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We prove a new generalization of a theorem of Carleson, namely bounds for a generalized Carleson operator on doubling metric measure spaces. Additionally, we explicitly reduce Carleson's classical result on pointwise convergence of Fourier series to this new theorem. Both proofs are presented in great detail, suitable as a blueprint for computer verification using the current capabilities of the software package Lean. Note that even Carleson's classical result has not yet been computer-verified., Comment: 130 pages

Let $\Gamma$ be a countable abelian group, let $k\geq 1$, and let $\mathrm{X}=(X,\mathcal{X},\mu,T)$ be an ergodic $\Gamma$-system of order $k$ in the sense of Host--Kra--Ziegler. The $\Gamma$-system $\mathrm{X}$ is said to be totally disconnected if all its structure groups are totally disconnected. We show that any totally disconnected $\Gamma$-system of order $k$ is a generalized factor of a $\mathbb{Z}^\omega$-system with the structure of a Weyl system. As a consequence of this structure theorem, we show that totally disconnected $\Gamma$-systems of order $k$ are represented by translations on double cosets of nilpotent Polish groups. By a correspondence principle of two of us, we can use this representation to establish a (weak) inverse theorem for the $U^k$ Gowers uniformity norms on finite abelian groups of bounded torsion., Comment: 96 pages

It was conjectured by Bergelson, Tao, and Ziegler that every Host--Kra ${\mathbf F}_p^\omega$-system of order $k$ is an Abramov system of order $k$. This conjecture has been verified for $k \leq p+1$. In this paper we show that the conjecture fails when $k=5, p=2$. We in fact establish a stronger (combinatorial) statement, in that we produce a bounded function $f: {\mathbf F}_2^n \to {\mathbf C}$ of large Gowers norm $\|f\|_{U^6({\mathbf F}_2^n)}$ which (as per the inverse theorem for that norm) correlates with a non-classical quintic phase polynomial $e(P)$, but with the property that all such phase polynomials $e(P)$ are ``non-measurable'' in the sense that they cannot be well approximated by functions of a bounded number of random translates of $f$., Comment: 70 pages, no figures. Minor changes in notation (particularly with regards to the concept of a k-cocycle) and some new remarks

We establish that a relatively ergodic extension of arbitrary measure-preserving dynamical systems has relative discrete spectrum if and only if it is isomorphic to a generalized skew-product by a bundle of compact homogeneous spaces. This result is motivated by Furstenberg-Zimmer and Host-Kra structure theories for uncountable group actions, and extends previous results due to Mackey, Zimmer, Ellis, Austin, and the second author and Tao. Our innovations are threefold: (i) a Peter-Weyl-type representation theory for compact group bundles, (ii) a geometric description of extensions with relative discrete spectrum in topological dynamics, and (iii) a translation of the ergodic theoretical problem into topological dynamics.

We establish several classification results for compact extensions of tracial $W^*$-dynamical systems and for relatively independent joinings thereof for actions of arbitrary discrete groups. We use these results to answer a question of Austin, Eisner, and Tao and some questions raised by Duvenhage and King. Moreover, combining our results with an earlier classification of weakly mixing extensions by Popa, we can derive non-commutative Furstenberg-Zimmer type dichotomies on the $L^2$-level. Although in general an adequate generalization of the Furstenberg-Zimmer tower of intermediate compact extensions doesn't seem possible in the von Neumann algebraic framework, we show that there always exists a non-commutative analogue of the finer Host-Kra-Ziegler tower for any ergodic action of a countable abelian group., Comment: [v3]: Final version, some remarks added. To appear in Groups Geom. Dyn. [v2]: 35 pages, after feedback updated references (see addendum in introduction) and corrected a mistake (see Remark 4.2)

