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There are hundreds of thousands of moth species with crucial ecological roles that are often obscured by their nocturnal lifestyles. The pigmentation and appearance of moths are dominated by cryptic diffuse shades of brown. In this study, 82 specimens representing 26 moth species were analysed using infrared polarimetric hyperspectral imaging in the range of 0.95–2.5 µm. Contrary to previous studies, we demonstrate that since infrared light does not resolve the surface roughness, wings appear glossy and specular at longer wavelengths. Such properties provide unique reflectance spectra between species. The reflectance of the majority of our species could be explained by comprehensive models, and a complete parametrization of the spectral, polarimetric and angular optical properties was reduced to just 11 parameters with physical units. These parameters are complementary and, compared to the within-species variation, were significantly distinct between species. Counterintuitively to the aperture-limited resolution criterion, we could deduce microscopic features along the surface from their infrared properties. These features were confirmed by electron microscopy. Finally, we show how our findings could greatly enhance opportunities for remote identification of free-flying moth species, and we hypothesize that such flat specular wing targets could be expected to be sensed over considerable distances.

Lack of tools for detailed, real-time observation of mosquito behavior with high spatio-temporal resolution limits progress towards improved malaria vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect positioned over rice fields outside a Tanzanian village. A quarter of a million in situ insect observations were classified, and several insect taxa were identified based on their modulation signatures. We observed distinct range distributions of male and female mosquitoes in relation to the village periphery, and spatio-temporal behavioral features, such as swarming. Furthermore, we observed that the spatial distributions of males and females change independently of each other during the day, and were able to estimate the daily dispersal of mosquitoes towards and away from the village. The findings of this study demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring could dramatically improve our understanding of malaria vector ecology and control options.

Free flying mosquitoes in the Tanzanian countryside confused by eclipse were classified by novel laser radar surveillance., Yearly, a quarter billion people are infected and a half a million killed by the mosquito-borne disease malaria. Lack of real-time observational tools for continuously assessing the unperturbed mosquito flight activity in situ limits progress toward improved vector control. We deployed a high-resolution entomological lidar to monitor a half-kilometer static transect adjacent to a Tanzanian village. We evaluated one-third million insect observations during five nights, four days, and one annular solar eclipse. We demonstrate in situ lidar classification of several insect families and their sexes based on their modulation signatures. We were able to compare the fine-scale spatiotemporal activity patterns of malaria vectors during ordinary days and an eclipse to disentangle phototactic activity patterns from the circadian mechanism. We observed an increased insect activity during the eclipse attributable to mosquitoes. These unprecedented findings demonstrate how lidar-based monitoring of distinct mosquito activities could advance our understanding of vector ecology.

