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In this study, we examined the relationship between determinants of governance and poverty reduction. We also investigated how female participation in the labour market helps alleviate poverty. We collected the balanced panel data of 29 countries over the period 2004–2016 from the World Bank database and Worldwide Governance Indicators database. Results indicated that robust governance is necessary for poverty reduction and that policy implementation timeliness is more likely to mitigate poverty. Moreover, the inclusion of females in the labour market and an efficient governance system contribute to enhanced well-being among the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation is being studied by linking with various factors depending upon the interest of researchers. Our interest is in investigating how income inequality and innovation affect the role of governance in mitigating CO2 emissions in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries because no previous study provides any thoughtful insight into this. We also included Gini and technological innovation in our model to check the interaction effect with governance. Therefore, to study our field of interest, we included 49 BRI countries, and the panel data covered ranges from 1996 to 2014. The generalized method of moments was used to estimate the parameters in our statistical model. Results suggest that governance managed to decrease CO2 emissions in BRI countries in the long and short terms even when high-income inequality existed. However, in a government–technological innovation interaction and government–technological innovation and Gini interaction, the CO2 emissions are increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]