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Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between perceived and calculated diabetes risks among post-myocardial infarction (AMI) patients using the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Methods The study population includes individuals from the Myocardial Infarction Registry in Augsburg, Germany, who had not been previously diagnosed with diabetes and who received a postal follow-up questionnaire after hospital discharge. A total of 466 participants completed the questionnaire, which collected information on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, physical activity, eating habits, use of antihypertensive medication, previous hyperglycemia, and family history of diabetes. These factors are components of the FINDRISC score, which estimates the likelihood of developing diabetes within the next 10 years. Furthermore, the participants were asked, how they would rate their personal risk to develop diabetes. The analysis focused on determining how many post-AMI patients correctly estimated their diabetes risk compared to the risk calculated by the FINDRISC score. Furthermore, multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze determinants associated with risk underestimation. Results Results showed that a significant proportion of the AMI population (58%) underestimated their diabetes risk. This underestimation was significantly associated with older age, higher BMI, greater waist circumference, elevated blood glucose levels, use of antihypertensive medication and a family history of diabetes. Higher education contributed to more accurate risk perception. Conclusion This study contributes to the understanding of diabetes risk perception in AMI patients and highlights the need for improving diabetes risk awareness through targeted education and healthcare communication interventions. These efforts can help patients understand their health risks, which improves health outcomes and preventive care.

Aims: To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) at acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause as well as cause-specific long-term mortality. Methods: The analysis was based on 10,651 hospitalized AMI patients (age 25–84 years) recorded by the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg between 2000 and 2017. The median follow-up time was 6.7 years [IQR: 3.5–10.0)]. Cause-specific mortality was obtained by evaluating the death certificates. In multivariable-adjusted COX regression models using cubic splines for the variable BMI, the association between BMI and cause-specific mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular, ischemic heart diseases, cancer) was investigated. Additionally, a subgroup analysis in three age groups was performed for all-cause mortality. Results: Overall, there was a statistically significant U-shaped association between BMI at AMI and long-term mortality with the lowest hazard ratios (HR) found for BMI values between 25 and 30 kg/m². For cancer mortality, higher BMI values > 30 kg/m² were not associated with higher mortality. In patients aged 35 kg/m² and increased all-cause mortality; this association was missing in 60 to 84 years old patients. For all groups and for each specific cause of mortality, lower BMI (

ObjectiveMonitoring dietary habits is crucial for identifying shortcomings and delineating countermeasures. About 20 years after the last population-based surveys in Bavaria and Germany, dietary habits were assessed to describe the intake distributions and compare these with recommendations at food and nutrient level.MethodsThe 3rd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey (BVS III) was designed as a diet survey representative of adults in Bavaria; from 2021 to 2023, repeated 24-h diet recalls were collected by telephone using the software GloboDiet©. Food (sub-)group and nutrient intake data were modeled with the so-called NCI method, weighted for the deviation from the underlying population. Intake distributions in men and women were described as percentiles. These data were used to estimate the proportion of persons meeting dietary intake recommendations. In addition, food consumption data were compared with the results reported 20 years ago collected by the same methodology (2nd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey, BVS II).ResultsUsing 24-h diet recalls of 550 male and 698 female participants, we estimated intake distributions for food (sub-)groups and nutrients. A major proportion of the adult population does not meet the food-based dietary guidelines; this refers to a series of food groups, including fruit and vegetables, legumes, nuts, cereal products, and especially whole grain products, as well as fresh and processed meat. Regarding selected essential nutrients, a considerable proportion of the population was at higher risk of insufficiency from iron (women), zinc (men), and folate (both men and women), as already described in previous studies.ConclusionA major proportion of the adult Bavarian population does not meet the current food-based dietary guidelines. Compared to BVS II data, favorable changes refer to lower consumption of total meat (especially processed meat) and soft drinks, and an increased intake of vegetables. The conclusions based on the intake of selected essential nutrients hardly changed over time. From a public health perspective, the still low intake of vegetables, fruit, nuts, cereal products, and particularly of whole grain products, and associated higher risks of insufficient supply of several vitamins and minerals call for action for improvement.

Background: To investigate the age-specific association between invasive treatment, that is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) at acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause long-term mortality. Methods: The analysis was based on 4964 hospitalized AMI patients (age 25–84 years) registered by the population-based Augsburg Myocardial Infarction Registry between 2010 and 2017. The median follow-up time was 4.7 years (IQR: 2.7; 6.8). All-cause mortality was obtained by regularly checking the vital status of all registered AMI patients in cooperation with the regional population registries. In multivariable adjusted Cox regression analyses the age-specific associations between invasive therapy (PCI or CABG versus no invasive therapy) and all-cause mortality were investigated. Results: During follow-up 1224 patients (805 men and 419 women) died. In patients younger than 55 years 7.6 %, in the age group 55–64 years 7.1 %, in the age group 65–74 years 12.2 %, and in the age group 75–84 years 21.6 % did not undergo invasive therapy (PCI or CABG) during hospital stay. Invasive therapy using PCI or CABG significantly reduced mortality risk in all age-groups in comparison to AMI patients without invasive treatment. Even 75–84 years old benefited very impressively from invasive therapy regarding long-term all-cause mortality (PCI: HR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.44–0.70; CABG: HR 0.43; 95 % CI 0.30–0.62). Conclusions: Invasive or surgical therapy procedures in the treatment of AMI patients are effective in all age groups. Therefore, also old AMI patients should receive guideline-compliant therapy to achieve a better outcome.

Objective To investigate the most common causes of death and trends in cause-specific long-term mortality in patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods This analysis was based on 10,718 patients, aged 25–74 years, recorded by the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg between 2000 and 2017. All hospitalized cases of AMI occurring in the study region during this period were included. If a patient died during follow-up (median: 6.6 years, IQR: 2.8–11.2) the death certificate was obtained and coded using the ICD-10 to determine the main cause of death. Cause-specific mortality was calculated for three 6-year periods. Multivariable adjusted Cox regression models stratified by time interval were calculated.Results The most common cause of death was cardiovascular disease (CVD), more precisely ischemic-heart disease (IHD), followed by cancer. The proportions of CVD deaths and IHD deaths were stable over time. An increasing trend was observed in cancer mortality in post-AMI patients. In male patients, the hazard ratio for cancer mortality was 44.4% higher in 2012–2017 compared to 2000–2005, in female patients, it was more than twice as high in 2006–2012 compared to 2000–2005.Conclusion This study revealed consistent CVD and IHD long-term mortality and increasing trends in long-term cancer mortality in patients post-AMI. Thus, post-AMI patients should emphasize tertiary prevention of CVD by minimizing risk factors. Furthermore, patients should regularly undergo cancer screening programs. The reasons for the unfavorable development in terms of increasing cancer mortality should be investigated in further studies.

IntroductionThis study aimed to explore mental health literacy (MHL) and its related factors in a cross-sectional, registry-based sample of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsAll survivors of AMI between 2017 and 2019 from the Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg (n=1.712) received a postal questionnaire on MHL (Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS-GER)) and single questions on experiences with and information on mental disorders in 2023. The response rate was 49.9%. Logistic and linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between these variables and sociodemographic factors.ResultsIn the sample of 855 patients (77.5% male, mean age 71.4 ± 10.9 years), 30.0% had experienced mental problems about 5 years after AMI. Among these, 17.4% received psychotherapy and 26.1% psychotropic drugs. Information about possible mental problems after their AMI was obtained from a physician by 30.8% of the patients and in a rehabilitation setting by 46.4%, respectively. Of the patients, 26.2% wished to receive more information on mental problems after AMI. MHLS-GER subscale scores ranged between and 54 (“Social distance”) and 76 (“Information seeking”) (best score 100). Age was the most important factor that was significantly associated with the report of mental health problems, a perceived lack of information, help seeking behavior and treatment, and MHL.DiscussionElderly and poorly educated patients were at risk of poor MHL. Further studies are required to specify the role of MHL in post-AMI life and health care.

