Search

Biodiesel represents a promising solution for sustainable energy needs, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. In this research, we investigate the use of a catalyst derived from mussel shells to facilitate biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Our findings from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis emphasize the importance of carefully selecting calcination temperatures for mussel shell-based catalysts, with 1100 °C identified as optimal for maximizing CaO content. We identify a reaction time of 6 h as potentially optimal, with a reaction temperature of approximately 110 °C yielding the desired methyl ester composition. Notably, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 18:1 is the most favorable condition, and the optimal methyl ester composition is achieved at a calcined catalyst temperature of 900 °C. We also assess the stability of the catalyst, demonstrating its potential for reuse up to five times. Additionally, a thorough analysis of J. curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) biodiesel properties confirmed compliance with industry standards, with variations attributed to the unique characteristics of JCME. Comparing homogeneous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (CaO) catalysts highlights the potential of environmentally sourced heterogeneous catalysts to replace their homogeneous counterparts while maintaining efficiency. Our study presents a novel approach to sustainable biodiesel production, outlining optimal conditions and catalyst stability and highlighting additional benefits compared with NaOH catalysts. Therefore, utilizing mussel shell waste for catalyst synthesis can efficiently eliminate waste and produce cost-effective catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative approach to sustainable biodiesel production using mussel shell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst for converting Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel. By repurposing waste mussel shells, the research aims to provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for environmentally responsible biodiesel production, aligning with global standards. The study involves characterizing the catalyst, optimizing reaction conditions, and achieving a remarkable 99.36% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield, marking a significant step toward cleaner and more economically viable energy sources. Biodiesel, recognized for its lower emissions, is produced through transesterification using mussel shell-derived CaO as a sustainable catalyst. This research contributes to cleaner and economically viable energy sources, emphasizing the importance of sustainable energy solutions and responsible catalytic processes. This research bridges the gap between waste management, catalyst development, and sustainable energy production, contributing to the ongoing global shift towards cleaner and more economically viable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involves a collection of data from the published article titled “Active sites engineered biomass-carbon as a catalyst for biodiesel production: Process optimization using RSM and life cycle assessment “Energy Conversion Management” journal. Here, the activated biochar was functionalized using 4-diazoniobenzenesulfonate to obtain sulfonic acid functionalized activated biochar. The catalyst was comprehensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, TGA, NH3-TPD, SEM-EDS, TEM, BET, and XPS analysis. Further, the obtained catalyst was applied for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) to produce biodiesel. An experimental matrix was conducted using the RSM-CCD approach and the resulting data were analyzed using multiple regressions to fit a quadratic equation, where the maximum biodiesel yield achieved was 97.1 ± 0.4%, under specific reaction conditions: a reaction time of 50.3 min, a molar ratio of 22.9:1, a reaction temperature of 96.2 °C, and a catalyst loading of 7.7 wt.%. The obtained product biodiesel was analyzed using NMR and GC-MS analyzed and is reported in the above-mentioned article.

Biodiesel represents a promising solution for sustainable energy needs, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels. In this research, we investigate the use of a catalyst derived from mussel shells to facilitate biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil. Our findings from X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis emphasize the importance of carefully selecting calcination temperatures for mussel shell-based catalysts, with 1100 °C identified as optimal for maximizing CaO content. We identify a reaction time of 6 h as potentially optimal, with a reaction temperature of approximately 110 °C yielding the desired methyl ester composition. Notably, a methanol-to-oil ratio of 18:1 is the most favorable condition, and the optimal methyl ester composition is achieved at a calcined catalyst temperature of 900 °C. We also assess the stability of the catalyst, demonstrating its potential for reuse up to five times. Additionally, a thorough analysis of J. curcas Methyl Ester (JCME) biodiesel properties confirmed compliance with industry standards, with variations attributed to the unique characteristics of JCME. Comparing homogeneous (NaOH) and heterogeneous (CaO) catalysts highlights the potential of environmentally sourced heterogeneous catalysts to replace their homogeneous counterparts while maintaining efficiency. Our study presents a novel approach to sustainable biodiesel production, outlining optimal conditions and catalyst stability and highlighting additional benefits compared with NaOH catalysts. Therefore, utilizing mussel shell waste for catalyst synthesis can efficiently eliminate waste and produce cost-effective catalysts.

