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Montenegro, as candidate Country for the accession in the European Union, in the framework of the procedure for alignment and together with the harmonization of national legislation with CMO Wine, decided to conduct a new viticultural zoning study at national level. Within the overall objective of further strengthen the viticulture and wine sectors through the harmonization with EU standards, the IPA project "Technical Support to Renewal of viticulture zoning of Montenegro" (Europe Aid/136071/DH/SER/ME) had several other specific objectives including: a) the establish a new Viticulture Zoning as precondition to set up a system of designations for wine with Geographical Indications (PDO/PGI system); b) the official classification of the viticultural areas of Montenegro in climatic zone as required by EU regulation i.e. for the adoption of the oenological practices and defining the restrictions in their application. The two years project started in April 2015, leaded by CRSFA "Basile Caramia", was carried out by a multidisciplinary team of Italian and Serbian experts with the collaboration of experts from Montenegro. Starting from an old viticultural zoning of former Yugoslavia carried out in 1976, a huge amount of different existing data, provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and other Institutions and wineries of Montenegro, was collected, processed and analysed. For the climate analysis, data from 12 meteorological stations and for three periods, one 44-years long (1971-2014) and two 20-years long (1971-1990 and 1995-2014), were used to calculate 11 bioclimatic indexes. Scientific literature, soil maps of Montenegro, the official vineyard and winery registers, the chemical analysis of all wines on the market in the last 5 years, different type of digital maps and DEM were the main source of data used. Additional primary data, used to confirm the existing ones, was collected in 19 vineyards/locations, selected as representatives of the candidate homogeneous subregions, by opening soil profiles, sampling, analyzing and comparing soils, grapes (2015 and 1016) and wines (2015) of the main cultivars. From the analysis of the vineyard parcels the main characteristics and statistics for each homogeneous area, including their borders were described in detail and represented, using contemporary advanced GIS methods (GIS software / ESRI ArcGIS etc.), in thematic maps. The results of the study confirm that Montenegro has, in a relatively small territory, very different terroirs particularly due to a complex orography and the Mediterranean climate strongly influenced by Adriatic Sea and the big Skadar lake as well as, locally, high mountains and rivers. The zoning study identified three main homogeneous viticultural areas or regions and eleven sub-regions that, classified among II (B), IV (C2) and V (C3) zones, have been formally recognized published on National Gazette: Crnogorski basen Skadrskog jezera (sub-regions Bjelopavli?i, Crmnica, Katuni, Podgorica, Rijeka, Piperi), Crnogorsko Primorje (sub-regions Boka kotorska, Budva-Bar, Ulcinj, Jadransko zale?e) and Nudo. Additionally, based just on climate analysis and perspections, five small new potential viticultural areas where identified within the area Sjever: Bijelo Polje, Dragaljsko Polje, Nik?i? and ??epan Polje. Those places, in the past too cold for viticulture, due to the ongoing and observed climate change, seem to be suitable for grape growing and should be tested experimentally. The zoning represent at the same time an instrument of deep knowledge about viticulture and territory available for the Montenegrin producers and the technical framework for the establishment of a new quality wine system based on the certification of the geographical origin. The final technical elaborate of the study, consisting in around 1.200 pages full of data, information and 22 different thematic maps for each area, will help the producers and their organizations/consortia in preparing the technical dossier than accelerating the procedures for the official recognition and registration of new PDO/PGI wines.

Serbia is a country with long standing tradition of viticulture and wine production, dating back to antiquity. During these centuries of viticulture, certain areas gained prominence as favourable for wine-growing, while certain regions and localities became renowned for the quality and characteristics of wines which were the result of a specific terroir. Based on the study of certain ecological and anthropogenic factors regarding viticulture in Serbia, the project Capacity Building and Technical Support for the Renewal of Viticulture Zoning and for the System of Designation for Wine with Geographical Indications (SR/08/IB/AG/02) distinguished between 3 larger wine-growing areas, 22 wine-growing regions and 77 wine-growing sub-regions. This large number of different wine-growing regions and sub-regions indicates a wealth of differences regarding climate, soil, topographical and other factors within a relatively small territory. Since climate, soil and other factors were studied as part of the aforementioned project, this paper focused on other factors which function in conjunction with the previously studied terroir factors. Research for this paper was conducted on a sample of 18,090 selected vineyards (vineyard parcels) to determine elevation, exposure, slope, vine varieties, age of vineyards, training systems, rootstocks, and other factors which comprise the characteristics of vineyards in Serbian wine-growing areas. In addition to field activities for determination of viticulture data, analysis of certain topographic data was performed by utilising contemporary advanced GIS methods, with the following GIS software packages: Global Mapper 13, QGis v2.18, and Google Earth, and the geostatistical processing of some data was performed utilising the ArcGIS software, i.e. its Spatial Analyst and Geostatistical Analyst extensions. Spatial analysis and modelling, i.e. spatial information regarding elevation, slope, and exposure of vineyards relied on the digital elevation model (DEM). Elevation of the locality is one of the basic criteria for wine-growing, because increased elevation causes active temperatures to drop, but simultaneously increases exposure to sunlight. Due to the significance of elevation it was determined for every individual vineyard parcel, and the resulting data shows that the majority of vineyards and their areas in Serbia are located within the following ranges of elevation: >0-100 m, >100-200 m, and >200-300 m. Positive slope of the terrain results in increased exposure to photosynthetic and heat radiation, earlier reaching of necessary soil temperature, decreased impact of frost and improved soil drainage. Application of aforementioned techniques and analyses determined that the majority of vineyards and their areas in Serbia are located in terrains with the following slopes: >0-5° and >5-10°. Exposure of studied vineyards differed with respect to the number of vineyards dominated by southern and south-eastern exposure, followed by south-eastern and eastern exposure, in relation to areas of studies vineyards in which the majority of areas had south-western exposure, followed by other, so called warmed exposures. In addition to topographic factors, this paper focused on certain anthropological factors as well. Our findings were that the leading vine varieties are Riesling Italico (Gra?ac), Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, and Riesling, followed by other varieties; dominant vine training systems are the simple and double Guyot-training systems, and, with respect to the age of vineyards, mainly younger vineyards are dominant, majority being planted in 2008, 2009, 2010, 1980 and 2011. Data analysed in this paper confirms some of the earlier findings, but also indicates surprizes concerning some of the up-until-now undisputed positions regarding the characteristics of Serbian wine-growing areas and vineyards. All of the aforementioned will contribute to a better understanding of terroir and the connection between environmental and anthropogenic factors in wine-growing areas, and the quality and characteristics of wines.