Background: AF is a common complication of an acute MI (AMI) and goes along with adverse events. Nevertheless, the therapeutical guidelines and pharmacological possibilities have improved over the past years. Therefore, this contemporary study aimed to clarify the effect of AF on long-term mortality in patients with incident AMI. Methods: This study included 2,313 patients aged 25–84 years with initial AMI that occurred from 2009 until 2017, documented within the population-based Augsburg Myocardial Infarction Registry. Patients were monitored from hospital admission, with a median follow-up duration of 4.5 years (interquartile range 4.4 years). Survival analysis and multivariable Cox regression analysis were conducted to explore the relationship between AF and long-term all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Results: Altogether, 156 individuals had AF on their admission ECG, while the remaining 2,157 presented with sinus rhythm (SR). Patients with AF were significantly older, more frequently had arterial hypertension, non-ST-segment elevation MI, worse kidney function, smaller AMIs, and were more often former and non-smokers. An increased long-term all-cause mortality was observed among the AF group. (AF patients 39.1%, SR group 16.7%), Upon multivariable adjustment, a HR of 1.40 (95% CI [1.05–1.87]; p=0.023) was calculated when comparing the AF with SR patients. Conclusion: An independently increased risk of long-term mortality for patients with AF compared with patients with SR in case of incident AMI was identified. Therefore, AF should be considered as a serious risk factor in AMI patients, and must be treated aggressively to reduce mortality risk.

Abstract Background Long-term information on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and mental health of non-hospitalized individuals with „post COVID-19 syndrome“ (PCS) is scarce. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to compare HRQOL and mental health of individuals with and without PCS in a German sample of non-hospitalized persons after SARS-CoV-2 infection, to characterize the long-term course up to 2 years and to identify predictors for post COVID-19 impairments. Methods Individuals with past SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined at the University Hospital of Augsburg from November 2020 to May 2021 and completed a postal questionnaire between June and November 2022. Participants who self-reported the presence of fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, memory problems or concentration problems were classified as having PCS. HRQOL was assessed using the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey, mental health was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Fatigue Asessment Scale was used to assess fatigue severity. Multivariable linear regression models with inverse probability weighting were used to determine the association between PCS and health outcomes. Results From the 304 participants (58.2% women, median age 52 years), 210 (69.1%) were classified as having PCS in median 26 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Persons with PCS showed significantly more often depressive and anxiety disorders. PCS was independently and significantly associated with higher levels of depression, post-traumatic stress and fatigue, as well as poorer physical and mental HRQOL in median 9 months as well as 26 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. A large number of acute symptoms and a prior diagnosis of depression were independently associated with poor mental health and HRQOL. While post-traumatic stress and mental HRQOL improved from 9 months to 26 months post infection onset, depressiveness, fatigue and physical HRQOL remained stable in both, persons with and without PCS. Conclusions PCS in non-hospitalized persons after SARS-CoV-2 infection is often associated with long-term impairments of mental health and HRQOL outcomes.

Abstract Background Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may have a protective effect on the development of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression and cancer, while a high intake of n-6 PUFA was often reported to be associated with inflammation-related traits. The effect of PUFAs on health outcomes might be mediated by DNA methylation (DNAm). The aim of our study is to identify the impact of PUFA intake on DNAm in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 cohort and the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS). Results DNA methylation levels were measured in whole blood from the population-based KORA FF4 study (N = 1354) and LLS (N = 448), using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip and Illumina HumanMethylation450 array, respectively. We assessed associations between DNAm and intake of eight and four PUFAs in KORA and LLS, respectively. Where possible, results were meta-analyzed. Below the Bonferroni correction threshold (p

Abstract Background B vitamins such as folate (B9), B6, and B12 are key in one carbon metabolism, which generates methyl donors for DNA methylation. Several studies have linked differential methylation to self-reported intakes of folate and B12, but these estimates can be imprecise, while metabolomic biomarkers can offer an objective assessment of dietary intakes. We explored blood metabolomic biomarkers of folate and vitamins B6 and B12, to carry out epigenome-wide analyses across up to three European cohorts. Associations between self-reported habitual daily B vitamin intakes and 756 metabolites (Metabolon Inc.) were assessed in serum samples from 1064 UK participants from the TwinsUK cohort. The identified B vitamin metabolomic biomarkers were then used in epigenome-wide association tests with fasting blood DNA methylation levels at 430,768 sites from the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in blood samples from 2182 European participants from the TwinsUK and KORA cohorts. Candidate signals were explored for metabolite associations with gene expression levels in a subset of the TwinsUK sample (n = 297). Metabolomic biomarker epigenetic associations were also compared with epigenetic associations of self-reported habitual B vitamin intakes in samples from 2294 European participants. Results Eighteen metabolites were associated with B vitamin intakes after correction for multiple testing (Bonferroni-adj. p

Objective: To investigate whether specific immune response plasma proteins can predict an elevated risk of developing Long COVID symptoms or fatigue severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This study was based on 257 outpatients with test-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between February 2020 and January 2021. At least 12 weeks after the acute infection, 92 plasma proteins were measured using the Olink Target 96 immune response panel (median time between acute infection and venous blood sampling was 38.8 [IQR: 24.0–48.0] weeks). The presence of Long COVID symptoms and fatigue severity was assessed 115.8 [92.5–118.6] weeks after the acute infection by a follow-up postal survey. Long COVID (yes/no) was defined as having one or more of the following symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, concentration or memory problems. The severity of fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). In multivariable-adjusted logistic and linear regression models the associations between each plasma protein (exposure) and Long COVID (yes/no) or severity of fatigue were investigated. Results: Nine plasma proteins were significantly associated with Long COVID before, but not after adjusting for multiple testing (FDR-adjustment): DFFA, TRIM5, TRIM21, HEXIM1, SRPK2, PRDX5, PIK3AP1, IFNLR1 and HCLS1. Moreover, a total of 10 proteins were significantly associated with severity of fatigue before FDR-adjustment: SRPK2, ITGA6, CLEC4G, HEXIM1, PPP1R9B, PLXNA4, PRDX5, DAPP1, STC1 and HCLS1. Only SRPK2 and ITGA6 remained significantly associated after FDR-adjustment. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that certain immune response plasma proteins might play an important role in the pathophysiology of Long COVID and severity of fatigue after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is underpinned by the presence of elevated levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines in obese individuals. Due to the close relationship between adipose tissue and the immune system, it can be speculated that the accumulation of fat may influence the frequency and phenotype of lymphocyte populations. The aim of our study was to investigate whether body fat distribution is associated with B lymphocyte composition in peripheral blood. We examined the association between visceral (VAT) and total body fat (TBF) and the frequencies of B-cell subsets in 238 subjects over a period of up to one year using random intercept models. B lymphocyte subsets were determined by fluorescence-based flow cytometry. Results Inverse associations were found between body fat measurements and plasma blasts, memory B cells, and IgM − IgD − cells. VAT, but not TBF, was positively associated with naive CD19 cells. In our analyses, both VAT and TBF showed positive associations with IgD only B cells. Conclusions In conclusion, body fat accumulation seems to be associated with a lower proportion of antibody-secreting plasma blasts and memory cells and an increasing amount of partially anergic, naive CD19 cells.