The main theorem of this paper establishes a uniform syndeticity result concerning the multiple recurrence of measure-preserving actions on probability spaces. More precisely, for any integers $d,l\geq 1$ and any $\varepsilon > 0$, we prove the existence of $\delta>0$ and $K\geq 1$ (dependent only on $d$, $l$, and $\varepsilon$) such that the following holds: Consider a solvable group $\Gamma$ of derived length $l$, a probability space $(X, \mu)$, and $d$ pairwise commuting measure-preserving $\Gamma$-actions $T_1, \ldots, T_d$ on $(X, \mu)$. Let $E$ be a measurable set in $X$ with $\mu(E) \geq \varepsilon$. Then, $K$ many (left) translates of \begin{equation*} \left\{\gamma\in\Gamma\colon \mu(T_1^{\gamma^{-1}}(E)\cap T_2^{\gamma^{-1}} \circ T^{\gamma^{-1}}_1(E)\cap \cdots \cap T^{\gamma^{-1}}_d\circ T^{\gamma^{-1}}_{d-1}\circ \ldots \circ T^{\gamma^{-1}}_1(E))\geq \delta \right\} \end{equation*} cover $\Gamma$. This result extends and refines uniformity results by Furstenberg and Katznelson. As a combinatorial application, we obtain the following uniformity result. For any integers $d,l\geq 1$ and any $\varepsilon > 0$, there are $\delta>0$ and $K\geq 1$ (dependent only on $d$, $l$, and $\varepsilon$) such that for all finite solvable groups $G$ of derived length $l$ and any subset $E\subset G^d$ with $m^{\otimes d}(E)\geq \varepsilon$ (where $m$ is the uniform measure on $G$), we have that $K$-many (left) translates of \begin{multline*} \{g\in G\colon m^{\otimes d}(\{(a_1,\ldots,a_n)\in G^d\colon (a_1,\ldots,a_n),(ga_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n),\ldots,(ga_1,ga_2,\ldots, ga_n)\in E\})\geq \delta \} \end{multline*} cover $G$. The proof of our main result is a consequence of an ultralimit version of Austin's amenable ergodic Szem\'eredi theorem., Comment: [v5]: Improved main results and organization of the paper in response to referee feedback; final version accepted by ETDS

We state and prove a quantitative inverse theorem for the Gowers uniformity norm $U^3(G)$ on an arbitrary finite abelian group $G$; the cases when $G$ was of odd order or a vector space over ${\mathbf F}_2$ had previously been established by Green and the second author and by Samorodnitsky respectively by Fourier-analytic methods, which we also employ here. We also prove a qualitative version of this inverse theorem using a structure theorem of Host--Kra type for ergodic ${\mathbf Z}^\omega$-actions of order $2$ on probability spaces established recently by Shalom and the authors., Comment: 48 pages, no figures. This is the published version

Let $\Gamma$ be a countable abelian group. An (abstract) $\Gamma$-system $\mathrm{X}$ - that is, an (abstract) probability space equipped with an (abstract) probability-preserving action of $\Gamma$ - is said to be a Conze-Lesigne system if it is equal to its second Host-Kra-Ziegler factor $\mathrm{Z}^2(\mathrm{X})$. The main result of this paper is a structural description of such Conze-Lesigne systems for arbitrary countable abelian $\Gamma$, namely that they are the inverse limit of translational systems $G_n/\Lambda_n$ arising from locally compact nilpotent groups $G_n$ of nilpotency class $2$, quotiented by a lattice $\Lambda_n$. Results of this type were previously known when $\Gamma$ was finitely generated, or the product of cyclic groups of prime order. In a companion paper, two of us will apply this structure theorem to obtain an inverse theorem for the Gowers $U^3(G)$ norm for arbitrary finite abelian groups $G$., Comment: 69 pages, [v2]: Final version accepted for publication in Communications of the AMS

