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MAGIS-100 is a next-generation quantum sensor under construction at Fermilab that aims to explore fundamental physics with atom interferometry over a 100-meter baseline. This novel detector will search for ultralight dark matter, test quantum mechanics in new regimes, and serve as a technology pathfinder for future gravitational wave detectors in a previously unexplored frequency band. It combines techniques demonstrated in state-of-the-art 10-meter-scale atom interferometers with the latest technological advances of the world's best atomic clocks. MAGIS-100 will provide a development platform for a future kilometer-scale detector that would be sufficiently sensitive to detect gravitational waves from known sources. Here we present the science case for the MAGIS concept, review the operating principles of the detector, describe the instrument design, and study the detector systematics., Comment: 65 pages, 18 figures

We outline the design of beam experiments for the electron linac at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility and for the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA), based on synchrotron light emitted by the electrons in bend dipoles, detected with gated microchannel-plate photomultipliers (MCP-PMTs). The system can be used both for beam diagnostics (e.g., beam intensity with full dynamic range, turn-by-turn beam vibrations, etc.) and for scientific experiments, such as the direct observation of the time structure of the radiation emitted by single electrons in a storage ring. The similarity between photon pulses and spectrum at the downstream end of the electron linac and in the IOTA ring allows one to test the apparatus during commissioning of the linac.

A common issue encountered in photoemission electron sources used in electron accelerators is distortion of the laser spot due to non ideal conditions at all stages of the amplification. Such a laser spot at the cathode may produce asymmetric charged beams that will result in degradation of the beam quality due to space charge at early stages of acceleration and fail to optimally utilize the cathode surface. In this note we study the possibility of using microlens arrays to dramatically improve the transverse uniformity of the drive laser pulse on UV photocathodes at both Fermilab Accelerator Science \& Technology (FAST) facility and Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA). In particular, we discuss the experimental characterization of the homogeneity and periodic patterned formation at the photocathode. Finally, we compare the experimental results with the paraxial analysis, ray tracing and wavefront propagation software.

A gaussian underdense plasma lens with peak density 5 × 1012 cm −3 and a full width half maximum (FWHM) length of 2.2 cm has been used to focus a relativistic electron beam. This plasma lens is equivalent in strength to a quadrupole magnet with a 150 T/m field gradient. The lens focused a 15 MeV, 16 nC electron beam with initial dimensions σx,y ≈ 650 μ m and σz ≈ 6.5 mm onto an optical transition radiation (OTR) screen ~2 cm downstream of the lens. The average transverse area of the plasma focused electron beam was typically demagnified by a factor of 23. The evolution of the beam envelope in the area near the beam waist was measured for both round beams and asymmetric beams with x:y aspect ratios as large as 1:5. The light from the OTR screen in the round beam case was also imaged into a streak camera in order to directly measure the correlation between z and σr within the beam.

With ever increasing demands for intensities in modern accelerators, the understanding of space-charge effects becomes crucial. Herein are presented measurements of optically shaped picosecond-long electron beams in a superconducting L-band linac over a wide range of charges, from 0.2 nC to 3.4 nC. At low charges, the shape of the electron beam is preserved, while at higher charge densities, modulations on the beam convert to energy modulations. Energy profile measurements using a spectrometer and time profile measurements using a streak camera reveal the dynamics of longitudinal space-charge on MeV-scale electron beams.

One of the goals of the Fermilab A0 photoinjector is to investigate experimentally the transverse to longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) principle. Coherent synchrotron radiation in the emittance exchange line could limit the performance of the emittance exchanger at short bunch lengths. In this paper, we present experimental and simulation studies of the coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in the emittance exchange line at the A0 photoinjector. We report on time-resolved CSR studies using a skew-quadrupole technique. We also demonstrate the advantages of running the EEX with an energy-chirped beam.

A real-time interferometer (RTI) has been developed to monitor the bunch length of an electron beam in an accelerator. The RTI employs spatial autocorrelation, reflective optics, and a fast response pyro-detector array to obtain a real-time autocorrelation trace of the coherent radiation from an electron beam thus providing the possibility of online bunch-length diagnostics. A complete RTI system has been commissioned at the A0 photoinjector facility to measure sub-mm bunches at 13 MeV. Bunch length variation (FWHM) between 0.8 ps (~0.24 mm) and 1.5 ps (~0.45 mm) has been measured and compared with a Martin-Puplett interferometer and a streak camera. The comparisons show that RTI is a viable, complementary bunch length diagnostic for sub-mm electron bunches.