Abstract Background Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide and its occurrence is expected to increase in the future. Blood biomarkers have proven their usefulness in identification and monitoring of the disease. Stroke severity is a major factor for estimation of prognosis and risk of recurrent events, but knowledge on respective blood biomarkers is still scarce. Stroke pathophysiology comprises a multitude of ischemia-induced inflammatory and immune mediated responses. Therefore, the assessment of an immune-related panel in correlation with stroke severity seems promising. Methods In the present cross-sectional evaluation, a set of 92 blood biomarkers of a standardized immune panel were gathered (median 4.6 days after admission) and related to stroke severity measures, assessed at hospital admission of acute stroke patients. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine associations between biomarkers and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), linear regression models were used for associations with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale. Results 415 patients (mean age 69 years; 41% female) were included for biomarker analysis. C-type lectin domain family 4 member G (CLEC4G; OR = 2.89, 95% CI [1.49; 5.59], p adj = 0.026, Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4; OR = 2.38, 95% CI [1.43; 3.98], p adj = 0.019), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) (IL6; OR = 1.97, 95% CI [1.49; 2.62], p adj

ObjectiveAutoimmune diseases commonly feature the presence of specific humoral autoantibodies. However, the prevalence of a large panel of systemic autoantibodies has never been assessed in the general population. We, therefore, described the prevalence of about 50 humoral systemic autoantibodies in a sample of the general Bavarian adult population.MethodsNon-fasting venous serum samples from 331 participants were analyzed for 7 autoantibody screening tests (nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitotic ANA, ANCA, cANCA and pANCA, anti-ENA autoantibodies) and 44 different monospecific humoral non-organ specific/systemic autoantibodies using indirect immunofluorescence tests, ELISAs, and line blots. In order to assess associations between sex, age, BMI, education level, smoking status and the presence of systemic autoantibodies, logistic regression analyses were conducted.ResultsAt least one screening test was positive in 29.9% of the participants, and 42.3% of the participants were seropositive for at least one monospecific autoantibody. The most frequently found monospecific autoantibodies were rheumatoid factor (35.6%), ß2-glycoprotein 1 IgM (4.8%), and cardiolipin IgG (1.8%). Only few associations between sex, age, BMI, education, smoking status and autoantibody frequencies were observed.ConclusionSystemic autoantibodies are common in the general Bavarian population, and largely independent of sex, age, BMI, education, or smoking status. The study results may give orientation to clinicians about the occurrence of autoantibodies in the population, not (yet) associated with clinical symptoms.

IntroductionSo far, health literacy (HL) and its related factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction received little attention. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the associations between the different dimensions of HL and disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and factors that may affect these relations in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsAll survivors of AMI between June 2020 and September 2021, from the Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg (n=882) received a postal questionnaire on HL [Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ)], HRQOL (MacNew Heart Disease HRQOL questionnaire) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire). From the 592 respondents, 546 could be included in the analysis. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to investigate the associations between the nine subscales of the HLQ and the total score and three subscales of the MacNew questionnaire. A mediation analysis was performed to estimate direct and indirect effects of HL on HRQOL taking into account the mediating effect of depression.ResultsIn the sample of 546 patients (72.5% male, mean age 68.5 ± 12.2 years), patients with poor education showed significantly lower HLQ scores. Significant associations between the subscales of the HLQ and the MacNew were found, which remained significant after adjustment for sociodemographic variables with few exceptions. More than 50% of the association between HL and HRQOL was mediated by depression in seven HLQ subscales and a complete mediating effect was found for the HLQ subscales ‘Actively managing my health’ and ‘Appraisal of health information’.DiscussionDepression mediates the associations between HL and disease-specific HRQOL in patients with myocardial infarction.

IntroductionChanges in DNA methylation can increase or suppress the expression of health-relevant genes. We investigated for the first time the relationship between habitual food consumption and changes in DNA methylation.MethodsThe German KORA FF4 and KORA Fit studies were used to study the change in methylation over a median follow-up of 4 years. Only subjects participating in both surveys and with available dietary and methylation data were included in the analysis (n = 465). DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (Illumina), resulting in 735,527 shared CpGs across both studies. Generalized estimating equation models with an interaction term of exposure and time point were used to analyze the association of 34 food groups, folic acid, and two dietary patterns with changes in DNA methylation over time.ResultsThe results were corrected for genomic inflation. Significant interaction terms indicate different effects between both time points. We observed only a few significant associations between food intake and change in DNA methylation, except for cream and spirit consumption. The annotated genes include CLN3, PROM1, DLEU7, TLL2, and UGT1A10.DiscussionWe identified weak associations between food consumption and DNA methylation change. The differential results for cream and spirits, both consumed in low quantities, require replication in independent studies.

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate the differences in presenting symptoms between patients with and without diabetes being diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI).MethodsA total of 5,900 patients with a first-time AMI were included into the analysis. All patients aged between 25 and 84 years were recorded by the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry in Augsburg, Germany, between 2010 and 2017. The presence (yes/no) of 12 AMI typical symptoms during the acute event was assessed within the scope of a face-to-face interview. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were calculated to analyze the associations between presenting symptoms and diabetes mellitus in AMI patients.ResultsPatients with diabetes had significantly less frequent typical pain symptoms, including typical chest pain. Also, other symptoms like sweating, vomiting/nausea, dizziness/vertigo and fear of death/feeling of annihilation occurred significantly more likely in non-diabetic patients. The only exception was the symptom of shortness of breath, which was found significantly more often in patients with diabetes. In multivariable-adjusted regression models, however, the observed effects were attenuated. In patients younger than 55 years, the associations between diabetes and various symptoms were mainly missing.ConclusionsType 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor not only for the development of AMI, but is also associated with an adverse outcome after AMI. Atypical clinical presentation additionally complicates the diagnostic process. It is therefore essential for physicians to be aware of the more often atypical symptoms that diabetic AMI patients report.

Abstract Background Population-based studies investigating the association between blood coagulation markers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are rare. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) as a measure of hepatic steatosis and plasma concentrations of antithrombin III, D-dimer, fibrinogen D, protein C, protein S, factor VIII, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), quick value and international thromboplastin time (INR) in the general population. Methods After the exclusion of participants with anticoagulative treatment, 776 participants (420 women and 356 men, aged 54–74 years) of the population-based KORA Fit study with analytic data on hemostatic factors were included in the present analysis. Linear regression models were used to explore the associations between FLI and hemostatic markers, adjusted for sex, age, alcohol consumption, education, smoking status, and physical activity. In a second model, additional adjustments were made for the history of stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, serum non-HDL cholesterol levels, and diabetes status. In addition, analyses were stratified by diabetes status. Results In the multivariable models (with or without health conditions), significantly positive associations with FLI were obtained for plasma concentrations of D-dimers, factor VIII, fibrinogen D, protein C, protein S, and quick value, while INR and antithrombin III were inversely associated. These associations were weaker in pre-diabetic subjects and largely disappeared in diabetic patients. Conclusion In this population-based study, an increased FLI is clearly related to changes in the blood coagulation system, possibly increasing the risk of thrombotic events. Due to a generally more pro-coagulative profile of hemostatic factors, such an association is not visible in diabetic subjects.

Background: Dietary intake of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E protect against oxidative stress, and may also be associated with altered DNA methylation patterns. Methods: We meta-analysed epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) results from 11,866 participants across eight population-based cohorts to evaluate the association between self-reported dietary and supplemental intake of vitamins C and E with DNA methylation. EWAS were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, caloric intake, blood cell type proportion, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and technical covariates. Significant results of the meta-analysis were subsequently evaluated in gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and expression quantitative trait methylation (eQTM) analysis. Results: In meta-analysis, methylation at 4,656 CpG sites was significantly associated with vitamin C intake at FDR ≤ 0.05. The most significant CpG sites associated with vitamin C (at FDR ≤ 0.01) were enriched for pathways associated with systems development and cell signalling in GSEA, and were associated with downstream expression of genes enriched in the immune response in eQTM analysis. Furthermore, methylation at 160 CpG sites was significantly associated with vitamin E intake at FDR ≤ 0.05, but GSEA and eQTM analysis of the top most significant CpG sites associated with vitamin E did not identify significant enrichment of any biological pathways investigated. Conclusions: We identified significant associations of many CpG sites with vitamin C and E intake, and our results suggest that vitamin C intake may be associated with systems development and the immune response.

