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Grasslands in North America have declined by over 70% since industrialization of settlements due to the conversion of natural habitats to cropland and urban centers. In the United States, the federally supported Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was created to improve water quality, reduce soil erosion, and increase native habitats for wildlife. Within these restored grasslands, ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are a keystone invertebrate group that fill several crucial niches and may serve as bioindicators of successful land management strategies. To understand the impact of land management on ground beetles, we examined carabid beetle community responses to a grazing treatment and two plant restoration treatments with low and relatively high initial plant diversity over two field seasons. We used pitfall traps at 108 CRP sites across a 63.5 cm precipitation gradient, encompassing three grassland types. Overall, grazing and restoration treatment did not have detectable effects on carabid abundance, biomass, or diversity. Carabid communities, however, responded differently to grazing within grassland types—all three community measures increased in response to grazing in tallgrass sites only. Our short-term study suggests that moderate levels of cattle grazing do not negatively affect carabid communities and might have positive effects on abundance, biomass, and diversity in tallgrass regions.

Ganganomala saltini Ratcliffe, Jameson, and Zorn, new species (Figs. 1–4, 7–9, 11–12, 14–21, 23–27, 31–32, 36) Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EDDA2DFF-7340-417B-B555-0F186B1045DB Type Material. Holotype, allotype, and nine paratypes. Holotype male at UNSM and labeled “ Bangladesh / Dacca / Juni 76 / leg. M. Dietz // 1984 / Insektenboerse / Frankfurt am Main / von M. Dietz / Coll. J.-P. Saltin ”, and with our red holotype label. Allotype female at UNSM and labeled “ NEPAL, Prov. Bheri / D: Banke, Nepalganj / Hotel Kitchen Hut // 140m NN, N28°04´97´´ / E 81°38´56´´, on light / 23.-25. VI.2011 / leg. M. Hartmann #02 // collection / NATURKUNDE - // MUSEUM ERFURT”, hind wing mounted below specimen and with our red allotype label. Two male paratypes at JPSC with same data as holotype and one with male genitalia, mouthparts, and hind wing mounted below specimen. One male paratype at MLJC with same data as holotype. One male paratype at IRSNB with same data as holotype. One male paratype at NMEG and labeled “Nepal Bheri zone / Nepalgunj 200m / 17.-20.6.95 lg. Ahrens / and Pommeranz”. One male paratype at NMEG and labeled “ NEPAL, Prov. Bheri / D: Banke, Nepalganj / Hotel Kitchen Hut // 140m NN, N28°04´97´´ / E 81°38´56´´, on light / 23.-25. VI.2011 / leg. M. Hartmann #02 // collection / NATURKUNDE - // MUSEUM ERFURT”. One male paratype at CCZ and labeled “ NEPAL centr. // Sauraha 1992 / lgt. Jenis 20-25.5.” One female paratype at CCZ and labeled “ NEPAL, Prov. Bheri / Nepalgunj, Hotel / Batika, 28°02,59´N / 81°36,56´E, 230mNN / 18.VI.1999, LF / leg. M. Hartmann ”. One male paratype at CCZ and labeled “Nepal Bheri zone / Nepalgunj 200m / 17.-20.6.95 lg. Ahrens / and Pommeranz”, male genitalia mounted below specimen. One female paratype at NMEG and labeled “ NEPAL, Prov. Bheri / 28°02´41´´N, 81°37´17´´E / Nepalganj, Hotel Sneha / 140 m; 13. VI. 2007, LF / leg.: J. Weipert ”. All paratypes with our yellow paratype labels. Description. Holotype Male. Length 16.2 mm; width 8.4 mm. Color entirely bright reddish brown except for castaneous apices of protibial teeth, apices of tarsomeres, and metatibial spinules. Head (Figs. 1, 24–25): Frons densely punctate, some punctures contiguous laterally; punctures moderate in size. Clypeus with apex quadrate, strongly reflexed, anterolateral angles square, densely punctate (disc) and rugopunctate (laterally and at base), punctures moderate in size. Frontoclypeal suture obsolete medially, weakly arcuate, reaching each lateral margin near ocular canthus. Interocular width equals 3.3 transverse eye diameters. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club subequal in length to antennomeres 2–6. Pronotum: Surface with small, moderately dense punctures, punctures slightly denser in anterior and posterior angles, lateral margin on posterior half with a few, long, reddish brown setae. All margins with complete marginal bead. Elytra: Surface with poorly defined, longitudinal rows of moderately large, ocellate punctures; 1 row adjacent to suture, 1 pair on disc, 1 pair at humerus, 1 pair laterad of humerus. Intervals with similar moderately dense punctures. Pygidium: Surface with moderately large, moderately dense punctures, a few punctures at extreme center apex with long, reddish brown setae; lateral margins weakly scabrous. Surface regularly convex in lateral view. Venter: Mentum (Fig. 16) long, subrectangular, disc flat and with long, reddish brown setae, apex broad and slightly emarginate at middle. Prosternal process very small (nearly obsolete), subtriangular, not produced ventrally, not produced to trochanter, glabrous. Metathorax with small, dense, setigerous punctures; setae long, dense, reddish brown. Epipleuron distinct, gradually tapering from base to metacoxa, slender from metacoxa to apex and with transparent membrane. Abdominal sternites 2–4 subequal in length, sternite 5 about 1.3 times length of sternite 4, apical sternite half length of sternite 4 (Fig. 2); apical sternite weakly emarginate at apex, setigerously punctate. Abdominal sternites with transverse, irregular rows of long, reddish brown setae arising from moderately large punctures. Legs: Protibia tridentate, teeth subequally spaced (Fig. 8); protibial spur absent (Figs. 7–8). Protarsomere 5 enlarged, with prominent, forward-directed protuberance internomedially (Fig. 7); inner claw robust (subequal in length of tarsomeres 1–4), enlarged, sharply bent, apex entire and with minute, inner apical tooth. Metatibia (Fig. 11) ventrally with long, dense, reddish brown setae. Meso- and metatibiae with fringe of long, reddish brown setae on inner margin, each with 2 obliquely transverse rows of small, castaneous spinules at mid-shaft; truncate at apex and with row of small, castaneous spinules: 10 spinules on mesotibia, 14 spinules on metatibia; apex with 2 apical spurs, longer spur produced to near apex of metatarsomere 2. Claws of meso- and metatibiae equal in size, apices entire (Fig. 12). Parameres: Form short, simple, with short setae on venter (Figs. 19–21). Allotype. Length 17.8 mm; width 9.2 mm (Fig. 3). As holotype except in the following respects: Head (Figs. 26–27): Frons with surface densely, confluently punctate (disc) and rugopunctate (lateral margins and base). Clypeus with surface densely punctate (disc) and rugopunctate (lateral margins and apex); sides weakly convergent toward apex; apex rounded, moderately reflexed. Frontoclypeal suture obsolete medially, weakly arcuate. Interocular width equals 3.6 transverse eye diameters. Pygidium: Marginal bead at apex