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Additional file 5 : Supplementary Figure 4. The distribution of all specimens used in this study demonstrates the global coverage of the dataset. Filled circles represent specimens used for the concatenated gene phylogeny. Data were visualised using the software QGIS v2.8 ( https://www.qgis.org/en/site/ ).

Additional file 4: Supplementary Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Atlantidae based on the nuclear gene 18S. Poorly supported branches ( 80%. Species groups based on morphology are highlighted with coloured boxes (See Table 1).

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure 1. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the family Atlantidae based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA (CO1). Black squares represent bootstrap support > 80%. Species groups based on morphology are highlighted with coloured boxes (See Table 1).

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Specimens included in this study.

Cuvieria oryza Benson,1835 Benson (1835a, p. 176) reported on a number of pteropods ���taken on board the Ship Malcolm��� in the southern Atlantic and Indian oceans. Among those the author mentioned the catch of two species of ��� Cuvieria ���. Benson wrote: ���Our capture of two perfect specimens of this shell will enable me to correct the character given by Rang, from imperfect specimens. Out of the number caught by us we took only two perfect specimens, one of which I unfortunately broke, its excessive fragility reducing it to the state in which Rang has described it���. In the same volume of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Benson (1835b, p. 698) made clear that with ���perfect specimens��� he meant shells still possessing their initial portion, the larval shell with protoconch (see Fig. 1J herein as an example), that usually is shed in adult specimens, in which the basal opening is closed subsequent to shedding by a convex calcareous septum. Benson (1835b) described such still complete specimens and ���corrected��� (rather: completed) Rang���s (1827) description. The same initial shell part, however, had already been described and illustrated by d���Orbigny (1834, p. 126; 1835, pl. 8, fig. 36) under the (misspelled) name Cuvieria ��� columella ���. In his material Benson recognised two species, and identified the one with larger shells as C. columnella Rang, 1827. For the smaller shelled species Benson (1835b) introduced the name Cuvieria oryza, describing it as ���being about half the length of the other, and in being somewhat more depressed, and more ventricose laterally���, and in a Latin diagnosis as ��� Test�� laevi, intid�� [probably a printer���s error for nitid��], depresso-cylindrica, lateribus versus septum ventricosioribus; apice elongato, peracuto [Shell smooth, [shiny], depressed cylindrical, more ventricose towards the septum, apical part elongate, strongly pointed]. Length 4/10 of an inch, of which the spire occupies nearly one-half���. The type locality is the tropical Indian Ocean between 8��6' S and 5��0' N, 86��38' and 91��0' E. The given height of the shell (4/10 of an inch = 10.16 mm) concerns the specimen still possessing the juvenile portion with protoconch. This means that specimens in which that shell part is shed (as it usually is) measure about 5���6 mm in shell height. Benson (1835b) compared such specimens in their ordinary mutilated state with ���a grain of rice���, which also explains the choice of the name oryza he gave to the species. Two species of the genus Cuvierina are currently accepted to occur in the Indian Ocean, namely Cuvierina columnella (Rang, 1827) and C. urceolaris (M��rch, 1850). Comparing the measurement of Benson���s C. oryza with those given by Janssen (2005, figs. 30���31) shows that the C. oryza measurement agrees with C. urceolaris, but not at all with C. columnella. Also, as described, the ventricose shape of the shell points to C. urceolaris (compare Fig. 1G���J). Conclusion: Cuvieria oryza Benson, 1835 is neither a synonym nor a forma/variety of C. columnella as accepted by previous authors, but contrarily is a senior synonym of C. urceolaris (M��rch, 1850) and therefore should be given priority over the latter, younger name. In accordance with ICZN (1999, art. 23.9.2), the junior Cuvieria urceolaris is herewith declared valid and nomen protectum, because in prevailing usage, whereas the senior Cuvieria oryza is declared nomen oblitum. The conditions for this act as ruled in ICZN (1999, articles 23.9.1.1 and.2) are met: the name C. oryza has not, to my knowledge, been used as a valid name after 1899, and the name urceolaris has been used as valid in 25 works, published by more than 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years (= 1967���2017), encompassing a span of more than 10 years (in chronological order): Van der Spoel, 1967, p. 81; Van der Spoel, 1970, p. 120; B�� et al., 1972, p. 49; Rampal, 1975, p. 241; Van der Spoel, 1976, p. 191; Almogi-Labin & Reiss, 1977, pp. 11, 12; Alessandro & Robba,1981, p. 645; Bernasconi & Robba, 1982, p. 217, 219; Shibata, 1986, p. 124; Kotaka, 1986, p. 124; Ujihara et al., 1990, p. 316; Zorn, 1991, p. 134; Janssen, 1999, p.114; Higo et al., 1999, nr G4970; Okutani, 2000, p. 775; Rampal, 2002, p. 212; Janssen, 2005, p. 55; Noseworthy et al., 2007, p. 88; Janssen, 2007, p. 74; Poppe, 2010, p. 154; Janssen, 2012, p. 327; Corse et al., 2013, tab. 1, fig. 5; Burridge et al., 2015, p. 2ff; Burridge et al., 2016, p. 2ff; Checa et al., 2016, p. 2ff; Okutani, 2017, p. 1097., Published as part of Janssen, Arie W., 2018, The status of Cuvierina spoeli Rampal, 2002 and Cuvieria oryza Benson, 1835 (Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Cuvierinidae), pp. 369-375 in Zootaxa 4459 (2) on page 373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4459.