Despite extensive research on 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in relation to smoking, there has been limited exploration into the interaction between smoking and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). In this study, total DNA methylation (5mC+5hmC), true DNA methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) levels were profiled utilizing conventional bisulphite (BS) and oxidative bisulphite (oxBS) treatment, measured with the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of 5mC+5hmC methylation revealed a total of 38,575 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 2023 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with current smoking, along with 82 DMPs and 76 DMRs associated with former smoking (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). Additionally, a focused examination of 5mC identified 33 DMPs linked to current smoking and 1 DMP associated with former smoking (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). In the 5hmC category, eight DMPs related to current smoking and two DMPs tied to former smoking were identified, each meeting a suggestive threshold (p < 1 × 10−5). The substantial number of recognized DMPs, including 5mC+5hmC (7069/38,575, 2/82), 5mC (0/33, 1/1), and 5hmC (2/8, 0/2), have not been previously reported. Our findings corroborated previously established methylation positions and revealed novel candidates linked to tobacco smoking. Moreover, the identification of hydroxymethylated CpG sites with suggestive links provides avenues for future research.

Background Shock index (SI) and modified shock index (mSI) are useful instruments for early risk stratification in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. They are strong predictors for short-term mortality. Nevertheless, the association between SI or mSI and long-term mortality in AMI patients has not yet been sufficiently examined.Material and methods For this study, a total of 10,174 patients with AMI was included. All cases were prospectively recorded by the population-based Augsburg Myocardial Infarction Registry from 2000 until 2017. Endpoint was all-cause mortality with a median observational time of 6.5 years [IQR: 3.5–7.4]. Using ROC analysis and calculating Youden-Index, the sample was dichotomized into a low and a high SI and mSI group, respectively. Moreover, multivariable adjusted COX regression models were calculated. All analyses were performed for the total sample as well as for STEMI and NSTEMI cases separately.Results Optimal cut-off values were 0.580 for SI and 0.852 for mSI (total sample). AUC values were 0.6382 (95% CI: 0.6223–0.6549) for SI and 0.6552 (95% CI: 0.6397–0.6713) for mSI. Fully adjusted COX regression models revealed significantly higher long-term mortality for patients with high SI and high mSI compared to patients with low indices (high SI HR: 1.42 [1.32–1.52], high mSI HR: 1.46 [1.36–1.57]). Furthermore, the predictive ability was slightly better for mSI compared to SI and more reliable in NSTEMI cases compared to STEMI cases (for SI and mSI).Conclusion High SI and mSI are useful tools for early risk stratification including long-term outcome especially in NSTEMI cases, which can help physicians to make decision on therapy. NSTEMI patients with high SI and mSI might especially benefit from immediate invasive therapy.Key messagesShock index and modified shock index are predictors of long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction.Both indices predict long-term mortality not only for STEMI cases, but even more so for NSTEMI cases.

Abstract Background Studies on the associations between lipid parameters and different hemostatic factors in men and women from the general population are scarce. It was therefore examined whether there are possible relationships between routinely measured serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) and different hemostatic factors (activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen, factor VIII, antithrombin III (AT III), protein C, protein S, and D-dimer). Methods The analysis was based on data from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA)-Fit study, which included 805 participants (378 men, 427 women) with a mean age of 63.1 years. Sex-specific associations between serum lipids and coagulation factors were investigated using multivariable linear regression models. Results In men, total cholesterol was inversely related to aPTT but positively associated with protein C activity. HDL cholesterol was inversely related to aPTT and fibrinogen. LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a positive association with protein C and protein S activity. In women, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and non-HDL-cholesterol were positively related to AT III concentrations and protein C and S activity. Additionally, non-HDL-cholesterol was positively associated with factor VIII activity. HDL cholesterol was inversely related to fibrinogen. Triglycerides showed a positive relationship with protein C activity. Conclusions There seem to be sex differences regarding various associations between blood lipid levels and hemostatic factors. Further studies are needed to address the possible impact of these associations on cardiovascular risk and the underlying mechanisms.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between inflammatory plasma protein concentrations and long-term mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).MethodsFor 343 STEMI patients recorded between 2009 and 2013 by the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg, 92 inflammatory plasma proteins were measured at the index event using the OLINK inflammation panel. In multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models, the association between each plasma protein and all-cause long-term mortality was investigated. Median follow-up time was 7.6 (IQR: 2.4) years. For plasma protein that showed a strong association with long-term mortality, a 5-year survival ROC analysis was performed.ResultsOne plasma protein, namely Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF-23), was particularly well associated with long-term mortality in the multivariable-adjusted Cox model with an FDR-adjusted p-value of 0.05 in the multivariable-adjusted Cox models.ConclusionsFGF-23 is independently associated with long-term mortality after STEMI and might play an important role in the response to myocardial injury. The results suggest FGF-23 to be a useful marker in the long-term treatment of STEMI patients and a potential target for drug development.

Blood lipids play a major role in the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. Recent research suggested that there are connections between cholesterol levels and immunological alterations. We investigated whether there is an association between serum cholesterol levels (total, HDL, and LDL) and immune cells (B cell and regulatory T cells [Tregs]). The analysis was based on data from 231 participants of the MEGA study in Augsburg, Germany, recruited between 2018 and 2021. Most participants were examined two different times within a period of 9 months. At every visit, fasting venous blood samples were taken. Immune cells were analyzed immediately afterward using flow cytometry. Using multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, the associations between blood cholesterol concentrations and the relative quantity of several B-cell and Treg subsets were analyzed. We found that particularly HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly associated to some immune cell subpopulations: HDL cholesterol showed significant positive associations with the relative frequency of CD25++ Tregs (as proportion of all CD4+CD25++ T cells) and conventional Tregs (defined as the proportion of CD25+CD127− cells on all CD45RA−CD4+ T cells). Regarding B cells, HDL cholesterol values were inversely associated with the cell surface expression of IgD and with naïve B cells (CD27−IgD+ B cells). In conclusion, HDL cholesterol levels were associated with modifications in the composition of B-cell and Treg subsets demonstrating an important interconnection between lipid metabolism and immune system. Knowledge about this association might be crucial for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Background: To investigate the association between admission glucose and HbA1c values and inflammatory plasma proteins in hospitalized patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: This analysis was based on 345 STEMI patients recorded by the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg between 2009 and 2013. Using the OLINK inflammatory panel, a total of 92 protein biomarkers were measured in arterial blood samples, which were obtained within the scope of cardiac catheterization immediately after admission. The associations between admission glucose and HbA1c levels and the 92 protein markers were investigated using multivariable linear regression models. Results: Admission glucose showed significantly positive associations with the inflammatory markers IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, FGF-21, IL-7, ST1A1, MCP-1, 4E-BP1, SIRT2, STAMBP and IL-18R1 after Bonferroni adjustment. HbA1c values were only significantly associated with IL-18R1. In stratified analyses, admission glucose was not significantly associated with any plasma protein in the diabetes subgroup, while there were several protein markers that showed significantly positive associations with admission glucose in STEMI patients without known diabetes, namely IL-10, CCL20, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-6. Conclusions: Admission glucose in patients hospitalized due to an acute STEMI seems to be related to an inflammatory and immune-related response, expressed by an increase in inflammation-related plasma proteins in particular in non-diabetic patients with stress hyperglycemia. The present results may open new avenues for the development of biomarkers suitable as potential diagnostic or prognostic clinical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The question of whether asthma is causally related to gastrointestinal disorders remained unanswered so far. Thus, this study investigated whether there is such a relation and whether the time of onset of asthma plays a role in the occurrence of the following gastrointestinal disorders: peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including the distinction between Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods Using summary data of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), we ran Mendelian randomization analyses based on up to 456,327 European participants. Outlier assessment, a series of sensitivity analyses and validation of IBD results in a second GWAS were performed to confirm the results. Results Presented ORs represent the average change in the outcome per 2.72-fold increase in the prevalence of the exposure. Genetically predicted childhood-onset asthma was positively associated with PUD, GORD, and IBS with similar odds ratios near 1.003 and adjusted P-values from 0.007 (GORD) to 0.047 (PUD). Furthermore, it was inversely related to IBD (OR = 0.992, 95% CI: 0.986, 0.998, adjusted P = 0.023) and suggestively associated with its UC subtype (OR = 0.990, 95% CI: 0.982, 0.998, adjusted P = 0.059). There were no associations between genetically predicted adult-onset asthma and the mentioned gastrointestinal disorders. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the presence of asthma onset in childhood increases the risk for GORD, PUD, and IBS but decreases the risk for IBD in adults. The lower risk for IBD may be attributed to a lower risk primarily for UC.