This study introduces an innovative approach to sustainable biodiesel production using mussel shell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst for converting Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel. By repurposing waste mussel shells, the research aims to provide an eco-friendly and cost-effective solution for environmentally responsible biodiesel production, aligning with global standards. The study involves characterizing the catalyst, optimizing reaction conditions, and achieving a remarkable 99.36% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield, marking a significant step toward cleaner and more economically viable energy sources. Biodiesel, recognized for its lower emissions, is produced through transesterification using mussel shell-derived CaO as a sustainable catalyst. This research contributes to cleaner and economically viable energy sources, emphasizing the importance of sustainable energy solutions and responsible catalytic processes. This research bridges the gap between waste management, catalyst development, and sustainable energy production, contributing to the ongoing global shift towards cleaner and more economically viable energy sources.

Biodiesel production from low cost, inedible oil represents an increasingly important target for reasons of both sustainability and cost. In this work, we comprehensively verify the batch reproducibility of a sulfonic acid functionalized carbonaceous material (SAFACAM) as catalyst for biodiesel production from inedible feedstock Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). The current catalyst benefits the environment through its atom-efficient, one-pot preparation from an abundant natural biomass derivative (glucose) and has the potential to reduce the overall biodiesel production cost by converting inexpensive raw materials. In this context, JCO has emerged as a crop of interest to the energy sector, potentially providing a reliable and renewable energy source for many countries. Through a central composite design (CCD) approach using response surface methodology (RSM), a 98.7 ± 0.6% conversion of biodiesel is achieved (methanol-to-oil molar ratio 20:1, reaction time 50 min, reaction temperature 120 °C and catalyst loading 9 wt % (with respect to oil)). The chemically satisfactory composition of the biodiesel product has been verified, the reusability of catalyst has been tested, and a significant enhancement in performance when using microwave heating demonstrated. An 83.0 ± 0.8% conversion of JCO is reported in the fifth cycle of reuse. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The lubricant is a medium whose function is to prevent direct contact between surfaces, reducing friction and wear, thus reducing the heat and waste generated during this process. In addition, it can cool and hermetically seal the areas of friction. The losses of mineral Vaseline released into the environment have become a serious problem for the ecosystem. Due to the growing concern related to the environmental impact of mineral greases, eco-friendly alternatives are being sought, vegetable oils among them, such as Jatropha curcas oil. Objective: To determine the toxicity of hydraulic biolubricants formulated from modified Jatropha curcas oil chemically modified. Materials and Methods: A sensitivity bioassay was carried out with lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) in a Petri dish and in soil for different mixtures of biolubricants. Results and Discussion: It was determined that biolubricants formulated with Jatropha curcas oil are classified as toxic for Lactuca sativa seeds, both in the plate and in the ground, five days after sowing. Conclusions: These biolubricants showed phytotoxic effects in the root and apical system. The mixtures corresponding to 2.5% on the plate were the least toxic for the three biolubricants tested, although the percentages of inhibition were greater than 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study attempts to synthesize biodiesel as a green liquid fuel from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) utilizing waste eggshell (WES) as an effective and excellent sustainable source of the heterogeneous catalyst under the application of environmentally benign microwave heating technique. After preparing the CaO-based catalyst, diverse characterization techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller were employed for characterization measurements. Under different optimized conditions, a considerable high biodiesel yield of 92% was attained while employing the following reaction conditions; methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, 165 min reaction time with a microwave power of 800 W, and a 65 °C reaction temperature. The developed catalyst had significantly retained its reusability up to the 5th cycle of reuse. The catalysed transesterification process's activation energy of 38.5 kJ mol−1 demonstrated that the reaction is chemically controlled. Therefore, the WES has been utilized as a renewable base heterogeneous catalyst for novel biodiesel synthesis from JCO, which can be applied in diesel engines to lessen air pollution, specifically pollutant emissions from diesel vehicles. The results of this study are not for academic purposes only. They can also serve as models for industrial biodiesel production by exploiting bio-waste as catalysts and non-edible oils as feedstocks in microwave heating systems as environmentally friendly chemistry systems. In addition, our study uses non-consumable oil feedstock and bio-waste materials in an economical way to produce biofuel while contributing to environmental sustainability and sustainable bio-waste management. This approach extends to the existing state-of-the-art research.