effaced. Venter: Sternites slightly convex in lateral view. Abdominal sternite 5 about 1.5 times length of sternite 4, apical sternite 3/4 length of sternite 4. Apical sternite entire at apex, with setose punctures; setae moderately long, reddish brown. Legs: Protibia with subapical spur on inner margin (Fig. 9); spur subequal in length to protarsomere 2. Protarsomere 5 not enlarged, normal (subequal in length to protarsomeres 2–4, width about 1/3 length) with poorly developed internomedial protuberance. Protarsal claw with inner claw split, ventral ramus subequal in size to dorsal ramus (Fig. 9). Mesotibial apex with 8 spinules and 2 spurs; longer spur produced to near apex of mesotarsomere 2. Meso- and metatarsomeres 5 with weakly developed internomedial protuberance. Mesotarsal claw split with ventral ramus subequal in width to dorsal ramus. Metatibial apex with 20 spinules and 2 spurs; longer spur produced to near apex of metatarsomere 2. Metatarsal claws simple. Variation: Length 16.0–16.6 mm; width 8.0–8.8 mm (n = 7 males, 2 females). The nine paratypes are remarkably similar to the holotype and allotype and do not differ significantly. Etymology. We are pleased to name this new species to recognize Jochen-P. Saltin (Dornum, Middelsbur, Germany) who first brought exemplars of the species to our attention and donated specimens for description. Distribution. Ganganomala saltini is known from three localities in the greater Ganges River drainage (Nepal and Bangladesh) (Fig. 23) and possibly India. In India, Chandra (1991) recorded (as “ A. fraterna ”) putative G. saltini from Dehradun Valley. In Nepal, the species is known from the Bheri Zone and the Chitwan District. In the People’ s Republic of Bangladesh in southern Asia, the species was collected near Dhaka. Dhaka is on the eastern banks of the Buriganga River and situated on the lower reaches of the Ganges Delta near sea level. Dhaka is a burgeoning city of over seven million people, and there are 18 million people in the greater Dhaka area (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics 2014). During 1951–1961, there was a 45% increase in urban population, and the total urban population rose from 1.8 million to 2.6 million during this period. A 138% growth of urban population took place during 1961–1974, due principally to massive rural to urban migration (Mondal 2006). The habitat of the original collecting site (in 1976) for G. saltini in Dhaka, indeed much of the regional biodiversity, has undoubtedly been destroyed or altered from its former natural state by urbanization and concomitant pollution since the specimens were collected. One has to wonder, then, if this species continues to exist in that region. Ganganomala saltini was collected in Nepalgunj in the Bheri Zone in Nepal at 150 m elevation. This area has a subtropical climate similar to that of Dhaka, although Dhaka does not experience the low temperatures of Nepalgunj. Temperatures can exceed 40° C from April to June. The rainy season is June to September. The highest temperature ever recorded in Nepalgunj was 45.0° C in June 1995, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was -0.3° C in January 2013 (Anonymous 2016). The collector of the Bangladesh specimens, Manfred Dietz, was in Dhaka for four months in 1976, where he collected almost every evening in and around the city (personal communication Dietz to Saltin 2015, 2016 and Saltin to BCR 2016). Mr. Dietz is a well-known lepidopterist, and the scarabs were by-catch since he had no interest in beetles. We are convinced that the collecting data are accurate since we have the personal recollection of the collector. The Bangladesh specimens were obtained at an insect fair, but Dietz’ locality information is reliable. Temporal Distribution. May (1), June (10). Biology. Nothing is known of the life history of G. saltini. The Bangladesh specimens and at least four of the Nepalese specimens were taken at lights.

Ganganomala Ratcliffe, Jameson, and Zorn, new genus (Figs. 1���4, 7���9, 11���12, 14���21, 23���27, 31���32, 36) Zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13EA55C1-33DD-427C-957C-53BC75E115CE Description. Form: Elongate oval, robust, apices of elytra broadly rounded, pygidium exposed beyond elytra; dorsum convex, glabrous. Color dark reddish brown. Sexual dimorphism present on clypeus, protibia, and protarsomeres. Length 15.2��� 16.2 mm; width 8.1���8.4 mm. Head (Figs. 1���4, 24���27): Frons flat or weakly concave, lacking tubercles, surface punctate, punctures minute or large. Frontoclypeal suture poorly indicated, obsolete medially, weakly arcuate, reaching each lateral margin near ocular canthus. Clypeus with surface flat or weakly concave, punctate, punctures minute or large; apex of male quadrate, strongly or moderately reflexed with anterolateral angle square; apex of female weakly rounded, moderately reflexed with anterolateral margin rounded; margins of male bowed inward, base slightly wider than apex; margins of female parallel, slightly narrower at apex than at base. Eye canthus planar, not cariniform. Interocular width equals 3.0���5.2 transverse eye diameters. Antenna with 9 antennomeres, club subequal in length to antennomeres 2���6. Labrum quadrate at middle, sides rounded, not visible or weakly visible in dorsal view. Mandible (Fig. 15) rounded externally, dorsal surface flat, inner apex bifid (teeth short, acute), molar region with 12���16 lamellae, scissorial region brush-like (lacking teeth). Maxilla (Fig. 14) with 6 acute teeth, apical tooth and 1 subapical tooth fused with base with 3 equally separated teeth; palpus 4-segmented, terminal segment subequal in length to segments 2���3 combined. Mentum (Fig. 16) with surface flat or weakly convex, apex bisinuate; length subequal to 1.2 times greatest width; terminal segment of palpus subequal in length to segments 1���2 combined. Pronotum (Figs. 1, 3���4): Widest at middle, width at base broad (subequal in width to elytral humeri), apical margin membranous, basal margin weakly protuberant posteriorly at middle. Disc evenly convex. Marginal bead present apically, laterally, and at base. Surface variably punctate, punctures with or without setae laterally. Scutellum: Parabolic, slightly wider than long, base declivous at elytral base. Surface variably punctate. Mesepimeron: Base not exposed beyond elytral base in dorsal view. Basal width broader than base of elytron. Elytra: Surface with longitudinal, punctate striae, punctures variable. Epipleuron from base to metacoxa rounded, beaded from base to near apex, with transparent membrane from metacoxa to apex. Apex subquadrately rounded. Propygidium: Concealed by elytra. Pygidium: Width about twice length at middle. Shape subtriangular in caudal view, weakly convex in lateral view. Surface punctate, some punctures setose; setae moderately long, tawny or reddish. Apex and lateral margins beaded. Venter: Prosternal process obsolete, not produced ventrally, not produced to trochanter, glabrous (Fig. 2). Mesometasternal region lacking projection; mesocoxae nearly