BackgroundChronic fatigue is a common symptom after a stroke. Studies suggested that chronic fatigue is caused by inflammatory or immunological processes but data are limited and contradictory. Thus, the present study aimed to identify specific biomarkers associated with fatigue in post-stroke patients and replicated the findings in a population-based study.MethodsWe investigated associations between 39 circulating biomarkers of inflammation and fatigue in 327 patients after an ischemic stroke included in the Stroke Cohort Augsburg (SCHANA) study and the “Metabolism, Nutrition and Immune System in Augsburg” (MEIA) study (n = 140). The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) was used to assess the severity of fatigue. The serum concentrations of the biomarkers were measured using the Bio-Plex Pro™ Human Cytokine Screening Panel (Bio-Rad, USA). Multiple linear regression models adjusted for possible confounders were used to examine associations.ResultsIn patients with stroke, SCGFb was inversely associated [−1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) (−3.05; −0.29) p = 0.018], and in healthy subjects, G-CSF was positively associated [1.56, 95% CI (0.26; 2.87), p = 0.020] with an increasing FAS-score, while SCF was positively related in both samples [1.84, 95% CI (0.27; 3.42), p = 0.022 and 1.40, 95% CI (0.29; 2.52), p = 0.015]. However, after correction for multiple testing, all of these associations lost statistical significance.ConclusionThe present findings suggested an association between the growth factor SCF and fatigue. Future research on cytokines as possible markers of fatigue should focus on a longitudinal design including a sufficiently large number of study participants to enable testing associations between certain cytokines and sub-groups of chronic fatigue.

Abstract Limited data on prehospital and early in-hospital coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths is available. Aims of this study were to provide a comprehensive description on CHD cases and to analyse determinants of prehospital death. From a population-based myocardial infarction (MI) registry in Augsburg, Germany we included 12,572 CHD cases aged 25–74 years between 2003–2017 and 4754 CHD cases aged 75–84 years between 2009–2017. Multivariable logistic regression models were conducted to identify patient characteristics associated with prehospital death compared to 28-day survival. In patients aged 25–74 years, 1713 (13.6%) died prehospital, 941 (7.5%) died within the first 24 h in-hospital and 560 (4.5%) died within the 2nd and 28th day after the acute event; in patients aged 75–84 years the numbers were 1263 (26.6%), 749 (15.8%) and 329 (6.9%), respectively. In both age groups increasing age, actual smoking or nicotine abuse, previous MI, angina pectoris and previous stroke were more likely and hypertension was less likely in cases, who died prehospital compared to 28-day survivors. For example, in the 25–74 years old we revealed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.53 (95% CI 3.84–5.34) for angina pectoris and an OR of 0.69 (95% CI 0.57–0.85) for hypertension. In cases aged 25–74 years, an association of living alone (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.49) and diabetes (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03–1.41) with prehospital death was found. Whereas in cases aged 75–84 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.20, 95%CI 1.69–0.2.85) was associated with prehospital death. In summary, we observed high prehospital and early in-hospital case fatality. Besides classical cardiac risk factors, the impact of living alone on prehospital death was more important in patients aged 25–74 years than in older patients.

Abstract Background Recent studies focused on modulating factors of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity. In some studies the association between pro-inflammatory markers and PON1 activity was examined, but so far no population-based investigations on this issue have been conducted. The present study investigated the relationships between the pro-inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, leptin, interleukin (IL)-6, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and paraoxonase and arylesterase, two hydrolytic activities of PON1, in the population-based Bavarian Food Consumption Survey II. Methods Based on 504 participants (217 men, 287 women), the relationship between the pro-inflammatory markers and the outcomes paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were investigated using multivariable linear models. Results Circulating plasma levels of leptin (P-value 75th percentile) the activities reached a plateau or even decreased somewhat. After Bonferroni-Holm correction, only leptin remained non-linearly but significantly associated with arylesterase activity (adjusted overall P-value

Abstract Background Despite the worldwide burden of diverticular disease, the connections between diverticular disease and dietary habits remain poorly understood, particularly in an asymptomatic representative sample. We investigated the association between asymptomatic diverticular disease as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dietary habits in a Western study cohort. Methods Participants from a cross-sectional sample of a population-based cohort study underwent whole-body 3T-MRI including an isotropic VIBE-Dixon sequence. The presence and extent of diverticular disease was assessed in blinded fashion. Habitual dietary intake was recorded using a blended approach, applying 24-h food lists and a food-frequency questionnaire. Traditional cardiometabolic risk factors were obtained by interviews and medical examination. Univariate and multivariate associations were calculated. Results A total of 308 subjects were included in this analysis (56% male, 56.4 ± 9.1 years). 39.9% had any form of diverticular disease and 15.3% had advanced asymptomatic diverticular disease. After adjustment for age, sex and total energy intake a higher intake of fiber and vegetables was associated with a lower odds for asymptomatic diverticular disease (fiber: OR 0.68 95% CI [0.48, 0.95]; vegetables: OR 0.72 95% CI [0.53, 0.97]) and an increased intake of meat was associated with an approximately two-fold higher odds for advanced asymptomatic diverticular disease (OR 1.84 95% CI [1.13, 2.99]). However, after additional adjustment for body-mass-index (BMI), alcohol consumption, smoking behavior and physical activity only a high fiber and vegetables intake remained significantly associated with lower odds of asymptomatic diverticular disease. Conclusion Our results indicate that a high-fiber diet and increased intake of vegetables is associated with lower odds of having asymptomatic diverticular disease, independent of age, sex, total energy intake, BMI and other life-style factors.