Increasing energy demand necessitates the production of sustainable fuels, which can be in the form of bio-fuels. One of such bio-fuels is biodiesel, which is typically produced via transesterification. The development of homogeneous catalyst that is relatively easy to synthesize, cheap, reusable, and environmentally friendly, is a major issue in transesterification reaction. The use of Deep eutectic solvent (DES) as catalyst, is believed to be a significant step in the direction of attaining a sustainable bio-economy. In this study, deep eutectic solvent was synthesized from different mole ratios of K2CO3/glycerol. The synthesized DES was used as catalyst in the transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to determine the factors that significantly affect the biodiesel yield. Optimum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 98.2845% was achieved at optimum conditions of 1:32.58 mole ratio of K2CO3/glycerol, 8.96% w/w concentration of DES, and 69.58 minutes. GC-MS analysis revealed that the produced biodiesel contained 98.87% ester content. The properties of the biodiesel produced were characterized and found to agree with those of ASTM D6751-12 standard. Thus, suggesting the synthesized DES is a promising catalyst in the transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work was to evaluate the potential of using renewable natural feedstock, i.e., Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) for the synthesis of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resin for wood composite applications. Commercial polyurethane (PU) is synthesized through a polycondensation reaction between isocyanate and polyol. However, utilizing toxic and unsustainable isocyanates for obtaining PU could contribute to negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, the development of PU from eco-friendly and sustainable resources without the isocyanate route is required. In this work, tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide was used as the activator to open the epoxy ring with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxisylane as a catalyst to yield urethane of JCO (UJCO). The UJCO were characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) and their oxirane, and hydroxyl values were measured. The result showed that a decrease in oxirane value was found while the hydroxyl value was increased during the time, confirming that the urethane group was formed. The presence of functional groups in FTIR spectra at wave numbers 1732.08, 1562.34, and 3348.42 cm-1 indicates the functional groups of C = O (urethane carbonyl), -NH, and -OH, respectively confirmed this finding. The potential applications of NIPU in the wood composite were also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel cannot only decline the costs of the separation process but also reduce the cost of biodiesel. The present study has emphasized on the performance evaluation of KF/CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from nonedible Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). The synthesized catalyst was characterized through various analytical methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CO2-temparature program desorption (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, BET surface area (SA) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The novelty of this heterogeneous catalyst (KF/CaO) is its reuse without leaching of Ca2+. It was observed from experimental study that prepared catalyst reflects high efficiency towards catalytic transesterification activity. Furthermore, the catalyst has admirable stability, making it suitable for use as a solid base catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil with 5.5 percent free fatty acid (FFA). Reusability tests of the prepared catalyst validated that it could be reused up to four times without sacrificingample activity, thereby giving rise to a potentially relevant biodiesel production possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Advancement and in-depth study of transesterification of biodiesel from JCO. • Brief comparison of physiochemical properties in different geographical regions. • Jatropha biodiesel performance and emission characteristics in diesel engines. • A comprehensive bibliometric mapping of JCO biodiesel production. • Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of JCO biodiesel production. Biodiesel is a low-emissions diesel substitute fuel made from renewable resources. The excessive reliance on edible oils for biodiesel production raises concerns about food-versus-fuel issues including starvation in poor nations. In contrast, non-edible plant oils are extensively utilized in developing countries due to the high cost of edible oils, also driven by their high demand as a food source. In the past few years, research efforts have been directed towards identifying cost-effective and readily available feedstocks for biodiesel production, given that 75 % of the overall production expenses depend upon the choice of feedstock. Therefore, this review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of advancements and developments associated with converting non-edible Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) into biodiesel. A brief comparison of physiochemical properties across different geographical regions is also provided. The study delves into the efficiency, combustion, and emission properties of diesel engines fueled by Jatropha biodiesel. To visualize the evolving landscape of this research, a total of 400 publications from the Scopus Collection databases, spanning the periods of 2002–2022 and 2012–2022, were analyzed using VOSviewer. Additionally, life cycle assessment (LCA) facilitates an understanding of the practical implications and benefits of employing Jatropha biodiesel as a fuel source. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), was conducted to study the economic viability of the JCO biodiesel. A brief conclusion about the potential JCO feedstock in biodiesel production and their future perspective is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient activated porous catalyst, BPAC-500-S, derived from waste banana peels through a novel synthesis involving pyrolysis; and functionalization with 4-benzene diazonium sulphonate, has been developed. For comparison of catalytic activity, the material was also functionalized with sulphuric acid (BPAC-500-SX). The (BPAC-500-S) catalyst underwent impregnation and activation with ZnCl 2 , and its properties were extensively characterized using BET, SEM, XPS, XRD, FT-IR, and TGA techniques. Comparative analysis of catalysts obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 500, and 600 °C) revealed that BPAC-500-S pyrolyzed at 500 °C, exhibited maximum surface area (840.83 m2g-1) and sulphur density (4.7 %). Utilizing BPAC-500-S as a catalyst, an efficient process for biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) was developed, achieving a remarkable 98.91 % conversion, as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Notably, life cycle cost analysis demonstrated a low biodiesel production cost of $ 0.70/L. The BPAC-500-S catalyst exhibited exceptional reusability maintaining more than 80 % biodiesel yield over seven reaction cycles. This study presents a sustainable and cost-effective approach to biodiesel production, emphasizing the potential of waste-derived catalysts in green and economically viable processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased cost of biodiesel production from edible oils has motivated the researchers to find alternative non-edible oil feedstocks. Jatropha curcas has been identified as a promising tropical and subtropical perennial energy crop for biodiesel production. However, securing adequate J. curcas oil for sustainable biodiesel production is not achieved yet. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the potential and suitability of J. curcas grown at different areas of Ethiopia for biodiesel production using analytical, instrumental, and empirical methods. The dry weight proportion of J. curcas seeds, seed coats, and kernels were significantly varied across growing ecologies. The oil contents of kernels were reneged between 47.10–59.32%, while the free fatty acid content of all sampled oils was less than 2.7%. The estimated iodine and saponification values were ranged between 99.6–112.6 mg I2and 180.9–202.0 mg KOH per gram of oil, respectively. Oleic (34.2–42.2%) and Linoleic (34.8–41.8%) acids dominated the fatty acid composition of J. curcas oil. The biodiesel fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, cold filter plugging point, and cetane numbers predicted from the fatty acid composition of oils were agreed with EN-14214 standards. The k-means cluster revealed that kernels harvested from different geographic locations were grouped in the same cluster, which indicates that the effect of altitudinal variation on the oil content of J. curcas was not significant. However, at too lower and higher altitudes, the kernel’s oil content has significantly declined. In conclusion, Ethiopian variety J. curcas oil showed suitable physicochemical properties for biodiesel production. However, its yield, composition, and physicochemical properties were significantly varied across growing areas.

This study attempts to synthesize biodiesel as a green liquid fuel from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) utilizing waste eggshell (WES) as an effective and excellent sustainable source of the heterogeneous catalyst under the application of environmentally benign microwave heating technique. After preparing the CaO-based catalyst, diverse characterization techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller were employed for characterization measurements. Under different optimized conditions, a considerable high biodiesel yield of 92% was attained while employing the following reaction conditions; methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, 5 wt% catalyst loading, 165 min reaction time with a microwave power of 800 W, and a 65 °C reaction temperature. The developed catalyst had significantly retained its reusability up to the 5th cycle of reuse. The catalysed transesterification process's activation energy of 38.5 kJ mol−1 demonstrated that the reaction is chemically controlled. Therefore, the WES has been utilized as a renewable base heterogeneous catalyst for novel biodiesel synthesis from JCO, which can be applied in diesel engines to lessen air pollution, specifically pollutant emissions from diesel vehicles. The results of this study are not for academic purposes only. They can also serve as models for industrial biodiesel production by exploiting bio-waste as catalysts and non-edible oils as feedstocks in microwave heating systems as environmentally friendly chemistry systems. In addition, our study uses non-consumable oil feedstock and bio-waste materials in an economical way to produce biofuel while contributing to environmental sustainability and sustainable bio-waste management. This approach extends to the existing state-of-the-art research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we studied the conversion of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel by using three distinct reactor systems: microchannel, fixed bed, and microwave reactors. ZSM-5 was used as the catalyst for this conversion and was thoroughly characterized. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline structure, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis to determine surface area, and temperature-programmed desorption to evaluate thermal stability and acidic properties. These characterizations provided crucial insights into the catalyst's structural integrity and performance under reaction conditions. The microchannel reactor exhibited superior biodiesel yield compared to the fixed bed and microwave reactors, and achieved peak efficiency at 60 °C, delivering high FAEE yield (99.7%) and conversion rates (99.92%). Ethanol catalyst volume at 1% was optimal, while varying flow rates exhibited trade-offs, emphasizing the need for nuanced control. Comparative studies against microwave and fixed-bed reactors consistently favored the microchannel reactor, emphasizing its remarkable FAME percentages, high conversion rates, and adaptability to diverse operating conditions. The zig-zag configuration enhances its efficiency, making it the optimal choice for biodiesel production and showcasing promising prospects for advancing sustainable biofuel synthesis technologies. • Achieved high biodiesel efficiency with zig-zag microchannel reactor. • Optimized key parameters for max conversion rates and FAME percentages. • Reused ZSM-5 catalyst-maintained efficacy confirmed by XRD, BET, and TPD analyses. • Outperformed microwave and fixed-bed reactors in diverse conditions. • Showcased microchannel reactor's versatility and sustainability for biofuel synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Arachnida: Acari: Varroidae), is a severe external parasitic mite of honeybees that causes great losses of colonies globally. Four concentrations (1, 2%, 5, and 10%) of Jatropha curcas oil were tested for controlling the Varroa mite. Significant effects of reducing percentage of the mite infestation (P = 0.05) after second treatment for sealed brood and after third treatment for adult workers in all tested concentrations of J. curcas were recorded. The low concentrations 1 and 2% of J. curcas were more effective than the higher ones 5 and 10% on reduction of percentage of Varroa mite infestation. Moreover, the colonies treated with the lowest concentrations of jatropha oil had the highest amount of brood area (75.75 and 77.50 inch2) and the highest number of combs covered with bees compared with the colonies treated with the concentrations 5 and 10%. Treated colonies with the concentrations 1, 10, and 5% had a high amount of stored honey and pollen grains, 126.50, 111, and 96 inch2 and 11.25, 9.75, and 9.75 inch2, respectively. Obtained results encourage researchers to study deeply the ability of using jatropha oil in the widely field of Apicultural.