contiguous. Abdominal sternites lacking carinate ridge laterally (compare with Fig. 13 of A. dorsalis with carinate ridge). Apex of last abdominal sternite quadrate (male) or weakly rounded (female). Legs (Figs. 7���9, 11���12, 31���32, 36): Profemur lacking rounded, dilated apex. Protibia with 3 external teeth, teeth subequally spaced (Figs. 8���9); subapical spur on inner margin lacking (male, Fig. 7���8) or present (female, Fig. 9); spur subequal in length to protarsomere 2; base without protibial notch. Male protarsomere 5 robust (subequal in length to protarsomeres 1���4, width about 1/2 length) with well-developed internomedial protuberance (Fig. 7); female protarsomere 5 normal (subequal in length to protarsomeres 2���4, width about 1/3 length) with poorly developed internomedial protuberance (Fig. 9). Male inner protarsal claw entire (not split), robust (twice thickness of outer claw), and with inner, minute, apical tooth; female inner protarsal claw split, ventral ramus subequal to dorsal ramus. Unguitractor plate of protarsus produced beyond apex of protarsomere 5, laterally flattened, bisetose. Mesotibia widest at middle, weakly expanded at apex; external margin with 1 weak, oblique carina on basal 1/4 (with 5���7 spines) and 1 moderately developed, oblique carina at middle (with 6���8 spines); apex with 6���8 spines and 2 inner spurs, longer spur produced to near apex of mesotarsomere 2. Meso- and metatarsomeres 5 with moderately developed internomedial protuberance (male) or weakly developed protuberance (female). Male mesotarsus with claws simple, split in female with ventral ramus subequal in width to dorsal ramus. Unguitractor plate of meso- and metatarsi produced beyond apex of tarsomere 5, laterally flattened, bisetose. Metatrochanter with apex not or only weakly produced beyond posterior border of femur. Metatibia (Fig. 11) widest at middle, weakly expanded at apex, external margin carinate with spines, spines on female more elongate than those on male; apex with 15���22 spines and 2 inner spurs, longer spur produced to near apex of metatarsomere 2. Metatarsus (Fig. 12) with claws simple in male and female. Hind wing: Apex of AA 1+2 short, not united with CuA (Fig. 18). AP 3+4 at base bulbous, with short, dense setae. ScA with reduced membrane and single row of poorly developed pegs. Region anterior to RA 3+4 lacking setae (except sparse setae near fold). Parameres: Parallel, simple, free (not fused), slightly overlapping at base (Figs. 19���21). Spiculum gastrale: Weakly Y-shaped and with moderately developed sclerites (Fig. 17). Gonocoxites: Poorly sclerotized, setose at apex. Continued on next page 1 Ram��ırez-Ponce and Mor��n (2009) considered Leptohoplia Saylor, 1935 as a member of Anomala. This action also resulted in the synonymy of the subtribe Leptohopliina with the subtribe Anomalina. 2 Mor��n and Ram��ırez-Ponce (2012) stated that Chelilabia was a subgenus of Paranomala (also referencing Ram��ırez-Ponce and Mor��n 2012), but no taxonomic change has been made. They also stated that Leptohoplia was a subgenus of Paranomala (also referencing Ram��ırez-Ponce and Mor��n 2012), but no taxonomic change has been made. 3 According to Mor��n and Ram��ırez-Ponce (2012), Paranomala is widely distributed in the Americas, which likely includes many species currently classified as Anomala. The authors also include Africa, India, and Southeast Asia in the distributional data of Paranomala without further explanation. 4 Ram��ırez-Ponce and Mor��n (2009) synonymized Anomalacra Casey, 1915 with Paranomala. 5 Phyllopertha carinicollis Ohaus from Vietnam is the only species of the genus in the Oriental Region and may be incorrectly classified in that genus. 6 Although Mor��n and Ram��ırez-Ponce (2012) referred to Xochicotlia as ���unpublished���, they provided all requisite information required by ICZN Article 13.1 (type species designation, description, images), thus making this an available name. 1 The third (basal) tooth is weekly developed in Hoplopus. 2 According to Baraud (1985), the rudimentary spur in Hoplopus is sometimes missing in specimens of Hoplopus bleusei Chobaut, 1896. 3 Entire (not split) claws in males combined with split pro- and mesotarsal claws in females are present only in the species of the Afrotropical Anomala emortualis species-group and Anomala vetula species-group (Machatschke 1957) as well as several Anomala species from Central Asia and the Himalayas, of which many were previously included in the subgenus Psammoscapheus. In these species, the protarsal claws are always simple, not strongly thickened. 4 Males of Singhala have thickened protarsomeres 5 and a moderately developed internomedial protuberance. 5 The protarsal inner claw of Cyriopertha is entire (not split) or with a rudimentary split (scored as entire or split). 6 The protarsal inner claw of some male specimens of Megapertha have a very rudimentary split (scored as entire or split). 7 Proagopertha ohbayashii Nomura, 1965 is unique in the genus due to the presence of a protibial spur, and its classification in this genus requires examination. 8 Character state from Petrovitz (1967) and Sabatinelli and Pontuale (1999). Type Species. Ganganomala saltini Ratcliffe, Jameson, and Zorn by monotypy. Higher-Level Classification. We place Ganganomala in the subtribe Anomalina based on the following characters: 1) pronotal base anterior to scutellum evenly rounded, never emarginate anteriad (emarginate anteriad in Popilliina); 2) labrum more or less hidden beneath anterior margin of clypeus in dorsal view (projecting anteriorly beyond margin of clypeus in Isopliina); 3) anterior coxae transverse (longitudinal in Isopliina); 4) clypeus not strongly elongated, constricted, and reflexed (strongly elongated, constricted, and reflexed in Anisopliina). Generic Diagnosis. The following characters serve to diagnose the genus: 1. Protibia with three well-developed teeth on the external margin (Figs. 8���9) (in most species of Anomalini, the external margin of the protibia has two teeth, although Anomala species may have 1���3 teeth, according to Arrow [1917]). Several exceptions to this character state illustrate problems with the current classification (or homoplasy of the character state) and include some species of Anomala, a few Asian Callistethus, Hoplopus Laporte, a few species of Mimela Kirby from Sulawesi and Africa, Micranomala Arrow, Microlontha Petrovitz, Tribopertha Reitter, Rhinyptia Burmeister (except Rhinyptia laeviceps Arrow), and Pentanomala Ohaus. 2. Autapomorphic clypeal form in the male. The male clypeal apex is strongly reflexed, quadrate, with square anterolateral angles and the margins bowed inward (broader at apex than base) (Figs. 24���25). The female clypeal apex is broadly rounded, moderately reflexed, with the margins subequal or lightly narrower at the apex than at base (Figs. 26���27) (shared with many Anomalini). 