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IntroductionHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is prevalent worldwide. As it is a known carcinogen, causing multitude of gastrointestinal end extra-gastric disorders, the eradication therapy is now indicated for every patient diagnosed with this infection. This approach may prove however to be improper, since it is now known, that not every strain of this species is pathogenic, therapy may be unsuccessful and drug resistance is ever increasing problem.A brief description of the state of knowledge:H. pylori is a species representing multiple strains with distinct regional genetic markup. Its prevalence is high in the general population, but in the recent years there have been reports of decreased presence in the developed countries. This paper reviews most important known genetic diversity markers and their impact on virulence and toxicity of species. It also covers possible new ways to combat the infection.ConclusionWith increased possibility of genetic sequencing, there may be possibility for custom-tailored eradication therapy of H. pylori in the future.

Understanding the important role of the non-specific immune response in protecting the body against the development of numerous diseases has become partially possible after the discovery of several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group of cytoplasmic proteins called the inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through the PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and trigger an acute inflammatory reaction both in the extracellular and intracellular space. Low-grade systemic and local inflammation contributes to the development and progression of various conditions, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, which until recently were not even considered inflammatory diseases. This review will discuss the role of innate immunity in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, focusing on the role of specific innate immunity receptors and insulin resistance involved in these diseases pathogenesis.

Appropriate concentration of androgens is necessary for general men’s health, especially for development and maintain reproductive and sexual function, as well as metabolic balance. The state of deficiency of testosterone or its inadequate action, as well as inability to produce good quality semen is called hypogonadism. Depending on the function of the testicles, production of androgens and sperm is also conditioned on hypothalamus-pituitary axis, metabolic status and age of the individual. Considering that, hypogonadism of primary, secondary, functional or late-onset origin may be recognised. As it concerns susceptible matter of sexual and reproductive health, it requires special interest of differently clinicians, i.e. endocrinologists, andrologists or urologists.

Sick newborns are at present the largest group of patients receiving blood products. Therefore packed red blood cells transfusion is one of the most common procedures performed in Intensive Care Units. However, in order to avoid unnecessary risk, and thus reduce the rate of adverse invents after transfusion, which are particularly common in this group of patients, there is a need to develop proper standards of administration. The aim of this study is to review the current scientific literature on transfusion of packed blood cells in different medical situations in neonates.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia is metabolic state of ogranism characterized by abnormally low blood glucose level. Due to International Hypoglycemia Study Group (2017) and following Polish Diabetes Association Guidelines is is recognized with serum glucose below 70mg/dl – with or without accompanying symptoms, such as tremor or altered mental status or even hypoglycemic coma. Symptoms mentioned above may have huge impact on personal or social functioning of the patient. Purpose: To present a list of known causes of hypoglycemic state. Summary: Hypoglycemia is quite unpleasant and dangerous metabolic state that may be caused by multiple etiological factors. The most common cause of this condition is useing too much insulin in treatment of diabetes mellitus. Other diabetic drugs, such us for example sulphonylureas may result in hypoglycemia. Chemicals containing sulfhydryl group in their structure may result in severe hypoglycemia in progress of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome (IAS). Organic basis of hypoglycemia due to increased amount of producing insulin may be recognized, in progress of pancreatic secreting tumor, called insulinoma. From the other hand functional abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism may be found. It’s called functional hypoglycemia and may develop due to presence of hyperinsulism and insulin resistance secondary to incorrect lifestyle and diet. Partly organic and functional cause of hypogycemia may be recognized after bariatric surgery. Fairy seldom hypoglycemia with low blood insulin level may be found. The example of this state constitutes Dodge-Potter Syndrome, when tumor is able to produce insulin-growth factor 2 (IGF-2) stimulating insulin receptor, what results in serum glucose reduction. Hypoglycemia, as very adverse state for human organism, should be closely diagnose and efficiently treated.

Introduction: Hyponatremia is one of the most commonly occuring electrolyte disorder. The main clinical symptoms of natrium imbalance are weakness, lost of appetite, headache, nausea with or without vomiting or altered mental status with somnolence or even seizures and death. Purpose: To present a list of drugs pretending to occurrence or natrium serum level reduction and known endocrine disorder causing hyponatremia. Summary: Hyponatremia is very common electrolyte disorder. Changes that may develop in human organism in the presence of this type of dyselectrolytemia, may be extremely dangerous for proper functioning and life of the entity. It’s well known, that hyponatremia may be caused by multiple factors, such as hormonal disturbances, taking special medicines or even excessive physical activity. It may also develop due to popular health conditions, for example congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, malignancies, neurological disorders or human-immunodeficiency virus infection1⁠. The huge amount of patients that are hospitalized in Chair and Department of Endocrinology in Lublin has prompted us to right analysis, due to available medical literature - the endocrine causes of hyponatremia. In second part of this review paper we aimed to enumerate drugs, that are able to result in developing hyponatremia.