Furstenberg-Zimmer structure theory refers to the extension of the dichotomy between the compact and weakly mixing parts of a measure preserving dynamical system and the algebraic and geometric descriptions of such parts to a conditional setting, where such dichotomy is established relative to a factor and conditional analogues of those algebraic and geometric descriptions are sought. Although the unconditional dichotomy and the characterizations are known for arbitrary systems, the relative situation is understood under certain countability and separability hypotheses on the underlying groups and spaces. The aim of this article is to remove these restrictions in the relative situation and establish a Furstenberg-Zimmer structure theory in full generality. As an independent byproduct, we establish a connection between the relative analysis of systems in ergodic theory and the internal logic in certain Boolean topoi., Comment: 37 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; [v3] final version, to appear in Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems, some notational changes to align with the revision of related papers

We establish an uncountable amenable ergodic Roth theorem, in which the acting group is not assumed to be countable and the space need not be separable. This generalizes a previous result of Bergelson, McCutcheon and Zhang, and complements a result of Zorin-Kranich. We establish the following two additional results: First, a combinatorial application about triangular patterns in certain subsets of the Cartesian square of arbitrary amenable groups, extending a result of Bergelson, McCutcheon and Zhang for countable amenable groups. Second, a new uniformity aspect in the double recurrence theorem for $\Gamma$-systems for arbitrary uniformly amenable groups $\Gamma$. Our uncountable Roth theorem is crucial in the proof of both of these results., Comment: 35 pages, final version, accepted for publication in DCDS-A

We consider decoupling for a fractal subset of the parabola. We reduce studying $l^{2}L^{p}$ decoupling for a fractal subset on the parabola $\{(t, t^2) : 0 \leq t \leq 1\}$ to studying $l^{2}L^{p/3}$ decoupling for the projection of this subset to the interval $[0, 1]$. This generalizes the decoupling theorem of Bourgain-Demeter in the case of the parabola. Due to the sparsity and fractal like structure, this allows us to improve upon Bourgain-Demeter's decoupling theorem for the parabola. In the case when $p/3$ is an even integer we derive theoretical and computational tools to explicitly compute the associated decoupling constant for this projection to $[0, 1]$. Our ideas are inspired by the recent work on ellipsephic sets by Biggs using nested efficient congruencing., Comment: 28 pages, typos corrected, references updated, to appear in Math. Z

We collect several foundational results regarding the interaction between locally compact spaces, probability spaces and probability algebras, and commutative $C^*$-algebras and von Neumann algebras equipped with traces, in the "uncountable" setting in which no separability, metrizability, or standard Borel hypotheses are placed on these spaces and algebras. In particular, we review the Gelfand dualities and Riesz representation theorems available in this setting. We also present a canonical model that represents probability algebras as compact Hausdorff probability spaces in a completely functorial fashion, and apply this model to obtain a canonical disintegration theorem and to readily construct various product measures. These tools are useful in applications to "uncountable" ergodic theory (as demonstrated by the authors and others)., Comment: 102 pages, 33 diagrams, 1 table; [v3]: revision based on a thorough referee report, several notational changes

The Mackey-Zimmer theorem classifies ergodic group extensions $X$ of a measure-preserving system $Y$ by a compact group $K$, by showing that such extensions are isomorphic to a group skew-product $X \equiv Y \rtimes_\rho H$ for some closed subgroup $H$ of $K$. An analogous theorem is also available for ergodic homogeneous extensions $X$ of $Y$, namely that they are isomorphic to a homogeneous skew-product $Y \rtimes_\rho H/M$. These theorems have many uses in ergodic theory, for instance playing a key role in the Host-Kra structural theory of characteristic factors of measure-preserving systems. The existing proofs of the Mackey-Zimmer theorem require various "countability", "separability", or "metrizability" hypotheses on the group $\Gamma$ that acts on the system, the base space $Y$, and the group $K$ used to perform the extension. In this paper we generalize the Mackey-Zimmer theorem to "uncountable" settings in which these hypotheses are omitted, at the cost of making the notion of a measure-preserving system and a group extension more abstract. However, this abstraction is partially counteracted by the use of a "canonical model" for abstract measure-preserving systems developed in a companion paper. In subsequent work we will apply this theorem to also obtain uncountable versions of the Host-Kra structural theory., Comment: 56 pages, 8 figures; [v4]: final version accepted for publication in Studia Math. Also modified the notation in line with referee comments on this paper and related papers