Abstract Background The gut microbiome impacts human health through various mechanisms and is involved in the development of a range of non-communicable diseases. Diet is a well-known factor influencing microbe-host interaction in health and disease. However, very few findings are based on large-scale analysis using population-based studies. Our aim was to investigate the cross-sectional relationship between habitual dietary intake and gut microbiota structure in the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 study. Results Fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) was applied to samples from 1992 participants to identify 20 microbial subgroups within the study population. Each participant’s gut microbiota was subsequently described by a unique composition of these 20 subgroups. Associations between habitual dietary intake, assessed via repeated 24-h food lists and a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the 20 subgroups, as well as between prevalence of metabolic diseases/risk factors and the subgroups, were assessed with multivariate-adjusted Dirichlet regression models. After adjustment for multiple testing, eight of 20 microbial subgroups were significantly associated with habitual diet, while nine of 20 microbial subgroups were associated with the prevalence of one or more metabolic diseases/risk factors. Subgroups 5 (Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiracea incertae sedis, Gemmiger, Roseburia) and 14 (Coprococcus, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus) were particularly strongly associated with diet. For example, participants with a high probability for subgroup 5 were characterized by a higher Alternate Healthy Eating Index and Mediterranean Diet Score and a higher intake of food items such as fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, while participants with prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus were characterized by a lower probability for subgroup 5. Conclusions The associations between habitual diet, metabolic diseases, and microbial subgroups identified in this analysis not only expand upon current knowledge of diet-microbiota-disease relationships, but also indicate the possibility of certain microbial groups to be modulated by dietary intervention, with the potential of impacting human health. Additionally, LDA appears to be a powerful tool for interpreting latent structures of the human gut microbiota. However, the subgroups and associations observed in this analysis need to be replicated in further studies. Video abstract

Abstract Prior studies examined association between short-term mortality and certain changes in the admission ECG in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Nevertheless, little is known about possible differences between patients with diabetes and without diabetes in this regard. So the aim of the study was to investigate the association between 28-day case fatality according to certain ECG changes comparing AMI cases with and without diabetes from the general population. From 2000 until 2017 a total of 9756 AMI cases was prospectively recorded in the study Area of Augsburg, Germany. Each case was assigned to one of the following groups according to admission ECG: ‘ST-elevation’, ‘ST-depression’, ‘only T-negativity’, ‘predominantly bundle branch block’, ‘unspecific changes’ and ‘normal ECG’ (the last two were put together for regression analyses). Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were calculated to compare 28-day case-fatality between the ECG groups for the total sample and separately for diabetes and non-diabetes cases. For the non-diabetes group, the parsimonious logistic regression model revealed significantly better 28-day-outcome for the ‘normal ECG / unspecific changes’ group (OR: 0.47 [0.29–0.76]) compared to the reference group (STEMI). Contrary, in AMI cases with diabetes the category ‘normal ECG / unspecific changes’ was not significantly associated with lower short-term mortality (OR: 0.87 [0.49–1.54]). Neither of the other ECG groups was significantly associated with 28-day-mortality in the parsimonious logistic regression models. Consequently, the absence of AMI-typical changes in the admission ECG predicts favorable short-term mortality only in non-diabetic cases, but not so in patients with diabetes.

Abstract Calcium plays an essential role in physiology of the cardiovascular system. Aberrations from normal serum calcium levels are known to be associated with several cardiovascular diseases. Its possible role as a predictor for long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still uncertain. In this study, a total of 3732 patients (aged 25–74 years) with incident AMI surviving at least 28 days after AMI was included. The median follow-up time was 6.0 years. Admission total serum calcium levels were divided into quartiles. The Kaplan–Meier-Curve suggested a division of the follow up time in two different time periods. So, Cox regression models were calculated to assess association between admission serum calcium levels and all-cause long-term mortality with two observation periods: 28–2500 days and > 2500 days. The final model was adjusted for various comorbidities, clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatment and medication. The third quartile (normal-high Calcium levels) served as the reference group. The fully adjusted Cox-regression model shows significantly higher mortality risk for low serum calcium (quartile 1) within the timeframe 28–2500 days after the event (OR 1.53 [1.19–1.98]). The other groups did not differ significantly from each other. In the later observation period (from 2500 days until death or censoring) no more significant differences were seen between the four calcium quartiles. In summary, low serum calcium is an independent predictor of adverse outcome in the first 2500 days (about 7 years) after AMI. On later points in time this effect attenuates, so that no more significant differences can be observed.

AbstractAim This study examines epidemiological trends of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Germany from 2004–2015 across different age groups, using data of the population-based KORA myocardial infarction registry.Methods Annual age-standardised, age-group- and sex-specific mortality and event rates (incident and recurrent) per 100,000 population as well as 28-day case fatality were calculated from all registered cases of AMI and coronary heart disease deaths in 25–74-year-olds from 2004–2015 and 75–84-year-olds from 2009–2015. Average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were calculated by joinpoint regression. Results Mortality rates declined considerably among the elderly (75–84 years), in men by –6.0% annually, due to declines of case fatality by –3.0% and incidence rate by 3.4% and in women by –10.0%, driven by declines in incidence (–9.1%) and recurrence rate (–4.9%). Significant mortality declines also occurred in males, 65–74 years of age (AAPC –3.8%). Among the age groups 25–54 years and 55–64 years, there was no substantial decline in mortality, event rates or case fatality except for a decline of incidence rate in 55–64-year-old men (AAPC –1.8%).Conclusion Inhomogeneous AMI trends across age-groups indicate progress in prevention and treatment for the population >64 years, while among

BackgroundInformation on the clinical characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying post-COVID-19 fatigue are scarce. The main objective of this study was to evaluate sex-specific humoral and T-cell responses associated with post-COVID-19 fatigue in a sample of individuals treated as outpatients.MethodsAt a median time of 279 (179;325) days after the acute infection, a total of 281 individuals (45.9% men) aged 18-87 years old were included in the analysis. The participants were examined at the University Hospital of Augsburg, Southern Germany. Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS). Levels of anti-SARS-CoV2-spike IgG antibodies were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and for exploration of the SARS-CoV2-specific T-cell response, ex vivo ELISpot/FLUOROspot assays were conducted using an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) SARS-CoV-iSpot kit.ResultsWomen more significantly suffered from post-COVID-19 fatigue in comparison to men (47.4% versus 25.6%, p=0.0002). Females but not males with fatigue showed a significantly lower number of T-cells producing IFN-γ, IL-2 or both IL-2 and IFNγ in comparison with females without fatigue. In both sexes, serum levels of anti-SARS-CoV2-spike IgG antibodies did not differ significantly between participants with or without fatigue.ConclusionsDevelopment of fatigue after acute COVID-19 disease might be associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses in women, but not men after a mild infection course treated outpatient.

BackgroundIn this study we investigated the prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose tolerance and type-2-diabetes (T2D) among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and prospectively analyzed whether these patients have a higher long-term mortality.MethodsThe analysis was based on 2,317 AMI patients aged 25–84 years from the population-based Myocardial Infarction Registry Augsburg, recruited between 2009 and 2014 and followed-up until 2019 (median follow-up time 6.5 years [IQR: 4.9–8.1]). AMI patients with a diagnosis of diabetes were divided into a high (>7.0%) and a low HbA1c group (≤7.0%) according to HbA1c values at admission. The remaining patients (without known diabetes) were grouped into normal ( 6.5% HR: 1.34 [0.77–2.31]). A linear regression model including the variables admission serum glucose, BMI, age, sex and type of infarction (STEMI, NSTEMI) showed only poor prediction of HbA1c values (R2: 11.08%).ConclusionA fairly high number of AMI patients without known diabetes have elevated HbA1c values. Though we could not prove a higher risk of premature mortality in these patients, early detection and adequate therapy might lead to reduced diabetes-associated complications and improve long-term outcomes.

Although “post-COVID-19 syndrome” (PCS) is reported to be common even in non-hospitalized individuals, long-term information on symptom burden, healthcare needs, utilization, and satisfaction with healthcare is scarce. The objectives of this study were to describe symptom burden, healthcare utilization and experiences with the healthcare offered for PCS in a German sample of non-hospitalized persons 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals with past COVID-19 confirmed by positive polymerase chain reaction testing were examined at the University Hospital of Augsburg from 4 November 2020 to 26 May 2021 and completed a postal questionnaire between 14 June 2022 and 1 November 2022. Participants who self-reported the presence of fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, memory problems or concentration problems were classified as having PCS. Of the 304 non-hospitalized participants (58.2% female, median age 53.5), 210 (69.1%) had a PCS. Among these, 18.8% had slight to moderate functional limitations. Participants with PCS showed a significantly higher utilization of healthcare and a large proportion complained about lacking information on persistent COVID-19 symptoms and problems finding competent healthcare providers. The results indicate the need to optimize patient information on PCS, facilitate access to specialized healthcare providers, provide treatment options in the primary care setting and improve the education of healthcare providers.

