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W analizowanym okresie Lwów był trzecim największym skupiskiem ludności żydowskiej w Polsce (po Warszawie i Łodzi). Miasto to wyróżniało się również pod względem liczby instytucji i organizacji ukierunkowanych na ochronę zdrowia i opiekę medyczną, a także inicjatyw podejmowanych w tym zakresie. Jedną z istotnych instytucji działających na rzecz ludności żydowskiej było założone we Lwowie w 1920 r. Towarzystwo Ochrony Zdrowia. Zasadniczym celem jego działalności była poprawa warunków sanitarno-higienicznych ludności żydowskiej. Na podkreślenie zasługuje szczególnie to, że analizowane Towarzystwo Ochrony Zdrowia we Lwowie, skupiające stosunkowo liczne grono lekarzy żydowskich, wdrażało nowoczesne metody lecznicze oraz prowadziło akcje prozdrowotne obejmujące głównie najbiedniejszą ludność żydowską. In the analyzed period, Lviv was the third largest of Jewish population in Poland (after Warsaw and Łódź). The city also stood out in terms of the number of institutions and organizations focused on health care and medical care, as well as initiatives taken in this area. One of such very important initiatives addressed to the Jewish population was the Society for Health Care founded in Lviv in 1920. The main goal of his activity was to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of the Jewish population. Especially noteworthy is that the analyzed Society for Health Care in Lviv, gathering a relatively large group of Jewish doctors, implemented modern therapeutic methods and conducted pro-health actions that included mainly the poorest Jewish population.

Hirsch Herman Hescheles, a Jew born in Lvov, was the owner of private companies in Vienna and a philanthropist. As his life was associated with two cities - Lvov and Vienna - it was there that he decided to organize his philanthropic activities. The article is devoted to the history of the Herman Hescheles House of the Poor Israelites in Lvov, which was opened in 1896. In this house poor Jewish people of different ages and various states of health, lived over the decades, having been guaranteed accommodation. This was the only foundation of its type to operate in Lvov before World War II.

The year 1815 saw the emergence of a new State on the map of Europe -the Free City of Kraków, which, because of its affiliation to the small group of European Republics, was also referred to as the Republic of Kraków. The Free City of Kraków stretched along the left bank of the River Vistula, bordering to the west with the Kingdom of Prussia, to the north and east with the Kingdom of Poland and to the south with the Austrian Empire. Its total surface area was 1150 km², which - apart from Kraków which became the capital - also contained three small private towns, Chrzanów, Nowa Góra and Trzebinia, as well as 244 villages