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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most common knee injuries. Surgery is often needed when an ACL injury occurs to restore function to the knee. One of the most popular techniques for ACL grafts currently is the use of interference screws. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art interference screw material, manufacturing process, benefits, and limitations used in ACL reconstruction. The systematic literature review (SLR) methodology comprises this study’s planning, conducting, and reporting stages. Bioresorbable interference screws are fixation devices offering significant advantages in ACL reconstruction over traditional metal interference screws. Additive manufacturing (AM) can provide benefits in producing interference screws compared to traditional/subtractive methods. Developing the interference screw that uses bio composite-based polymers is challenging in AM technology manufacturing. Further research of biocomposite materials and AM printing techniques are some of the most critical areas that can help advance interference screw applications in tissue engineering to encourage the development of functional manufacturing of interference screws. The development of biocomposite material, the novel 3D printer, and the design of interference screws are expected to open up a new era in the reconstruction of ACL.

In the practice of biodiesel storage tanks, there are questions about their long-term viability for handling and storage. This study examined the effects of biodiesel blends containing B0, B30, B40, and B100 products on the corrosion resistance of carbon steels graded AISI 1020 and AISI 1045. Static corrosion tests for 168 hours at 25°C were performed by immersing test coupons of each carbon steel in the biodiesel blending solution. An electrochemical analysis revealed that the AISI 1020 and AISI 1045 coupons had current density (Icorr) values higher than 0.1 µA/cm². In various biodiesel blends, the corrosion rates for AISI 1020 and AISI 1045 increased from 0.02275 to 0.051184 mmpy and from 0.04777 to 0.05890 mmpy, respectively. The results show that mild steels used to store biodiesel have a limited ability to resist corrosion. The oxygen content of biodiesel may affect the corrosion products of mineral rusts (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) on steel surfaces. Because of its significantly higher oxygen content, steel-AISI 1045 has a faster corrosion rate than steel-AISI 1020. The study findings could provide a technical explanation for the corrosive nature of biodiesel storage tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for extracting calcium sources from green mussel shell (P. Viridis) wastes and converting them into synthetic nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA). In this study, raw mussel shells were washed, pulverised, and sieved to start producing a fine calcium carbonate-rich powder. XRD quantitative analysis confirmed that the powder contains 97.6 wt. % aragonite. This powder was then calcined for 5 h at 900 °C to remove water, salt, and mud, yielding a calcium-rich feedstock with major minerals of calcite (68.7 wt.%), portlandite (24.7 wt.%), and minor aragonite (6.5 wt.%). The calcined powders were dissolved in aqueous stock solutions of HNO3 and NH4OH before hydrothermally reacting with phosphoric acid [(NH4)2HPO4], yielding pure, nanoscale (16-18 nm) carbonated HA crystals, according to XRD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses. The use of a low-temperature hydrothermal method for a feedstock powder produced by the calcination of low-cost mussel shell wastes would be a valuable processing approach for the industry's development of large-scale hydroxyapatite nanoparticle production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste crab shells (CS) have the potential to mineralize CO2, yielding precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) powder feedstock for use in the synthesis of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) in an acidic condition by partial neutralization of phosphoric acid at 90 °C and varying times (30–120 min), followed by evaporation of the water at 100 °C. The PCC and MCPM products were analyzed using X‐ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray method. After 120 min of stirring, the pure MCPM revealed uniform particle sizes from 1 to 3 μm. The presented MCPM synthesis using the PCC powder precursor may assist in developing a large‐scale MCPM industry while recycling a considerable quantity of CS waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presented a powder processing method involving calcination and subsequent carbonation in the synthesis of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) for recycling green mussel shells, which contain a high calcium carbonate content. The purity of portlandite [Ca(OH)2] as a result of calcination and subsequent moisture absorption during storage was verified using the XRD-Rietveld method. Further quantitative XRD Rietveld analysis of the PCC product confirmed the presence of vaterite (55.20 wt.%) and calcite (44.80 wt.%) minerals after carbonation process of the calcined powder product. The SEM examination of this product revealed particle aggregates of non-uniform polyhedral and cubical grains of varying small and large sizes. The FTIR analysis also confirmed that calcination and subsequent hydration of mussel shell powder yielded pure portlandite, whereas the carbonation yielded PCC polymorphism. As a result, this powder processing method is simple to scale and reduces the cost of PCC synthesis, which is critical for practical applications. The current study demonstrated that the powder processing method for recycling green mussel shells as starting materials in biomedical applications is technically feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are among the most common knee injuries. Surgery is often needed when an ACL injury occurs to restore function to the knee. One of the most popular techniques for ACL grafts currently is the use of interference screws. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art interference screw material, manufacturing process, benefits, and limitations used in ACL reconstruction. The systematic literature review (SLR) methodology comprises this study's planning, conducting, and reporting stages. Bioresorbable interference screws are fixation devices offering significant advantages in ACL reconstruction over traditional metal interference screws. Additive manufacturing (AM) can provide benefits in producing interference screws compared to traditional/subtractive methods. Developing the interference screw that uses bio composite-based polymers is challenging in AM technology manufacturing. Further research of biocomposite materials and AM printing techniques are some of the most critical areas that can help advance interference screw applications in tissue engineering to encourage the development of functional manufacturing of interference screws. The development of biocomposite material, the novel 3D printer, and the design of interference screws are expected to open up a new era in the reconstruction of ACL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]