BackgroundPost-stroke fatigue is a common symptom after stroke. However, studies on the factors associated with early and late fatigue are scarce. The objective of this study was to identify variables associated with early and late fatigue.MethodsIn the German Stroke Cohort Augsburg (SCHANA) study, participants were interviewed during their hospital stay and completed a postal questionnaire 3 and 12 months post-stroke. Fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Assessement Scale (FAS). In addition, depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), general health status by the EQ-5D visual analog scale, and physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Multivariable regression models were used to determine the associations between FAS scores at 3 and 12 months post-stroke and demographic, psychosocial and health-related covariables.ResultsAmong 505 participants, the frequency of fatigue was 31.1% 3 months and 29.1% 12 months post-stroke. Prior stroke (ß = 2.37, p = 0.0076), prior diagnosis of depression (ß = 5.04, p = 0.0001), higher NIHSS (ß = 0.25, p = 0.0360) and higher PHQ-9 scores (ß = 0.55, p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with higher fatigue levels 3 months post-stroke. Additionally, younger age (ß = −0.07, p = 0.0219), a worse rating of general health at baseline (ß = −0.04, p = 0.0287) and low pre-stroke physical activity (ß = −0.0004, p = 0.0089) were significantly associated with higher fatigue levels 12 months after stroke.ConclusionsFatigue is a common and persisting symptom even in patients with mild impairment. Prior depressive disorder and early depressive symptoms were the most relevant predictors of both early and late fatigue.

BackgroundMuch is known about the association between physical activity and the occurrence of stroke. However, the evidence about the correlation between pre-stroke physical activity and post-stroke quality of life remains inconsistent. Thus, there is a high public health relevance to the topic.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between pre-stroke physical activity and physical quality of life after three months.MethodsData arises from 858 patients with stroke included a prospective single-centre observational cohort study in Augsburg, Germany, between September 2018 and November 2019. The participants were recruited at the Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Augsburg after their stroke event. The level of physical activity was determined following the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at baseline. Physical quality of life was assessed three months after hospital discharge using the German version of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS). A multiple linear regression model and a quantile regression were carried out.ResultsA total of 497 patients were included in the analysis (mean age 69.6, 58.8% male), 26.2% had a high, 18.9% a moderate and 54.9% a low level of pre-stroke physical activity. Patients with high pre-stroke physical activity had a significantly better physical quality of life three months after stroke in the SIS physical domain (beta = 4.1) and in the SIS subdomains hand function (beta = 5.6), mobility (beta = 4.1) and activities of daily living (beta = 3.7). In the physical domain and the subdomain mobility, the effect was especially strong for persons with low physical quality of life after three months.ConclusionPre-stroke physical activity seems to have an important and positive association with physical quality of life after three months in patients with mild disability. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Background: In contrast to studies in patients, an association between obesity and blood coagulation factors has not been established in the population. If confirmed it could become a target for primary prevention. Objective: To investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with plasma concentrations of antithrombin III, D-dimers, fibrinogen D, protein S, factor VIII, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), quick value, and international normalized ratio (INR) in the general population. Materials and Methods: Participants of the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) S4 study who took part in the KORA Fit follow-up (2018–2019, aged 54–74 years) examination were eligible. Citrate plasma samples were collected in fasted participants. After the exclusion of participants with anticoagulative treatment, 776 participants (420 women and 356 men) with analytic data on hemostatic factors were included in the present analysis. Linear regression models were used to explore the association between BMI or WC with hemostatic markers, adjusted for sex, age, alcohol consumption, education, smoking status, and physical activity. In a second model, additional adjustments were made for the prevalence of stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, serum non-HDL cholesterol, and serum triglycerides. Results: In the multivariable models (with or without health conditions), significant positive associations with BMI were obtained for plasma concentrations of D-dimers, factor VIII, fibrinogen D, protein S, and quick value, while INR and antithrombin III were inversely associated. Similar to BMI, WC was significantly associated with all hemostatic factors, except for aPTT. Conclusion: In this population-based study, both increasing BMI and WC affect the blood coagulation system. Thus, modification of a prothrombotic coagulation profile emerged as a potential target for primary prevention in obese subjects.

Studies on cognitive problems of persons with mild COVID-19 courses are still lacking. This study aimed to determine the frequency and associated factors of subjective and objective cognitive problems after COVID-19 in non-hospitalized persons. Study participants were examined at the University Hospital of Augsburg from 04/11/2020 to 26/05/2021. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) IV digit span, Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), Regensburger verbal fluency test (RWT) and, subjective ratings of memory and concentration were applied. Of the 372 participants (mean age 46.8 ± 15.2 years, 54.3% women, median time after infection 9.1 months), 24.9% reported concentration and 21.9% memory problems. Overall, 55.6% of the participants had at least a mild negative alteration in any cognitive test. The strongest impairments were found regarding memory functions (41.1% mild alterations, 6.2% distinct impairments) and verbal fluency (12.4% mild alterations, 5.4% distinct impairments). SCWT showed negative alterations in no more than 3.0% of the participants. Level of school education, age, and depressiveness emerged as significantly related to the cognitive tests. The number of complaints and depressiveness were significantly associated with subjective memory and concentration problems. It is important to identify mild cognitive impairment in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients early to offer them effective interventions.

Introduction: As prospective data on long-term patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to assess Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) after stroke are still scarce, this study examined the long-term course of PROMs and investigated influential factors such as recanalization therapies.Materials and Methods: A total of 945 (mean age 69 years; 56% male) stroke patients were enrolled with a personal interview and chart review performed at index event. One hundred forty (15%) patients received thrombolysis (IVT) and 53 (5%) patients received endovascular therapy (ET) or both treatments as bridging therapy (BT). After 3 and 12 months, a follow-up was conducted using a postal questionnaire including subjective quality of life EQ-5D-5L (European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions). At all time-points, Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was additionally used to quantify functional stroke severity. Differences between therapy groups were identified using post-hoc-tests. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of outcomes.Results: Recanalization therapies were associated with significant improvements of NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [regression coefficient IVT 1.21 (p = 0.01) and ET/BT 7.6; p = 0.001] and mRS (modified Rankin Scale) [regression coefficient IVT 0.83; p = 0.001 and ET/BT 2.0; p = 0.001] between admission and discharge compared to patients with stroke unit therapy only, with a trend toward improvement of EQ-5D after 12 months [regression coefficient 4.67 (p = 0.17)] with IVT. HRQoL was considerably impaired by stroke and increased steadily in 3- and 12-months follow-up in patients with (mean EQ-5D from 56 to 68) and without recanalization therapy (mean EQ-5D from 62 to 68). In severe strokes a major and significant improvement was only detected during period of 3 to 12 months (p = 0.03 in patients with and p = 0.005 in patients without recanalization therapy).Conclusions: Despite significant and continuous improvements after stroke the HRQoL after 12 months remained below the age-matched general population, but was still unexpectedly high in view of the accumulation of permanent disabilities in up to 30% of the patients. Especially in severe strokes, it is important to evaluate HRQoL beyond a 3-months follow-up as improvements became significant only between 3 months and 1 year.