3. Male protarsus 5 greatly enlarged (Figs. 7, 36) (subequal in length to tarsomeres 1���4, widest width half length) and with well-developed internomedial protuberance (autapomorphic for the genus). This compares with male A. dorsalis (which is similar to Ganganomala) in which the internomedial protuberance is less strongly developed (Fig. 37). 4. All claws entire (simple or not split) in the male (shared with some species of Anomala, Mimela, and Cyriopertha Reitter and all species of Microlontha and Hoplopus) with the protarsal inner claw thickened (twice thickness of outer claw), strongly curved, and with inner, minute, apical tooth (Fig. 7); inner claws of pro- and mesotarsus split in female, metatarsal inner claw simple (Fig. 12) (shared with many Anomalini). Old World Anomalina in which all claws are entire (not split) include Hoplopus (both sexes), Anomala calcarata Arrow (both sexes), Anomala vittata Gebler (male), Anomala errans (Fabricius) (male), Anomala oxiana Semenov (male), Anomala semenovi (Medvedev) (male), A. pallens (Semenov and Medvedev) (male), Anomala euops Arrow (male), Anomala praenitens Arrow (male), Anomala vetula species-group (male), Anomala emortualis species-group (male), Mimela aurata (Fabricius) (both sexes), Mimela junii Duftschmid (both sexes), Mimela rugatipennis Gra��lls (both sexes), Mimela lusitanica (Ohaus) (probably both sexes, although Branco (2005) noted a slightly cleft protarsal claw on the left side in the only known male), Mimela holosericea Matchatschke (both sexes), Cyriopertha (Pleopertha) arcuata Gebler (both sexes), Megapertha Reitter (males), and Microlontha (males; females unknown). 5. Protibial spur lacking in male (Figs. 7���8). In Anomalina, this character state is shared with species of Cyriopertha, Microlontha, and some species of Singhala Blanchard and Proagopertha Reitter. The spur is minute but usually present in Hoplopus; present and subapical in female Ganganomala (Fig. 9) (shared with many Anomalini). 6. Meso- and metatarsomeres 5 with moderately developed, internomedial protuberance (male) (Fig. 12) or weakly developed protuberance (female) (weakly developed protuberance shared with many Anomalini). In male A. dorsalis, the internomedial protuberance is less strongly developed. 7. Sexual dimorphism present (Figs. 1���3, 8���9, 24���27) (shared with some Anomalini). Remarks. With approximately 1,125 species of Anomala in the Old World (P. Limbourg, personal communication, March 2018), very few regional Old World treatises for genera or species, and the lack of a useful dichotomous key to Old World genera (Machatschke��� s 1957 work is badly out of date), the starting point for an understanding of Anomalina biodiversity is a list of taxa. L��bl and L��bl (2016) listed 19 genera of Anomalina and 294 species and subspecies of Anomala that occur in the Asian portion of the Palearctic region (including Nepal but not including Bangladesh). For the Indian subcontinent, the only work that synthesized ruteline biodiversity was Arrow��� s (1917) Fauna of British India. Even at the time of publication, this work was incomplete because so much of the area had not been adequately explored for scarab beetles, and our knowledge of the fauna there was still rudimentary. More recently, scarab research in the Ganges River basin did not discover Ganganomala. A survey of Anomala from Buxa Tiger Reserve (West Bengal, India) (Sarkar et al. 2017), use of pheromone and light traps in Saharanpur for detection of white grubs associated with sugarcane (Sushil et al. 2017), and agricultural pest management reports (Sharma et al. 2002) did not, of course, reveal Ganganomala. Ascertaining the classification status of this new taxon was at first perplexing. The taxon strongly resembles some Dynastinae based on male characters (the protarsal claws are unequal in size and entire, and the meso- and metatarsal claws are subequal in size), but it is indicative of Anomalini based on male and female characters (all tarsal claws are independently moveable, and the elytral margins possess a slender membrane) (Machatschke 1957; Jameson et al. 2003). Employing the subtribal classification of Anomalini, we place the new taxon in the subtribe Anomalina (see ���Classification of World Anomalini ��� above). Genera in Anomalina share the following character states: the pro- and mesosternal processes are lacking; the base of the pronotum is as broad as the elytra; the mesepimera are hidden at the base of the elytra; and the elytra are longer than broad. Sufficient differences clearly separate the new genus from other genera of Anomalina (see ���Diagnosis���): the absence of a protibial spur in the male; the unsplit claws in the male, with the protarsal inner claw strongly thickened and curved (autapomorphic in Anomalini); the greatly enlarged male protarsus 5 with a welldeveloped internomedial protuberance; and the autapomorphic form of the male clypeus (apex strongly reflexed with square anterolateral angles, margins bowed inward). We considered that Ganganomala might represent a currently named taxon within the Anomalina. All Anomala species have a protibial spur present in both sexes, tarsal claws of mostly unequal size on at least the front and middle legs (subequal claws on the middle legs present in several species of the otherwise very different former subgenus Psammoscapheus Motschulsky), and at least one claw on the pro- and/or mesotarsus is split at its apex (exceptions are listed in ���Generic Diagnosis���). Contrastingly, all the meso- and metatarsal claws on the male of Ganganomala are of equal size, and all claws are entire at their apices. We carefully considered similarities of the new taxon with A. dorsalis (Figs. 5���6, 10, 13, 22, 29���30, 33���34, 37), formerly in the subgenus Rhinoplia. This subgenus was proposed by Burmeister (1844) and included East Indian species with a strongly reflexed clypeal apex and ���sharp��� lateral corners as well as tridentate protibia. Anomala dorsalis is the type of the subgenus, which includes three names that are synonyms of A. dorsalis (Anomala centralis Nonfried, Anomala imitatrix Nonfried, Anomala fraterna Burmeister). Anomala dorsalis is similar in overall appearance, size, and reflexed clypeal apex in the male. Females of G. saltini and A. dorsalis share split pro- and mesotarsal claws (Figs. 9���10) and a protibial spur (spur absent in the male of G. saltini). However, the male of G. saltini has an entire, strongly thickened and curved protarsal claw (Fig. 7), whereas it is split in A. dorsalis (Fig. 37). Additional characters that separate these taxa are: the lateral margins of the abdominal sternites (simple in G. saltini but strongly carinate in both sexes of A. dorsalis (Fig. 13)); the lateral margins of the male clypeus (concave in G. saltini (Fig. 25) but slightly convex in A. dorsalis (Fig. 30)); the dorsal coloration (G. saltini is a bright, chestnut reddish brown (Figs. 1���3) but usually testaceous to bright reddish brown and with or without black dorsal markings in A. dorsalis (Figs. 5���6)); and the body shape (compact and suboval in G. saltini (Figs. 1���3) but elongate in A. dorsalis (Figs. 5���6)). The peculiar shape of the male