For Montenegrin vine variety Vranac there is the opinion that high quality wines of this variety can be produced mostly in Mediterranea n climates and there is no possibility of over-spreading of this variety out of warmer areas. The most eastern point of the Vranac cultivation area is the Knjazevac wine-growing region (Serbia), the Potrkanje locality, which is characterized by colder climates (B climate Winkler zone) and an average vineyards altitude of 306 m. lt is in such environmental conditions wine from this variety are regularly assessed in the category of best quality wines "vrhunsko K.G.P.K. vino" with purple stamps of quality and origin within the ,PDO/PGI" system of geographical origin of Serbia. In this paper, a detailed wine analysis was carried out in ltaly using highly sophisticated laboratory equipment , where wine from the Vranac variety from the Knjazevac wine-growing region (Potrkanje locality} from the 2011, 2013 and 2015 vintage was analyzed. Laboratory analysis of quality parameters, including total anthocyanins , intensity of color, color tone of wine (A420, A520 , A620) , etc. for the characterization of the quality and specificity of the wine from the Vranac variety from Knjazevac wine-growing region were performed. In this paper certain positive characteristics of quality of Vranac variety wine are determined , regardless of the fact that the vineyards are in completely different climatic and soil conditions in relation to the originai conditions of Montenegro.

BACKGROUND: Factors that influence performance in volleyball, in terms of motor skills, refer to muscle power, speed and agility. This study aimed to examine the abilities and physical characteristics of female volleyball players in terms of age and player specialization. METHODS: A total of 35 subjects (junior and cadet age), participated in this study. Subjects were assessed for body height, mass, spike and block reach, and body composition. Vertical jump, standing broad jump, spike and block jump were tests used to measure leg power. The running speed was evaluated with a 20-m single-sprint effort. The change of direction speed was assessed with a T-test, the sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m forward-backward shuttle and sprint 9-3-6-3-9 m with 180° turns. Two-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test was applied in order to examine whether there is a statistically significant difference (P≤0.05) between team, position and their interaction, using SPSS v. 20.0. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant interaction between the effects of team and position on anthropometric measures and motor abilities of volleyball players. Age, training years and technical-tactical knowledge of junior players led to better performance in all conducted tests of motor abilities in comparison to young female cadet players. According to the position, the majority of motor tests showed no differences between players. CONCLUSIONS: These results might be useful for strength and conditioning professionals who work with young female volleyball players of a similar age and competition level.

(1) Background: Regular physical activity (PA) plays an important role during early childhood physical and psychological development. This study investigates the effects of a 9-month PA intervention on physiological characteristics and motor and cognitive skills in preschool children. (2) Methods: Preschool children (n = 132, age 4 to 7 years) attending regular preschool programs were nonrandomly assigned to PA intervention (n = 66, 60 min sessions twice per week) or a control group (n = 66, no additional organized PA program) for 9 months. Exercise training for the intervention group included various sports games, outdoor activities, martial arts, yoga, and dance. Anthropometry, motor skills (7 tests), and cognitive skills (Raven&rsquo, s Colored Progressive Matrices and Cognitive Assessment System) were assessed before and after an intervention period in both groups. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. (3) Results: Body weight significantly increased in both groups over time. Compared to the changes observed in the control group, the intervention group significantly increased in chest circumference (p = 0.022). In contrast, the control group demonstrated an increase in waist circumference (p = 0.001), while these measures in the intervention group remained stable. Participants in the intervention group improved running speed (p = 0.016) and standing broad jump (p = 0.000). The flexibility level was maintained in the intervention group, while a significant decrease was observed in the control group (p = 0.010). Children from the intervention group demonstrated progress in the bent-arm hang test (p = 0.001), unlike the control group subjects. Varied improvements in cognitive skills were observed for different variables in both intervention and control groups, with no robust evidence for PA-intervention-related improvements. (4) Conclusions: Preschool children&rsquo, s participation in a preschool PA intervention improves their motor skills.