This thesis treats entomological lidar from various angles: laboratory reference work on insects of interest, methodological development of lidar- and data processing methods, as well as field implementations of lidar techniques for entomological research. Insects are crucial components of ecosystems and are currently in a global decline. In this thesis, insects are mainly studied in their roles as disease vectors and food sources for vertebrates. However, several other feasible application avenues of entomological lidar exist and are touched upon briefly. Entomological lidar is an optical remote sensing technique in which the light scattered by insects is recorded by a sensor and the distance to each insect is derived. In classical lidar, ranging is achieved through time-of-flight detection. In this thesis the Scheimpflug- and passive lidar methods have been used, in which ranging is achieved through triangulation and geometrical optics.In the laboratory reference work, the light-scattering properties of insects were investigated. Considerable effort has been put into the study of ex-vivo and in-vivo malaria mosquitoes in search of optical properties that may enable remote species classification. These species otherwise require capture and microscope analysis by an expert to distinguish. Dragonflies have the narrowest spectral bands so far observed in nature. In this PhD work, their scattering properties were investigated and give hints regarding possible uses of these narrow bands.Methodological development has been pursued for improvement and optimization of instrumentation through simulation and laboratory reference measurements. Hyperspectral images of insects were used to motivate laser wavelength selection based on signal strength, information yield and laser availability. Raytracing was used to devise a passive lidar scheme and to optimise the geometry of Scheimpflug lidars. Data processing techniques for robust and accurate calibration of sizes, wing-beat frequencies with associated modulation spectra, flight headings and dispersal of insects in lidar data were developed.Entomological lidar techniques were applied in a number of field settings around the world. In Sweden, insect swarms at the nacelle of a wind farm were observed post sunset in weather conditions associated with high bat mortality through collision with wind farms. In China, increased insect activity was observed at the onset of heavy rain. The main crepuscular activity peak of insects was observed in the short time window with decreased predation pressure around sunset, when neither birds nor bats were active. In Africa, an extra activity peak was observed at noon among mosquitoes and other crepuscular insects during a solar eclipse. Male mosquito mating swarms were observed with consistent timing and location each day, and a highly directional dispersal of mosquitoes into a village was observed every evening.In this thesis work, peak numbers of more than a thousand insects per minute have been observed, resolved temporally and spatially at μs and cm scales, respectively, which is inconceivable with conventional entomological methods. Laboratory reference work and methodological development allow the quantification and classification of insect signals in-situ. Thereby, questions of significant ecological importance could be answered.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there has been a divergence between the aims of LO and the Social Democratic Party in Sweden during the period 1994–2018. This study also has the purpose of investigating whether this has affected which party the members of LO will vote for in the Swedish elections. The hypothesis of this study is that there has been a divergence between LO and the Social Democratic Party and that the aims differ more in 2018 than they did back in 1994. This is a qualitative text analysis with the purpose of both being descriptive and explanatory. This study is scientifically relevant as it highlights the role of ideology in Swedish politics and how this can affect voter support. It is also interesting for people who are not researchers since this affects Swedish politics and therefore everyone who lives in Sweden. This study shows that there has been a noticeable divergence between the aims of LO and the Social Democratic party in Sweden during the period of 1994–2018. Back in the 1970:s there was also a divergence between the aims of LO and the Social Democratic Party. During the 1970:s, the members of LO to a lesser extent voted for the Social Democratic Party which supports the hypothesis of this study. The hypothesis was correct but the noticeable divergence was not the divergence that was expected since the study showed that LO more and more had switched focus from broad policy areas to labour policy. The answer to the question whether this divergence probably has affected which party the members of LO will vote for or not, is yes. It is very probable that the divergence between LO and the Social Democratic Party has affected which party the members of LO will vote for.

I arbetet har kalciumklorid respektive magnesiumklorid utvärderats i kombination med fyra olika finmaterial (granit, amfibolit, metagråvacka samt naturlig silt) vilka används vid underhåll av grusvägar. Vattenlösningar av respektive salt har tillförts finmaterialet varefter regn och upptorkning har simulerats i laboratoriemiljö. Utvärdering har gjorts med avseende på mängden kvarvarande salt efter regnsimulering samt svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) och optisk mikroskopi på finmaterialet efter upptorkning. Det har varit svårt att dra några slutsatser. Den framtagna försöksmetodiken har inte kunnat påvisa agglomerering i finfraktion av grusslitlager eller ge ledning till doseringsråd. Man kan se att kalciumklorid är effektivare per giva än magnesiumklorid. Det krävs mindre mängd salt (flingor) för att binda en viss mängd vatten med kalciumklorid än med magnesiumklorid vilket dock är känt sedan tidigare. Agglomerering kunde inte bevisas med upprepade försök. Kemiskt var det ingen större skillnad, salterna betedde sig snarlikt och enligt tidigare känt beteende. Skillnader av beteende beroende på typ av bergmaterial var försumbart i förhållande till salternas inverkan. Den allra största delen (som minst 80 %) av tillfört salt har lakats ur efter regnsimulering. Ingen skillnad mellan kalcium- och magnesiumklorid eller de olika finmaterialen kunde konstateras avseende urlakning. En liten skillnad mellan urlakning av katjoner och anjoner kunde konstateras där katjonerna hölls kvar i finmaterialet. Detta kan röra sig om en jonbytareffekt. Analys med SEM och optisk mikroskopi kunde inte påvisa några egentliga skillnader mellan de olika kombinationerna av salt respektive finmaterial. Vid upptorkning av finmaterialet kunde konstateras att kalciumklorid, räknat som handelsvara, kan absorbera mer vatten än magnesiumklorid. Denna effekt kvarstod även efter att regnsimulering har utförts. Den metod som utvecklades i samband med arbetet gav inga påvisbara skillnader, som inte var kända sedan tidigare, mellan de olika salterna och finmaterialen. Troligen har systemet förenklats så långt att relevanta parametrar tagits bort eller inte reflekterar verkliga fältförhållanden. In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than magnesium chloride. This effect persisted also after the rain simulation. The experimental method that was developed during the study did not give any, previously not known, differences between the different salts and fine materials. Probably the system has been simplified to such an extent that relevant parameters were removed or do not reflect real field conditions.