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1458729, {"references":["Rang, [P. C. A. L.] (1827) Description de deux genres nouveaux (Cuvieria et Euribia) appartenant la classe des pteropodes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 12, 320 - 329.","Morch, O. A. L. (1850) Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit C. P. Kierulf, Md. Dr. nunc publica auctione X Decembris MDCCCL Hafniae Dividenda. Typis Trieri, Hafniae, 33 pp.","Janssen, A. W. (2005) Development of Cuvierinidae (Mollusca, Iuthecosomata, Cavolinioidea) during the Cainozoic: a noncladistic approach with a re-interpretation of Recent taxa. Basteria, 69 (1 - 3), 25 - 72.","ICZN International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Idition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Spoel, S. van der (1967) Euthecosomata, a group with remarkable developmental stages (Gastropoda, Pteropoda). J. Noorduijn, Gorinchem. PhD thesis University of Amsterdam, 375 pp.","Spoel, S. van der (1970) Morphometric data on Cavoliniidae with notes on a new form of Cuvierina columnella (Rang, 1827) (Gastropoda, Pteropoda). Basteria, 34 (5 - 6), 103 - 151.","Spoel, S. van der (1976) Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata and Heteropoda (Gastropoda). Vohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 484 pp.","Almogi-Labin, A. & Reiss, Z. (1977) Quaternary pteropods from Israel, 1. Holocene and Pleistocene pteropods from the Mediterranean continental shelf and slope of Israel, 2. Pteropods from Recent sediments in the Gulf of Ilat. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, 9 (1), 5 - 48.","Alessandro, A. & Robba, I. (1981) Pteropodi neogenici della Puglia (Italia meridionale). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 86 (3), 605 - 698.","Vernasconi, M. P. & Robba, I. (1982) The thecosomatous pteropods: a contribution towards the Cenozoic Tethy, an paleobiogeography. Bollettino della. Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 21 (2 - 3), 211 - 222.","Shibata, H. (1986) Development of the late Cenozoic pteropod fauna in central Japan. Palaeontological Society of Japan S. P., 29, 119 - 126.","Kotaka, J. (1986) Japanese cenozoic molluscs - their origin and migration. Palaeontological Society of Japan, Special Papers, 29, i - vii + 1 - 255.","Ujihara, A., Shibata, H. & Saito, T. (1990) Pteropods from the Sagara Group (Mio-Pliocene), Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Venus, 49 (4), 306 - 329.","Zorn, I. (1991) A systematic account of Tertiary Pteropoda (Gastropoda, Iuthecosomata) from Austria. Contributions to Tertiary and Quaternary Geology, 28 (4), 95 - 139.","Janssen, A. W. (1999) Notes on the systematics, morphology and biostratigraphy of fossil holoplanktonic Mollusca, 6. An assemblage from Poggio Musenna (Italy, Sicily) and its biostratigraphical interpretation compared to localities in northern Italy and in Malta. Basteria, 63, 111 - 120.","Higo, S., Callomon, P. & Gooto, Y. (1999) Catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell bearing Mollusca of Japan. Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. Ille Scientific Publications, Osaka-fu, 935 pp. [unnumbered]","Okutani, T. (2000) Marine mollusks in Japan. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, xlviii + 1174 pp.","Rampal, J. (2002) Viodiversite et biogeographie chez les Cavoliniidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Iuthecosomata). Regions faunistiques marines. Zoosystema, 24 (2), 209 - 258.","Noseworthy, R. G., Lim, N. - R. & Choi, K. - S. (2007) A catalogue of the mollusks of Jeju Island, South Korea. Korean Journal of Malacology, 23 (1), 65 - 104.","Janssen, A. W. (2007) Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines). Scripta Geologica, 135, 29 - 177.","Poppe, G. (2010) Philippine marine mollusks, 3. Conchbooks, Hackenheim, 665 pp.","Janssen, A. W. (2012) Systematics and biostratigraphy of holoplanktonic Mollusca from the Oligo-Miocene of the Maltese Archipelago. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino 28 (2), 197 - 601. [2010]","Corse, I., Rampal, J., Cuoc, C., Pech, N., Perez, Y. & Gilles, A. (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of Thecosomata Vlainville, 1824 (holoplanktonic Opisthobranchia) using morphological and molecular data. PLoS ONE, 8 (4) e 59439, 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0059439","Checa, A. G., Macias-Sanchez, I. & Ramirez-Rico, J. (2016) Viological strategy for the fabrication of highly ordered aragonite helices: the microstructure of the cavolinioidean gastropods. Scientific Reports, 6 (25989), 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 25989","Okutani, T. (2017) Marine mollusks in Japan. 2 nd Edition. Tokai Daigaku Shuppankai Kanagawa-ken, Hiratsuka-shi, 1375 pp."]}