protarsus in G. saltini (Fig. 7), the form of the claws on all legs (Fig. 12), the absence of a protibial spur in the male (Fig. 7), the simple lateral margins of abdominal sternites (not carinate, compare with Fig. 13), and the form of the parameres (ventrally setose in G. saltini (Figs. 20���21) versus glabrous ventrally in A. dorsalis) demonstrate that this similarity is only superficial and not the result of close taxonomic affinity. The overall resemblance of Ganganomala (Figs. 1���3) and A. dorsalis (Figs. 5���6) has resulted in taxonomic confusion. Chandra (1991) attempted to separate A. dorsalis from a similar anomaline species, both of which are distributed in Dehradun, India (Chandra 1991). Chandra��� s diagnosis of these sympatric species was based on male genitalia, eye size, punctation of the head and pronotum, and color. Description of the form of the claws, protibial teeth, and clypeal form were lacking, and the diagnosis was not based on comparison of type specimens. Chandra proposed that one morphotype was conspeci, Published as part of Ratcliffe, Brett C., Jameson, Mary Liz & Zorn, Carsten, 2018, Ganganomala Saltini Ratcliffe, Jameson, and Zorn, a New Genus and Species of Anomalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Bangladesh and Nepal, with a Revised Circumscription of the Tribe, pp. 717-735 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (4) on pages 722-731, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.4.717, http://zenodo.org/record/4789739, {"references":["Lobl, I., and D. Lobl (editors). 2016. Catalogue of the Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 3, Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Dascilloidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.","Arrow, G. J. 1917. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera, Lamellicornia, Part II (Rutelinae, Desmonycinae, and Euchirinae). Taylor and Francis, London, UK.","Medvedev S. I. 1949. Fauna SSSR. Zhestkokrytye. Tom 10, vyo. 3. Plastinchatousye (Scarabaeidae) podsem. Rutelinae (khlebnye zhuki i blizkiegruppy). Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.","Machatschke, J. W. 1955. Versuch einer Neugliederung der Arten des Genus Adoretosoma Blanchard. Beitrage zur Entomologie 5: 349 - 396.","Machatschke, J. W. 1957. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Fam. Scarabaeidae Subfam. Rutelinae 2. In: Genera Insectorum 199 (B) (P. A. G. Wytsman, editor). Editions Mercurius, Antwerp, Belgium.","Jameson, M. L., A. Paucar-Cabrera, and A. Sol'is. 2003. Synopsis of the New World genera of Anomalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) and description of a new genus from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 415 - 432.","Baraud, J. 1991. Nouvelle classification proposee pour les especes du genre Blitopertha Reitter (1903). (Coleoptera Rutelidae). Lambillionea 91: 46 - 61.","Kobayashi, H., and W. - I. Chou. 2008. Description of a new genus of Anomalini and two new species of Hoplini and Melolonthini from Taiwan, with two new records of scarabaeid beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Kogane 9: 69 - 76.","Escalera, M. M. de la 1914. Los Coleopteros de Marruecos. Trabajos del Museo de Ciencias Naturales (Serie Zoologica) 11: 1 - 553.","Baraud, J. 1985. Coleopteres Scarabaeoidea. Faune du Nord de l' Afrique du Maroc au Sina ¨ i. Encyclopedie Entomologique - XLVI. Editions Lechevalier, Paris, France.","Lin, P. 1980. A new genus, Melanopopillia, from China (Coleoptera, Rutelidae). Entomotaxia 2: 297 - 301.","Arrow, G. J. 1911. A new genus of Ruteline Coleoptera from the Indian region. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology (8) 8: 268 - 271.","Petrovitz, R. 1967. Osterreichische entomologische Expeditionen nach Persien und Afghanistan. Beitrage zur Coleopterologie. Teil XI. Lamellicornia. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 70: 479 - 490.","Ram'irez-Ponce, A. 2015. Moroniella, un nuevo genero americano de Anomalini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Dugesiana 22: 261 - 266.","Ohaus, F. 1944. Revision der Gattung Mimela Kirby (Col. Scarab. Rutelin.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1943: 65 - 88.","Lin P. 1993. A Systematic Revision of the China Mimela: (Coleoptera: Rutelidae). The Publishing Company of Zhong Shan University, Zhongshan, China. [in Chinese and English].","Ram'irez-Ponce, A., A. Bitar, and D. Curoe. 2014. Two new species of Paranomala (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini) from Mexico and Costa Rica with remarkable modifications on the pronotum. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 1054 - 1060.","Moron, M. A., and A. Ram'irez-Ponce. 2012. Mesoamerican genera of Anomalini (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae): A brief review. Trends in Entomology 8: 97 - 114.","Keith, D. 2007. Un nouveau genre de Rutelinae du Vietnam. Lambillionea 107: 466 - 470.","Lin, P. 1979. Two new species of Rutelidae from south China (Coleoptera). Acta Entomologica Sinica 22: 184 - 187.","Kobayashi, H. 2012. Notes on the genus Spinanomala from the Oriental region. Kogane 13: 37 - 48.","Burmeister, H. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie, Volume 4, Part 1. T. C. F. Enslin, Berlin, Germany.","Bader, A. M. 1992. A review of the North and Central American Strigoderma (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 118 (2): 269 - 330.","Katbeh-Bader, A. 2000. Description of two new species of Strigoderma from Central America (Coleoptera, Rutelidae). Fragmenta Entomologica 32: 293 - 296.","Mico, E., B. Gomez, and E. Galante. 2006. The Mesoamerican genus Yaaxkumukia: Biogeography and descriptions of new species (Coleoptera: Rutelidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99: 1 - 6.","Branco, T. 2005. Contributions towards a catalogue of Scarabaeoidea of Portugal (Coleoptera). Elytron 19: 49 - 61.","Chandra, K. 1991. New genitalic characters for distinguishing Anomala dorsalis Fabricius and Anomala fraterna Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 45: 292 - 294."]}