An independence model for discrete random variables is a Segre-Veronese variety in a probability simplex. Any metric on the set of joint states of the random variables induces a Wasserstein metric on the probability simplex. The unit ball of this polyhedral norm is dual to the Lipschitz polytope. Given any data distribution, we seek to minimize its Wasserstein distance to a fixed independence model. The solution to this optimization problem is a piecewise algebraic function of the data. We compute this function explicitly in small instances, we examine its combinatorial structure and algebraic degrees in the general case, and we present some experimental case studies.

We prove an extension of the Moore-Schmidt theorem on the triviality of the first cohomology class of cocycles for the action of an arbitrary discrete group on an arbitrary measure space and for cocycles with values in an arbitrary compact Hausdorff abelian group. The proof relies on a "conditional" Pontryagin duality for spaces of abstract measurable maps., Comment: 28 pages [v4]: removed material concerning weak conditional elements, following an error pointed out by the referee. Also modified the notation in line with referee comments on this paper and related papers

A perturbational vector duality approach for objective functions $f\colon X\to \bar{L}^0$ is developed, where $X$ is a Banach space and $\bar{L}^0$ is the space of extended real valued functions on a measure space, which extends the perturbational approach from the scalar case. The corresponding strong duality statement is proved under a closedness type regularity condition. Optimality conditions and a Moreau-Rockafellar type formula are provided. The results are specialized for constrained and unconstrained problems. Examples of integral operators and risk measures are discussed., Comment: 14 pages

In the theory of conditional sets, many classical theorems from areas such as functional analysis, probability theory or measure theory are lifted to a conditional framework, often to be applied in areas such as mathematical economics or optimization. The frequent experience that such theorems can be proved by `conditionalizations' of the classical proofs suggests that a general transfer principle is in the background, and that formulating and proving such a transfer principle would yield a wealth of useful further conditional versions of classical results, in addition to providing a uniform approach to the results already known. In this paper, we formulate and prove such a transfer principle based on second-order arithmetic, which, by the results of reverse mathematics, suffices for the bulk of classical mathematics, including real analysis, measure theory and countable algebra, and excluding only more remote realms like category theory, set-theoretical topology or uncountable set theory, see e.g. the introduction of \cite{simpson2009subsystems}.This transfer principle is then employed to give short and easy proofs of conditional versions of central results in various areas of mathematics, including theorems which have not been proven by hand previously such as Peano existence theorem, Urysohn's lemma and the Markov-Kakutani fixed point theorem. Moreover, we compare the interpretation of certain structures in a conditional model with their meaning in a standard model., Comment: this is the journal version

Several results in functional analysis are extended to the setting of $L^0$-modules, where $L^0$ denotes the ring of all measurable functions $x\colon \Omega\to \mathbb{R}$. The focus is on results involving compactness. To this end, a notion of stable compactness is introduced, and it is argued that the conventional notion of compactness does not allow to establish a functional analytic discourse in $L^0$-modules. Several characterizations of stable compactness are discussed, and its importance in applications is highlighted., Comment: 25 pages

We establish a Fenchel-Moreau type theorem for proper convex functions $f\colon X\to \bar{L}^0$, where $(X, Y, \langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle)$ is a dual pair of Banach spaces and $\bar L^0$ is the space of all extended real-valued functions on a $\sigma$-finite measure space. We introduce the concept of stable lower semi-continuity which is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a dual representation $$\smash{ f(x)=\sup_{y \in L^0(Y)} \left\{\langle x, y \rangle - f^\ast(y)\right\}, \quad x\in X,} $$ where $L^0(Y)$ is the space of all strongly measurable functions with values in $Y$, and $\langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle$ is understood pointwise almost everywhere. The proof is based on a conditional extension result and conditional functional analysis., Comment: 10 pages, [v2]: incorporating reviewer's comments, final version accepted for publication