The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and first and second time reinfarctions in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, treatment, clinical characteristics, medication and outcome. A further aim was to identify predictors for an increased risk of hospitalized reinfarction. Between 2000 and 2017, a total of 13,276 AMI cases were recorded by a population-based registry in the area of Augsburg, Germany, and were included in this study (11,871 incident events, 1217 cases of first-time reinfarction and 202 cases of second-time reinfarction). Median follow-up time was 5.3 years. For differences in baseline characteristics, Chi-square tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were calculated. To determine factors that are associated with an increased risk of hospitalized reinfarction COX regression models were fitted. Myocardial reinfarctions differ from incident events in some major characteristics such as the frequency of comorbidities, laboratory values, ECG presentation and therapy, but not regarding 28-day mortality. Moreover, typical comorbidities and risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, impaired renal function) are associated with an increased risk of hospitalized reinfarction. Conversely, STEMI ECG, being married, German nationality and bypass surgery are predictors for a lower risk of hospitalized reinfarction. Incident AMI and reinfarction are distinctly different in many characteristics, which physicians should have in mind when treating patients with prior AMI. Typical comorbidities are risk factors for hospitalized reinfarction. This underlines the importance of comprehensive treatment of these comorbidities including education of patients and encouragement towards lifestyle adjustments.

Elevated D-dimer plasma concentrations are common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and are often associated with a worse prognosis, but it is not yet clear whether this also applies to outpatient cases. The present cross-sectional study evaluated D-dimer levels and their association with clinical parameters and inflammation biomarkers after a COVID-19 disease in individuals treated as outpatients. The study included 411 individuals (43.3% men) with an average age of 46.8 years (SD 15.2). Study participants who had acute COVID-19 disease at a median of 235 days (120; 323) ago were examined at the University Hospital Augsburg, Southern Germany, between 11/2020 and 05/2021. Plasma D-dimers were measured by a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. Sixty-one subjects (15%) showed increased D-dimer concentrations (≥500 µg/L). Study participants with elevated D-dimer levels in comparison to subjects with levels in the reference range were significantly older, and more frequently reported a history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, venous thromboembolism, and chronic venous insufficiency. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, CRP levels (OR 5.58 per mg/dL, 95% CI 1.77–17.60) and white blood cell count (OR 1.48 per nL, 95% CI 1.19–1.83) were significantly related to elevated D-dimers even after adjustment for multiple testing. However, acute or persistent symptoms were not significantly associated with increased D-dimers. Elevated D-dimer levels months after an acute COVID-19 disease seems to be associated with markers of inflammation. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences of prolonged D-dimer elevation in these patients.

Study objectives To investigate the association between admission blood glucose levels and 28-day mortality as well as in-hospital complications in older patients with incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing modern treatment.Methods From a German population-based regional MI registry, 5530 patients (2016 women), aged 65–84 years, hospitalised with an incident AMI between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2016 were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between admission blood glucose and 28-day mortality as well as in-hospital complications after AMI. Analyses stratified according to age, diabetes and type of infarction (ST-elevation MI (STEMI)/non-STEMI) were conducted.Results The adjusted ORs for the association between admission blood glucose and 28-day mortality in young-old (65–74 years) and old (75–84 years) patients with AMI were 1.40 (95% CI: 1.21 to 1.62) and 1.21 (95% CI: 0.98 to 1.50) per 1 SD increase in admission blood glucose, respectively. Furthermore, higher admission blood glucose was related to case fatality irrespective of the diabetes status and type of infarction only in the under-75 group. For the patients aged 75–84 years, it was only true for those without diabetes and STEMI. Admission blood glucose was also associated with major cardiac complications in both age groups.Conclusion Admission blood glucose was significantly associated with 28-day case fatality in patients with AMI aged 65–74 years but not 75–84 years; furthermore, in both age groups there was an increased risk of major complications. It seems that admission glucose may play a rather minor role in terms of case fatality in higher aged patients with AMI.

Bile acids, neutral sterols, and the gut microbiome are intricately intertwined and each affects human health and metabolism. However, much is still unknown about this relationship. This analysis included 1280 participants of the KORA FF4 study. Fecal metabolites (primary and secondary bile acids, plant and animal sterols) were analyzed using a metabolomics approach. Dirichlet regression models were used to evaluate associations between the metabolites and twenty microbial subgroups that were previously identified using latent Dirichlet allocation. Significant associations were identified between 12 of 17 primary and secondary bile acids and several of the microbial subgroups. Three subgroups showed largely positive significant associations with bile acids, and six subgroups showed mostly inverse associations with fecal bile acids. We identified a trend where microbial subgroups that were previously associated with “healthy” factors were here inversely associated with fecal bile acid levels. Conversely, subgroups that were previously associated with “unhealthy” factors were positively associated with fecal bile acid levels. These results indicate that further research is necessary regarding bile acids and microbiota composition, particularly in relation to metabolic health.

The aim of metabotyping is to categorize individuals into metabolically similar groups. Earlier studies that explored metabotyping used numerous parameters, which made it less transferable to apply. Therefore, this study aimed to identify metabotypes based on a set of standard laboratory parameters that are regularly determined in clinical practice. K-means cluster analysis was used to group 3001 adults from the KORA F4 cohort into three clusters. We identified the clustering parameters through variable importance methods, without including any specific disease endpoint. Several unique combinations of selected parameters were used to create different metabotype models. Metabotype models were then described and evaluated, based on various metabolic parameters and on the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases. As a result, two optimal models were identified: a model composed of five parameters, which were fasting glucose, HDLc, non-HDLc, uric acid, and BMI (the metabolic disease model) for clustering; and a model that included four parameters, which were fasting glucose, HDLc, non-HDLc, and triglycerides (the cardiovascular disease model). These identified metabotypes are based on a few common parameters that are measured in everyday clinical practice. These metabotypes are cost-effective, and can be easily applied on a large scale in order to identify specific risk groups that can benefit most from measures to prevent cardiometabolic diseases, such as dietary recommendations and lifestyle interventions.

Associations between diet and DNA methylation may vary among subjects with different metabolic states, which can be captured by clustering populations in metabolically homogenous subgroups, called metabotypes. Our aim was to examine the relationship between habitual consumption of various food groups and DNA methylation as well as to test for effect modification by metabotype. A cross-sectional analysis of participants (median age 58 years) of the population-based prospective KORA FF4 study, habitual dietary intake was modeled based on repeated 24-h diet recalls and a food frequency questionnaire. DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip providing data on >850,000 sites in this epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). Three metabotype clusters were identified using four standard clinical parameters and BMI. Regression models were used to associate diet and DNA methylation, and to test for effect modification. Few significant signals were identified in the basic analysis while many significant signals were observed in models including food group-metabotype interaction terms. Most findings refer to interactions of food intake with metabotype 3, which is the metabotype with the most unfavorable metabolic profile. This research highlights the importance of the metabolic characteristics of subjects when identifying associations between diet and white blood cell DNA methylation in EWAS.

Introduction Observational studies suggest that physical activity lowers and sedentary behavior increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Despite of some supportive trial data for physical activity, it is largely unresolved whether these relations are causal or due to bias.Objective We investigated the associations between accelerometer-based physical activity and sedentary behavior with type 2 diabetes and several glycemic traits using two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Research design and methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated at p425 milligravities), and sedentary behavior (metabolic equivalent task ≤1.5) in a genome-wide analysis of the UK Biobank served as instrumental variables.Outcomes Type 2 diabetes, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-B), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).Results Physical activity and sedentary behavior were unrelated to type 2 diabetes, HbA1c, fasting glucose, HOMA-B, and HOMA-IR. The inverse variance weighted ORs per SD increment for the association between average accelerations and vigorous physical activity with type 2 diabetes were 1.00 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.07, p=0.948) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.23, p=0.357), respectively. These results were confirmed by sensitivity analyses using alternative MR-methods to test the robustness of our findings.Conclusions Based on these results, genetically predicted objectively measured average or vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior is not associated with type 2 diabetes risk or with glycemic traits in the general population. Further research is required to deepen the understanding of the biological pathways of physical activity.