A more detailed evaluation of the sensitivity of the Lidar system.

Denna rapport handlar om att jämföra och analysera användning av eye tracking för att göra en bedömning om Saab kan tillämpa det som ett verktyg i deras radarsystem. Saab är ett företag som ständigt strävar efter utveckling och förbättring. Vid tillverkning av radarsystem kan användargränssnittet vara felaktigt designat, exempelvis ett felaktig utformat larm eller olika larm som ”stör” varandra. Detta kan leda till att användaren tappar fokus på det som är viktigast. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om Saab kan använda eye tracking för att utvärdera vad användaren väljer att fokusera på. Detta för att förbättra användargränssnittet på sitt system. Arbetet delades in i tre olika delar vilket ledde fram till resultatet. Första delen var att studera och undersöka den kommersiella marknaden för eye tracking för att sedan avgöra vilken enhet som borde införskaffas. Valet föll på två enheter på vilka olika typer av tester utfördes. Under testernas gång analyserades och diskuterades det om vad som är viktigast för Saab och hur de kan arbeta vidare med projektet. Dessa tester spelades även in för en demo vilket var den sista delen av arbetet. Syftet med denna demo var att kunna informera och väcka de anställdas intresse. Möjligheten kring användning av eye tracking är brett och just därför bör Saab satsa på integration av detta i deras system. Då kostnaden för inköp är stor bör de tillverka sitt egna eye tracking-system. In this report the use of eye tracking was compared and analysed to decide on whether Saab can use it as a tool in their radar system. Saab is a company, which constantly strives for development and improvement. During the manufacture of radar systems the user interface can be designed improperly, such as malformed alarm or different alarms “disturbing” each other. This can cause the user to lose focus on what is important. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if Saab can use eye tracking to evaluate what the user choose to focus on. This so they can improve the user interface of their system. To accomplish this task the work was divided into three different parts. The first part was to investigate and research the commercial market of eye tracking to thereafter decide on what unit to procure. The choice fell on two units on which different tests were made. During execution of these tests the authors discussed on what is important for Saab and for the continuation of the project. These tests were recorded for a demonstration, which is the final part of the work. The purpose of this demonstration was to inform and arouse interest among the employees. The possibilities of using eye tracking are extensive and that is why it should be integrated into their system. Finally we conclude that Saab should manufacture its own eye tracking system since the cost of acquiring one is high.

I dagens samhälle växer sig internethandeln starkare och starkare för varje år. Det är ett bekvämt sätt för kunderna att handla på, de kan sitta hemma och få sina produkter skickade till sig. För att ett företag ska kunna vara konkurrenskraftig och locka till sig kunder, är det därför viktigt att de har en sajt som de kan sälja sina varor ifrån. Och att denna försäljningssajt också är lockande för kunderna, så att de väljer den framför andra försäljningssajter är någonting mycket viktigt, för att ett företag ska växa och tjäna pengar. För att underlätta skapandet utav försäljningssajter, så kommer jag i den här uppsatsen ta reda på vilka funktioner som kunderna förväntar sig hitta på en försäljningssajt. Vilka de tycker om att använda och vad det är som får dem att känna sig hemma på en försäljningssajt och vilja komma tillbaka till den. Resultatet från arbetet kan sedan ligga till grund för att skapa ett ramverk, för att utveckla försäljningssajter eller till hjälp om man har blivit anställd att göra en försäljningssajt åt ett företag. För att ta reda på detta har jag dels undersökt en stor mängd försäljningssajter, för att se vilka funktioner som är vanligast, hur de ser ut och vad de i sin tur innehåller. Delvis utifrån detta intervjuade jag även kunder för att ta reda på vad de tycker om en mängd olika funktioner, vad som är viktigt för dem inom olika områden och hur de använder en försäljningssajt. Resultatet från dessa samlade jag sedan ihop till en kravspecifikation på vilka funktioner ett ramverk för försäljningssajter bör ha och hur de kan vara utformade. Eftersom det inte verkar finnas någon tidigare forskning kring detta, ligger mycket fokus på undersökningen av vilka funktioner som finns och vad kunderna tycker om dessa mm.