The pelidnotine scarabs (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) are a speciose, paraphyletic assemblage of beetles that includes spectacular metallic species (“jewel scarabs”) as well as species that are ecologically important as herbivores, pollinators, and bioindicators. These beetles suffer from a complicated nomenclatural history, due primarily to 20th century taxonomic and nomenclatural errors. We review the taxonomic history of the pelidnotine scarabs, present a provisional key to genera with overviews of all genera, and synthesize a catalog of all taxa with synonyms, distributional data, type specimen information, and 107 images of exemplar species. As a result of our research, the pelidnotine leaf chafers (a paraphyletic group) include 27 (26 extant and 1 extinct) genera and 420 valid species and subspecies (419 extant and 1 extinct). Our research makes biodiversity research on this group tractable and accessible, thus setting the stage for future studies that address evolutionary and ecological trends. Based on our research, 1 new species is described, 1 new generic synonym and 12 new species synonyms are proposed, 11 new lectotypes and 1 new neotype are designated, many new or revised nomenclatural combinations, and many unavailable names are presented. The following taxonomic changes are made: New generic synonym: The genus Heteropelidnota Ohaus, 1912 is a new junior synonym of Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819. New species synonyms: Plusiotis adelaida pavonacea Casey, 1915 is a syn. n. of Chrysina adelaida (Hope, 1841); Odontognathus gounellei Ohaus, 1908 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota ebenina (Blanchard, 1842); Pelidnota francoisgenieri Moore & Jameson, 2013 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota genieri Soula, 2009 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota lutea (Olivier, 1758) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Pelidnota) texensis Casey, 1915 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Strigidia) zikani (Ohaus, 1922) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota tibialis tibialis Burmeister, 1844; Pelidnota ludovici Ohaus, 1905 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota burmeisteri tricolor Nonfried, 1894; Rutela fulvipennis Germar, 1824 is syn. n. of Pelidnota cuprea (Germar, 1824); Pelidnota pulchella blanda Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota pulchella scapularis Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota xanthogramma Perty, 1830 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819). New or revised statuses: Pelidnota fabricelavalettei Soula, 2009, revised status, is considered a species; Pelidnota rioensis Soula, 2009, stat. n., is considered a species; Pelidnota semiaurata semiaurata Burmeister, 1844, stat. rev., is considered a subspecies. New or comb. rev. and revised status: Plusiotis guaymi Curoe, 2001 is formally transferred to the genus Chrysina (C. guaymi (Curoe, 2001), comb. n.); Plusiotis transvolcanica Morón & Nogueira, 2016 is transferred to the genus Chrysina (C. transvolcanica (Morón & Nogueira, 2016), comb. n.). Heteropelidnota kuhnti Ohaus, 1912 is transferred to the genus Pelidnota (P. kuhnti (Ohaus, 1912), comb. n.); Odontognathus riedeli Ohaus, 1905 is considered a subspecies of Pelidnota rubripennis Burmeister, 1844 (Pelidnota rubripennis riedeli (Ohaus, 1905), revised status and comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Strigidia) acutipennis (F. Bates, 1904) is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha acutipennis (F. Bates, 1904), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Odontognathus) nadiae Martínez, 1978 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha nadiae (Martínez, 1978), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Ganonota) plicipennis Ohaus, 1934 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha plicipennis (Ohaus, 1934), comb. rev.); Pelidnota similis Ohaus, 1908 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha similis (Ohaus, 1908), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Ganonota) yungana Ohaus, 1934 is transferred to Sorocha (Sorocha yungana (Ohaus, 1934), comb. rev.); Pelidnota malyi Soula, 2010: 58, revised status; Xenopelidnota anomala porioni Chalumeau, 1985, revised subspecies status. To stabilize the classification of the group, a neotype is designated for the following species: Pelidnota thiliezi Soula, 2009. Lectotypes are designated for the following names (given in their original combinations): Pelidnota brevicollis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota brevis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota debiliceps Casey, 1915, Pelidnota hudsonica Casey, 1915, Pelidnota oblonga Casey, 1915, Pelidnota pallidipes Casey, 1915, Pelidnota ponderella Casey, 1915, Pelidnota strenua Casey, 1915, Pelidnota tarsalis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota texensis Casey, 1915, and Scarabaeus punctatus Linnaeus, 1758. The following published infrasubspecific names are unavailable per ICZN Article 45.6.1: Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. coerulea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. rufoviolacea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. nigrocoerulea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. fulvopunctata Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. sellata Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. reducta Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota unicolor var. infuscata Ohaus, 1913. The following published species name is unavailable per ICZN Article 11.5: Neopatatra synonyma Moore & Jameson, 2013. The following published species name is unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.1: Parhoplognathus rubripennis Soula, 2008. The following published species name is unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.4.1: Strigidia testaceovirens argentinica Soula, 2006, Pelidnota (Strigidia) testaceovirens argentinica (Soula, 2006), and Pelidnota testaceovirens argentinica (Soula, 2006). The following published species names are unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.4.2: Homonyx digennaroi Soula, 2010; Homonyx lecourti Soula, 2010; Homonyx mulliei Soula, 2010; Homonyx simoensi Soula, 2010; Homonyx wagneri Soula, 2010; Homonyx zovii Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota arnaudi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota brusteli Soula, 2010; Pelidnota chalcothorax septentrionalis Soula, 2009; Pelidnota degallieri Soula, 2010; Pelidnota lavalettei Soula, 2008; Pelidnota lavalettei Soula, 2009; Pelidnota dieteri Soula, 2011; Strigidia gracilis decaensi Soula, 2008, Pelidnota (Strigidia) gracilis decaensi (Soula, 2008), and Pelidnota gracilis decaensi (Soula, 2008); Pelidnota halleri Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota injantepalominoi Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota kucerai Soula, 2009; Pelidnota malyi Soula, 2010: 36-37; Pelidnota mezai Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita darienensis Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita orozcoi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita pittieri Soula, 2009; Pelidnota punctulata decolombia Soula, 2009; Pelidnota punctulata venezolana Soula, 2009; Pelidnota raingeardi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota schneideri Soula, 2010; Pelidnota simoensi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota unicolor subandina Soula, 2009; Sorocha carloti Demez & Soula, 2011; Sorocha castroi Soula, 2008; Sorocha fravali Soula, 2011; Sorocha jeanmaurettei Demez & Soula, 2011; Sorocha yelamosi Soula, 2011; Xenopelidnota bolivari Soula, 2009; Xenopelidnota pittieri pittieri Soula, 2009. Due to unavailability of the name Pseudogeniates cordobaensis Soula 2009, we describe the species as intentionally new (Pseudogeniates cordobaensis Moore, Jameson, Garner, Audibert, Smith, and Seidel, sp. n.).

