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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the dimensional accuracy, translucency, and biaxial flexural strength of milled zirconia (MZ) versus 3D‐printed zirconia (PZ) discs. Materials & Methods: A circular disc measuring 14.0 mm in diameter and 1.20 mm in thickness was designed using computer‐aided design (CAD) software. The resulting standard tessellation language (STL) file was used both as a control and to fabricate 36 zirconia (3Y‐TZP) disc specimens (n = 36): 18 were milled (group MZ) and 18 were 3D‐printed (group PZ). The diameter and thickness of each disc were measured using a digital caliper. Translucency was evaluated using a calibrated dental colorimeter. The flexural strength was determined using the piston‐on‐three‐ball biaxial flexure test. All measurements were done by one blinded examiner. The statistical significance level was set to α = 0.05. Results: The MZ discs had significantly more accurate dimensions than the PZ discs in both diameter and thickness when compared to the control CAD software‐designed disc. The MZ discs exhibited significantly higher translucency (translucency parameter (TP) = 16.95 ±0.36 vs. 9.24 ±1.98) and biaxial flexural strength (996.16 ±137.37 MPa vs. 845.75 ±266.16 MPa) than the PZ discs. Finally, MZ possessed a significantly higher Weibull modulus relative to PZ. Conclusions: The results showed that the milled specimens achieved better dimensional accuracy and were more translucent, stronger, and less prone to failure than printed specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal disease (PerioD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of dysbiotic etiology. Animal models and few human data showed a relationship between oral bacteria and gut dysbiosis. However, the effect of periodontal inflammation and subgingival dysbiosis on the gut is unknown. We hypothesized that periodontal inflammation and its associated subgingival dysbiosis contribute to gut dysbiosis even in subjects free of known gut disorders. We evaluated and compared elderly subjects with Low and High periodontal inflammation (assessed by Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA)) for stool and subgingival derived bacteria (assayed by 16S rRNA sequencing). The associations between PISA/subgingival dysbiosis and gut dysbiosis and bacteria known to produce short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were assessed. LEfSe analysis showed that, in Low PISA, species belonging to Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus taxa and Lactobacillus zeae were enriched, while species belonging to Coprococcus, Clostridiales, and Atopobium were enriched in High PISA. Regression analyses showed that PISA associated with indicators of dysbiosis in the gut mainly reduced abundance of SCFA producing bacteria (Radj = −0.38, p = 0.03). Subgingival bacterial dysbiosis also associated with reduced levels of gut SCFA producing bacteria (Radj = −0.58, p = 0.002). These results suggest that periodontal inflammation and subgingival microbiota contribute to gut bacterial changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Alcohol abuse and dependence are among the major health care problems in the world (1). The impact of alcohol abuse continues to grow as a result of the rising [...], Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with spontaneous burning pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Although acetaldehyde has been implicated in the painful alcoholic neuropathy, the mechanism by which the ethanol metabolite causes pain symptoms is unknown. Acute ethanol ingestion caused delayed mechanical allodynia in mice. Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) or deletion of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a sensor for oxidative and carbonyl stress, prevented allodynia. Acetaldehyde generated by ADH in both liver and Schwann cells surrounding nociceptors was required for TRPA1-induced mechanical allodynia. Plp1-Cre [Trpa.sup.fl/fl] mice with a tamoxifen-inducible specific deletion of TRPA1 in Schwann cells revealed that channel activation by acetaldehyde in these cells initiates a NADPH oxidase-1-dependent (NOX1-dependent) production of hydrogen peroxide ([H.sub.2][O.sub.2]) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which sustains allodynia by paracrine targeting of nociceptor TRPA1. Chronic ethanol ingestion caused prolonged mechanical allodynia and loss of intraepidermal small nerve fibers in WT mice. While [Trpa1.sup.-/-] or Plp1-Cre [Trpa1.sup.fl/fl] mice did not develop mechanical allodynia, they did not show any protection from the small-fiber neuropathy. Human Schwann cells express ADH/TRPA1/NOX1 and recapitulate the proalgesic functions of mouse Schwann cells. TRPA1 antagonists might attenuate some symptoms of alcohol-related pain.

To evaluate the impact of multisensory room (MSR) use on preoperative anxiety and postoperative outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) undergoing dental treatment with general anesthesia. Methods: Forty children, ages six to 17 years, with ASD requiring general anesthesia for dental treatment, participated in this study. Participants were randomized to either the control group (standard preoperative waiting room) or intervention group (MSR) for 20 minutes prior to general anesthesia induction. Pre- and post-intervention preoperative anxiety were measured. Following surgery, postoperative emergence delirium was assessed. Short- and long-term postoperative pain and adverse behavioral effects were evaluated six hours, 24 hours, one week, and one month post-surgery. Data analysis employed repeated measures analysis of variance with two groups and either two or four time periods. Results: The sample was predominantly male (62.5 percent) and identified as either White or Black (53 percent) and non-Hispanic (60 percent). Preoperative behavioral anxiety levels increased post-intervention in the control group (P<0.05) and decreased in the MSR group (P<0.001). Following surgery, pain intensity was greater in the control group compared to the MSR group at six hours (P<0.05) and 24 hours (P<0.01), and similar at one and four weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures of preoperative heart rate, postoperative emergence delirium, and behavioral effects were similar between groups and over time. Conclusion: These findings suggest a novel, nonpharmacologic technique that can be utilized by various health care specialties to reduce preoperative anxiety and improve postoperative outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]