls and seventy five from intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) pregnancies. Weight of the placentas from IUGR pregnancies were less than those of normal placentas. The incidence of infarction, intervillous fibrin deposition were much higher in IUGR placentas on gross examination. Highly significant increase in the incidence of infarction, intervillous fibrin deposition, stromal fibrosis and syncytial knotting were found in IUGR placentas compared to full term normal placentas on microscopic examination. The incidence of basement membrane thickening and cytotrophoblastic hyperplasis were also higher in IUGR placentas. All the major histologic findings pointed towards reduced blood flow to the placentas resulting in the restriction of blood flow to fetus. The information obtained from their examination can be a useful adjunct in planning and management of future pregnancies.

Silver nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were studied in one hundred specimens of endobronchial brushings. Bronchial biopsies were also obtained from these one hundred cases and subjected to AgNOR staining. These included twenty histologically normal cases, ten cases of inflammatory pathology and seventy cases of pulmonary neoplasms. Fixed cytologic smears and three micron thick sections of paraffin embedded tissue were subjected to AgNOR staining. The mean AgNOR counts in bronchial tissue showed a progressive and statistically significant increase from normal, through inflammatory to neoplastic lesions in both cytologic smears and histopathologic specimens. The AgNOR technique is simple, inexpensive and a useful adjunct to routine histopathology, to evaluate pulmonary lesions. The counts, however, cannot be standardized for a particular lesion as there are inter-laboratory variations.

58-year-old woman with a history of breast carcinoma presented with a bilateral ovarian tumor. On fine needle aspiration cytology, diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma was made. At subsequent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy, specimen showed extensive metastatic carcinoma involving both ovaries.

Matrix-producing carcinoma of the breast is a unique subclass of metaplastic carcinoma which is characterized by the existence of a ductal carcinomatous component with direct transition to areas showing cartilagenous or osseous differentiation, lacking an interspersed spindle cell component. This article reports one such rare case in a 50-year-old woman who had a right breast mass. f0 ine needle aspiration (FNA) smears showed abundant chondromyxoid extracellular matrix to which were variably admixed carcinomatous cells. Histological examination revealed a neoplasm composed of invave ductal carcinoma with a direct transition to chondrosarcomatous areas. The case is reported not only for its peculiar microscopic characteristics but also to highlight its better prognostic features and hence, the need for its recognition.

Nodular fasciitis is an uncommon, benign myofibroblastic soft tissue tumour. It is infrequently seen in the hand. A case of nodular fasciitis involving the thumb of a 4-year-old male child is presented. Main significance lies in clinical and pathological recognition of the lesion to avoid over-treatment. Nodular fasciitis remains a difficult diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology, particularly when it occurs in locations such as the hand.

A cytohistopathological study of a rare case of giant cell tumour of soft tissues in a 30-year-old male patient is presented. The cytological features when evaluated in conjunction with clinical and radiological features are sufficiently diagnostic. The primary knowledge of its existence and knowledge of its cytological features are important for a correct preoperative cytologic diagnosis.