We prove a general existence result in stochastic optimal control in discrete time where controls take values in conditional metric spaces, and depend on the current state and the information of past decisions through the evolution of a recursively defined forward process. The generality of the problem lies beyond the scope of standard techniques in stochastic control theory such as random sets, normal integrands and measurable selection theory. The main novelty is a formalization in conditional metric space and the use of techniques in conditional analysis. We illustrate the existence result by several examples including wealth-dependent utility maximization under risk constraints with bounded and unbounded wealth-dependent control sets, utility maximization with a measurable dimension, and dynamic risk sharing. Finally, we discuss how conditional analysis relates to random set theory.

The aim of this article is to establish basic results in a conditional measure theory. The results are applied to prove that arbitrary kernels and conditional distributions are represented by measures in a conditional set theory. In particular, this extends the usual representation results for separable spaces., Comment: 21 pages, no figures, this is a final version accepted for publication in Set-Valued and Variational Analysis, compared with [v2] remark 5.5 added, presentation and description improved; after a major revision in [v2], where the general setting was simplified and extended applications to conditional distributions and disintegration were obtained (comprised in section 4)

We consider multidimensional quadratic BSDEs with bounded and unbounded terminal conditions. We provide sufficient conditions which guarantee existence and uniqueness of solutions. In particular, these conditions are satisfied if the terminal condition or the dependence in the system are small enough., Comment: Based on this version and arXiv:1501.00461, we finally make a version which is accepted to be published in ECP and updated to arXiv:1501.00461

A Fenchel-Moreau type duality for proper convex and lower semi-continuous functions $f\colon X\to \overline{L^0}$ is established where $(X,Y,\langle \cdot,\cdot \rangle)$ is a dual pair of Banach spaces and $\overline{L^0}$ is the set of all extended real-valued measurable functions. We provide a concept of lower semi-continuity which is shown to be equivalent to the existence of a dual representation in terms of elements in the Bochner space $L^0(Y)$. To derive the duality result, several conditional completions and extensions are constructed. This is an earlier version of arXiv e-print 1708.03127, where the main results were formulated in an abstract setting of conditional completions, conditional extensions and conditional real numbers.

We consider multidimensional quadratic BSDEs with bounded and unbounded terminal conditions. We provide sufficient conditions which guarantee existence and uniqueness of solutions. In particular, these conditions are satisfied if the terminal condition or the dependence in the system are small enough., Comment: this is the final version accepted to be published in ECP

We provide an axiomatic system modeling conditional preference orders which is based on conditional set theory. Conditional numerical representations are introduced, and a conditional version of the theorems of Debreu on the existence of numerical representations is proved. The conditionally continuous representations follow from a conditional version of Debreu's Gap Lemma the proof of which relies on a conditional version of the axiom of choice, free of any measurable selection argument. We give a conditional version of the von Neumann and Morgenstern representation as well as automatic conditional continuity results, and illustrate them by examples.

The purpose of this note is to record a connection between sheaves on complete Boolean algebras and conditional sets. This connection yields a transfer principle for conditional set theory. On the other hand we use conditional set theory to interpret the internal objects of a respective sheaf topos.

The concepts of a conditional set, a conditional inclusion relation and a conditional Cartesian product are introduced. The resulting conditional set theory is sufficiently rich in order to construct a conditional topology, a conditional real and functional analysis indicating the possibility of a mathematical discourse based on conditional sets. It is proved that the conditional power set is a complete Boolean algebra, and a conditional version of the axiom of choice, the ultrafilter lemma, Tychonoff's theorem, the Borel-Lebesgue theorem, the Hahn-Banach theorem, the Banach-Alaoglu theorem and the Krein-\v{S}mulian theorem are shown., Comment: 29 pages