The possibility of using electron-beam phase-space manipulations to support a free-electron laser accelerator design optimization has motivated our research. An ongoing program demonstrating the exchange of transverse horizontal and longitudinal emittances at the Fermilab A0 photoinjector has benefited recently from the upgrade of several of the key diagnostics stations. Accurate measurements of these properties upstream and downstream of the exchanger beam line are needed. Improvements in the screen resolution term and reduced impact of the optical system’s depth of focus by using YAG:Ce single crystals normal to the beam direction will be described. The requirement to measure small energy spreads (

Focusing of a 15 MeV, 19 nC electron bunch by an underdense plasma lens operated just beyond the threshold of the underdense condition has been demonstrated in experiments at the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL). The strong 1.9 cm focal-length plasma-lens focused both transverse directions simultaneously and reduced the minimum area of the beam spot by a factor of 23. Analysis of the beam-envelope evolution observed near the beam waist shows that the spherical aberrations of this underdense lens are lower than those of an overdense plasma lens, as predicted by theory. Correlations between the beam charge and the properties of the beam focus corroborate this conclusion.

The current Fermilab A0 Photoinjector laser system includes a seed laser, a flashlamp pumped multipass amplifier cavity, a flashlamp pumped 2-pass amplifier system followed by an infra-red (IR) to ultra-violet (UV) conversion stage. However the current system can only deliver up to 800 pulses due to the low efficiency of Nd:glass used inside the multi-pass cavity. In this paper we will report the effort to develop a new multi-pass cavity based on Nd:YLF crystal end-pumped by a diode laser. We will also discuss the foreseen design of the laser system for the NML accelerator test facility at Fermilab.

Recently we have measured the envelope and the trans verse emittance of an 0.85 nC electron beam at the Fermilab AO-Photoinjector facility. The transverse emittance measurement was performed using the multi-slit method. The data have been taken with an unstacked 2.8 ps laser pulse. In this paper we report on these beam measurements and compare the results with the predictions from beam dynamics codes ASTRA and GPT using 3D space charge routines.

Focusing of a 15 MeV, 16 nC electron bunch by a gaussian underdense plasma lens operated just beyond the threshold of the underdense condition has been demonstrated. The strong 1.9 cm focal length plasma lens focused both transverse directions simultaneously and reduced the minimum area of the beam spot by a factor of 23. Analysis of the beam envelope evolution observed near the beam waist shows that the spherical aberrations of this underdense lens are lower than those of an overdense plasma lens, as predicted by theory. Time resolved measurements of the focused electron bunch are also reported and compared to simulations.

Summary form only given. An underdense plasma lens experiment is underway as a collaboration between UCLA and the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL). The experiment will focus on measuring the variation of the plasma focusing along the longitudinal beam axis and comparing these results with theory and simulation. The experiment utilizes a thin Gaussian underdense plasma lens with peak density 5times1012 cm-3 and a FWHM length of 2.2 cm. This plasma lens will have a focusing strength equivalent to a quadrupole magnet with about 180 T/m field gradient. A 15 MeV, 8-12 nC electron beam with nominal dimensions sigmar = 600 mum and sigmaz= 2.1 mm will be focused by this plasma lens onto an OTR screen approximately 2 cm downstream of the lens. The light from the OTR screen will be imaged into a streak camera in order to directly measure the correlation between z and sigmar within the beam. Status and progress on the experiment are reported

Various projects under study require an angular-momentum-dominated electron beam generated by a photoinjector. Some of the proposals directly use the angular-momentum-dominated beams (e.g. electron cooling of heavy ions), while others require the beam to be transformed into a flat beam (e.g. possible electron injectors for light sources and linear colliders). In this paper, we report our experimental study of an angular-momentum-dominated beam produced in a photoinjector, addressing the dependencies of angular momentum on initial conditions. We also briefly discuss the removal of angular momentum. The results of the experiment, carried out at the Fermilab/NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory, are found to be in good agreement with theoretical and numerical models., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams

Plasma density transition trapping is a recently proposed self‐injection scheme for plasma wake‐field accelerators. This technique uses a sharp downward plasma density transition to trap and accelerate background plasma electrons in a plasma wake‐field. This paper recounts the first attempt to demonstrate density transition trapping experimentally. The goal of the experiment is to capture a ∼ 100 pC, 1.5 MeV beam with 4% rms energy spread out of a 2.5×1013 cm−3 peak density plasma using a 6nC, 14 MeV drive beam. The first experimental run occurred at the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL) between January and May 2004. While several key objectives were achieved, we were unable to achieve the drive beam parameters necessary for the experiment due to technical problems. We are in the process of resolving these problems in preparation for a second experimental run.

The plasma wake-field mechanism can be used to couple energy at a high rate from a bunched electron beam into a plasma wave. We will present results from the Fermilab A0 facility where a beam with an initial energy of 14 MeV passes through the plasma to emerge with a much broader energy spread, spanning from a low of 3 MeV to a high of over 20 MeV. Over the 8 cm length of the 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/ plasma, this implies a 140 MeV/m deceleration and 72 MeV/m acceleration gradient.

Last year at LINAC2000 we reported our initial verification of the round beam (comparable transverse emittances) to flat beam (high transverse emittance ratio) transformation described by Brinkmann, Derbenev, and Flottmann (1999). Further analysis of our data has confirmed that a transverse emittance ratio of approximately 50 was observed. Graphics representing observational detail are included and future plans outlined.

We discuss the recent experiments in the field of Plasma Wakefield Acceleration (PWFA), with emphasis on the FNAL experiment. After completion of this work, the next round of experiments will need to push the envelope on accelerating gradient, interaction length, stability, and accelerated charge. We present theoretical results dealing with plasma accelerator performance in the limit of high driver charge, and short wavelengths. We comment on the impact of such results on both the afterburner (single module) and staged (multiple modules) approaches to plasma‐based accelerators.

A prototype "electron lens" for the Tevatron beam-beam compensation project is commissioned at Fermilab. We describe the set-up, report results of the first tests of the electron beam, and discuss future plans.

An RF photo-injector was installed at Fermilab between January and June 97. The photo-injector produced its first beam on 4 June 97. This report provides a brief description of the accelerator and a summary of the experiments carried out through December '97.

A collaboration has been formed between FNAL, UCLA, LNFN Milano, the University of Rochester, and DESY to develop the technology of an RF photoinjector, followed by a superconducting cavity, to produce high bunch charge (8 nC) with low normalized emittance (

Focusing of a 15 MeV electron bunch by a plasma lens operated at the threshold of the underdense regime has been demonstrated. The strong, 1.7 cm focal length, plasma lens focused both transverse directions simultaneously and reduced the minimum area of the beam spot by a factor of 23. It is shown through analytic analysis and simulation that the observed spherical aberration of this underdense lens, when expressed as the fractional departure of the focusing strength from its linear expectation, is ΔK/K=0.08±0.04. This is significantly lower than the minimum theoretical value for the spherical aberration of an overdense plasma lens. Parameter scans showing the dependence of focusing performance on beam charge, as well as time resolved measurements of the focused electron bunch, are reported.

In the flat beam experiment at Fermilab/NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory(FNPL), it is essential to have a nonvanishing longitudinal magnetic field on the photocathode. The canonical angular momentum of the electron beam generated by this magnetic field is an important parameter in understanding the round to flat beam transformation. In this paper, we report our measurements of the canonical angular momentum, which is directly related to the skew diagonal elements of the beam matrix before beam is made flat. The measurements of the other elements of the beam matrix are also reported.

A gaussian underdense plasma lens with peak density 5 × 1012cm-3and a full width half maximum (FWHM) length of 2.2 cm has been used to focus a relativistic electron beam. This plasma lens has a focusing strength equivalent to a quadrupole magnet with a 150 T/m field gradient. The lens focused a 15 MeV, 16 nC electron beam with initial dimensions σ r = 500 μm and σ z = 5 mm onto an optical transition radiation (OTR) screen 2 cm downstream of the lens. The average transverse area of the plasma focused electron beam was typically demagnified by a factor of 22. The light from the OTR screen was imaged into a streak camera in order to directly measure the correlation between z and σ r within the beam.