Lagochile badia chlorotica Ohaus, 1898 Lagochile badia var. chlorotica Ohaus, 1898: 51 [original combination, available name]. Chasmodia badia var. chlorotica (Ohaus) [new combination by Ohaus 1918: 59]. Chasmodia badia chlorotica (Ohaus) [new status by Machatschke 1972: 77]. Lagochile bipunctata var. chlorotica (Ohaus) [new combination and revised status by Soula 2005: 308]. Chasmodia badia chlorotica (Ohaus) [Krajcik 2007: 63]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2005. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.3: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anticheirina 3. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 297 - 409 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria Ohaus, 1912 Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria Ohaus, 1912: 274 [original combination, unavailable name]. Pseudomacraspis cayennensis forma carbonaria Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 64]. Maripa Pseudomacraspis cayennensis var. carbonaria (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2002a: 241]. Theuremaripa cayennensis var. carbonaria (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2006: 170]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ruteliden. X. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 73: 273 - 319.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Soula, M. 2006. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 1: Rutelini 1. Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p."]}

Macraspis cincta var. adjusta Ohaus, 1913 Macraspis cincta var. adjusta Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis cincta forma adjusta Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 74]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Anticheira virens bleuzeni (Soula, 2005) Dorysthetus virens bleuzeni Soula, 2005: 368 [original combination]. Anticheira virens bleuzeni (Soula) [new combination]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Soula, M. 2005. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.3: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anticheirina 3. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 297 - 409 p."]}

Minidorysthetus Soula, 1998: 15, 90 Type species. Anticheira iodiella Bates, 1888: 267, original designation by Soula 1998: 90. Remarks. Soula (1998: 267) misspelled the specific name “ iodiella ” Bates as “ jodiellus ”. In the same volume, however, Soula (1998: 90) designated the type species of Minidorysthetus under its correctly spelled name (ICZN Article 69.2.1)., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p."]}

Pseudomacraspis imitatrix basipennis Ohaus, 1934a Pseudomacraspis imitatrix var. basipennis Ohaus, 1934a: 14 [original combination, unavailable name]. Pseudomacraspis imitatrix basipennis [new status by Machatschke 1972: 64, name became available from original publication]. Maripa imitatrix var. basipennis (Ohaus) [new combination and new status by Soula 2002a: 242]. Theuremaripa imitatrix var. basipennis (Ohaus) [new combination by Soula 2006: 170]. Maripa imitatrix (Ohaus, 1903: 229) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 83]. Available Names Incorrectly Synonymized by Krajcik (2007). The following names were proposed for validly described species and subspecies. Later, these names were treated as infrasubpecific entities (i.e. varieties and forms) and were then synonymized by Krajcik (2007). Below, the first catalog entry is the available name; the last catalog entry reflects the current status (but not necessarily validity) of the name., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1934 a. XXVII. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden (Col. Scarabaeidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5: 9 - 15.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Soula, M. 2006. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 1: Rutelini 1. Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p.","Ohaus, F. 1903. Verzeichnis der von Herrn Richard Haensch in Ecuador gesammelten Ruteliden (Coleoptera lamellicornia). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 18: 215 - 242.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis lateralis cincticollis Ohaus, 1898 Macraspis lateralis var. cincticollis Ohaus, 1898: 52 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis lateralis forma cincticollis (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 71]. Macraspis lateralis var. cincticollis Ohaus [Soula 1998: 42]. Macraspis lateralis (Olivier, 1789: 80–81) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec Leurs Caracteres Generiques et Specifiques, leurs Description, leur Synonymie, et leur Figure Enluminee. Coleopteres, volume 1. Baudouin; Paris, France. 476 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Thyridium blanchardi violacea Ohaus, 1898 Thyridium blanchardi var. violacea Ohaus, 1898: 59 [original combination, available name]. Ptenomela blanchardi var. violacea (Ohaus) [new combination by Arrow 1899: 363]. Ptenomela blanchardi forma violacea (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 62]. Ptenomela blanchardi var. violacea (Ohaus) [Soula 2002a: 261]. Ptenomela blanchardi (Kirsch, 1870: 350–351) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 116]. Available Names According to ICZN Article 45.6.4.1. The following names are available according to ICZN Article 45.6.4.1: “A name that is infrasubspecific under Article 45.6.4 is nevertheless deemed to be subspecific from its original publication if, before 1985, it was either adopted as the valid name of a species or subspecies or was treated as a senior homonym.” These names were proposed as varieties and were infrasubspecific and unavailable in their original publications (i.e. they were clearly proposed for a rank below that of subspecies). Prior to 1985 these names were elevated to subspecific status, making them available species-group names from their original publication. Below, the first catalog entry is the available name; the last catalog entry reflects the current status (but not necessarily validity) of the name., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Arrow, G. J. 1899. Notes on the classification of the coleopteran family Rutelidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 7) 4: 363 - 370.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Kirsch, T. 1870. Beitrage zur Kaferfauna von Bogota. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 14: 337 - 378.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis bicincta dimidiata Ohaus, 1913 Macraspis bicincta var. dimidiata Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis bicincta dimidiata (Ohaus) [new status by Machatschke 1972: 70, name became available from original publication]. Macraspis bicincta var. dimidiata Ohaus [new status by Soula 1998: 40]. Macraspis bicincta Burmeister, 1844: 351–352 [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 79]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis lateralis immaculata Ohaus, 1898 Macraspis lateralis var. immaculata Ohaus, 1898: 52 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis lateralis forma immaculata (Ohaus) [Machatschke 1972: 71]. Macraspis lateralis var. immaculata Ohaus [Soula 1998: 42]. Macraspis lateralis (Olivier, 1789: 80–81) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1898. Ruteliden der neuen Welt. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 59: 42 - 63.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Olivier, A. G. 1789. Entomologie, ou Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec Leurs Caracteres Generiques et Specifiques, leurs Description, leur Synonymie, et leur Figure Enluminee. Coleopteres, volume 1. Baudouin; Paris, France. 476 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Dorysthetus castanipennis unicolor Ohaus, 1912 Dorysthetus castanipennis var. unicolor Ohaus, 1912: 275 [original combination, unavailable name]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis unicolor (Ohaus) [new combination and new status by Ohaus 1918: 45, name became available from original publication]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis var. unicolor (Ohaus) [new status by Soula 2002a: 168]. Thyriochlorota castanipennis (Ohaus, 1905: 299–300) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 123]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Ruteliden. X. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 73: 273 - 319.","Ohaus, F. 1918. Scarabaeidae: Euchirinae, Phaenomerinae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 20: 1 - 241.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Ohaus, F. 1905. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der amerikanischen Ruteliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 66: 283 - 329.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