Phosphatised fossil assemblages of four samples from the Lower Globigerina Limestone Formation at Wardija (SE Gozo, Malta) were analysed, with special emphasis on holoplanktonic molluscs (Gastropoda: Heteropoda and Pteropoda). The upper sample (sample 4) is from the lower main phosphorite level (C 1), samples 1 to 3 are respectively from c. 3 m, 5 m and 7.50 m above the base of the Lower Globigerina Limestone. Phosphatised faunal elements were separated from the limestone sediment by formic acid treatment. The fossil assemblages yielded a surprising number of species new for the Maltese Archipelago, or even new to science. Comparison with other holoplanktonic mollusc assemblages, especially those from the Aquitaine Basin in France demonstrates that there is a certain resemblance with the Chattian fauna of e.g. st. Etienne-d'Orthe (Spoelia torquayensis, Vaginella? tricuspidata), but the presence of some other species, such as Gamopleura melitensis and Vaginella sannicola indicate that the age of the Lower Globigerina Limestone presumably is Early Aquitanian. Samples 2-3 yielded also a comparatively rich assemblage of benthic molluscs (especially small-sized gastropods), most of which are illustrated here (PIs 1-3). The holoplanktonic molluscs are illustrated on PIs 3-4. The following species are introduced: Heliconoides vanderweideni sp. nov., Bowdenatheca miocenica sp. nov., Clio (s. lat.) ghawdexensis sp. nov., and Edithinella bonaviai sp. nov., peer-reviewed