Macraspis bivittata MacLeay, 1819 Macraspis bivittata MacLeay, 1819: 157 [original combination, available name]. Macraspis cincta var. bivittata (MacLeay) [new status by Burmeister 1844: 353–354]. Macraspis cincta forma bivittata (MacLeay) [Machatschke 1972: 74]. Macraspis cincta var. bivittata (MacLeay) [Soula 1998: 29]. Macraspis cincta cincta (Drury, 1782: 61) [new synonym by Krajcik 2007: 80]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["MacLeay, W. S. 1819. Horae Entomologicae: or essays on the annulose animals. volume 1, part 1. Containing: General observations on the geography, manners, and natural affinities of the insects which compose the genus Scarabaeus of Linnaeus; To which are added a few incidental remarks on the genera Lucanus and Hister of the same author. With an appendix and plates. S. Bagster; London, United Kingdom. 160 p.","Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361.","Soula, M. 1998. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.1: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 1. Sciences Nat; Venette, France. 116 p.","Drury, D. 1782. Illustrations of natural history, vol. 3. D. Drury; London, United Kingdom. 78 p.","Krajcik, M. 2007. Checklist of the Scarabaeoidea of the World. 2. Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). Supplement 4, second edition. Animma. X; Plzen, Czech Republic. 141 p."]}

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Emanuel Beer; Leipzig, Germany. p. 1517-2224.","Gyllenhal, L. 1817. [new taxa]. In: Appendix ad C. J. Schonherr synonymiam insectorum, Tome 1, Part 3. Sistens descriptiones novarum specierum. F. Leverentz; Skara, Sweden. 266 p.","Herbst, J. F. W. 1790. Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insecten, als eine Fortsetzung der von Buffonschen Naturgeschichte, part 3. Joachim Pauli; Berlin, Germany. 325 p.","Hoffmannsegg, J. C. von 1817. Entomologische Bemerkungen bei Gelegenheit der Abhandlungen uber amerikanische Insecten […]. Zoologisches Magazin 1: 8-56.","International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The Natural History Museum; London, United Kingdom. 306 p.","Jameson, M. L. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the subtribe Rutelina and revision of the Rutela generic groups (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Rutelinae: Rutelini). 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Revision des Pelidnotina 1 et des Lasiocalina. Une revision des genres Strigidia, Chalcoplethis, Epichalcoplethis, Sorocha, Lasiocala, Minilasiocala, Pseudochlorota, Homeochlorota, Pachacama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini: Pelidnotina et Lasiocalina). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 176 p.","Soula, M. 2011. Les coleopteres du nouveau monde. volume 5: Geniatini 1. Revision du genre Bolax (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelini: Geniatini). Besoiro: Supplement au Bulletin de liaison de l'Association Entomologique pour la Connaissance de la Faune Tropicale. AECFT; Saintry, France. 85 p.","Vanin, S. A., and C. Costa. 1980. Larvae of Neotropical Coleoptera. III. Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo) 33: 275-282.","Waterhouse, C. O. 1881. XXXIV. On some South American Coleoptera of the Family Rutelidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881 (Part 4): 535-553.","Waterhouse, C. O. 1886. XLVI. Characters of undescribed Coleoptera in the British Museum. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 5(17): 497-501."]}

Platyrutela cribrata var. rufescens Ohaus, 1913 Platyrutela cribrata var. rufescens Ohaus, 1913: 511 [original combination, unavailable name]. Platyrutela cribrata forma rufescens Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 61]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1913. XI. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1913: 487 - 511.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Macraspis cupripes var. scotina Ohaus, 1914a Macraspis cupripes var. scotina Ohaus, 1914a: 139–140 [original combination, unavailable name]. Macraspis cupripes forma scotina Ohaus [Machatschke 1972: 75]., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Ohaus, F. 1914 a. XIV. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Ruteliden. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 75: 138 - 158.","Machatschke, J. W. 1972. Scarabaeoidea: Melolonthidae, Rutelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa 66: 1 - 361."]}

Chlorota Burmeister, 1844: 359 Type species. Rutela terminata Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau and Audinet-Serville, 1825: 317, valid subsequent designation by Ohaus 1934b: 125. Remarks. Soula (2002a: 132) subsequently designated Chlorota aulica Burmeister, 1844: 364–365 as the type species of the genus Chlorota, citing the change as more “logical” based on Dejean’s (1833: 154) concept of Chlorota. This is an invalid change based on ICZN Article 69.1. Ohaus (1934b: 125) subsequently designated Rutela terminata as the type of Chlorota. Rutela terminata was an originally included nominal species of Chlorota, and Ohaus’ (1934b) designation therefore satisfies ICZN Articles 67.2 and 69.1 (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Moore, Matthew Robert, Jameson, Mary Liz & Paucar-Cabrera, Aura, 2014, Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the anticheirine scarabs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini), pp. 1-20 in Insecta Mundi 2014 (392) on page 7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5179722, {"references":["Burmeister, H. C. C. 1844. Handbuch der Entomologie. (Coleoptera Lamellicornia Anthobia et Phyllophaga systellochela). Vol. 4, part 1. T. C. F. Enslin; Berlin, Germany. 588 p.","Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. L. M., and J. G. de Audinet-Serville. 1825. Rtele [sic], Rutela p. 315 - 317. In: P. A. Latreille, A. L. M. Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, J. G. Audinet-Serville, and F. E. Guerin-Meville (eds.). Encyclopedie Methodique. Histoire naturelle. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes, volume 10, part 2. Agasse; Paris, France. 833 p.","Ohaus, F. 1934 b. Coleoptera lamellicornia, Fam. Scarabaeidae, Subfam. Rutelinae. T. 1: Tribus Rutelini. Genera Insectorum Fasc. 199 A: 172 p.","Soula, M. 2002 a. Les Coleopteres du Monde, 26.2: Rutelini 2. Revision des Anthicheirina 2. Hillside Books; Canterbury, United Kingdom. 296 p.","Dejean, P. F. M. A. 1833. Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Collection de M. le Comte Dejean, Fascicles 1 - 2. Mequignon-Marvis Pere et Fils; Paris, France. 176 p."]}