Biodiesel properties are in general attributed to the composition and properties of the oil feedstock used, overlooking the possible impacts of the catalyst preparation details. In light of that, the impacts of different catalyst preparation techniques alongside those of different support materials on the yield, composition, and fuel properties of biodiesels produced from the same oil feedstock were investigated. More specifically, tri-metallic (Fe-Co-Ni) catalyst was synthesized through two different techniques (green synthesis and wet impregnation) using MgO or ZnO as support material. The generated catalyst pairs, i.e., Fe-Co-Ni/MgO and Fe-Co-Ni/ZnO prepared by wet impregnation and Fe-Co-Ni-MgO and Fe-Co-Ni-ZnO prepared by green synthesis (using leaf extracts) were used in the transesterification process of Jatropha curcas oil. Detailed morphological properties, composition, thermal stability, crystalline nature, and functional groups characterization of the catalysts were also carried out. Using Box-Behnken Design response surface methodology, it was found that the green-synthesized Fe-Co-Ni-MgO catalyst resulted in the highest biodiesel yield of 97.9%. More importantly, the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of the biodiesels produced using the four catalysts as well as their respective fuel properties were different in spite of using the same oil feedstock.

Worldwide chemical industries are concerned towards pollution‐free and green processes. In this regard, alternative energy resource having minimal pollutant and toxins emission would be preferred. Jatropha curcas (JCO) is one of the important and alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. In the present work, JCO with higher (5.5%) free fatty acid (FFA) was used for transesterification using K–Mg composite catalyst. It found that 1:2 ratio of K/Mg was the best combination for efficient conversion of JCO to corresponding methyl esters. Physico‐chemical characterization of this novel catalyst exhibited improved surface area with adequate porosity as well as basicity helping its exceptional catalytic activity. Under optimum condition, 99.5% conversion was achieved using 10:1 ratio of methanol to JCO for 3 h at 70°C using 6 wt% of catalyst. This catalyst was truly heterogeneous in nature and almost retained its activity for subsequent re‐using for next five batches. The developed catalyst is highly efficient and greener in terms of lesser leaching behaviour and retaining the basic catalytic sites in the course of transesterification. The fuel properties of the biodiesel are fully complied with ASTM protocols; thus, research findings are significant to fulfil the demand of biodiesel in present scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Highly porous sulfonated biochar catalyst for biodiesel production using JCO. • 97.1 ± 0.4 % biodiesel yield was obtained using RSM optimized parameters. • The catalyst possesses a high surface area and pore size of 1196.13 m2 g−1 and 4.12 nm. • 4-DBS sulfonation gave a high sulfur content of 1.9 mmol g−1. • The life cycle cost analysis estimated the cost of biodiesel per kg to be 1.3 $. Herein, we aimed at the production of porous biochar by simultaneous activation-graphitization. The active sites engineered biochar catalyst was functionalized using 4-DBS, which possessed a high surface area, and sulfur content of 1196.13 m2 g−1 and 1.9 mmol g−1, respectively. We extensively analyzed the catalyst using various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, TGA, NH 3 -TPD, SEM-EDS, TEM, BET, and XPS. We used this catalyst to optimize Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) transesterification, achieving a 97.1 ± 0.4% yield with the RSM-CCD method. Kinetic studies showed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and thermodynamics indicated an endothermic, nonspontaneous process.. A life cycle assessment was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of producing biodiesel from JCO, using 1 kg of biodiesel as the reference unit. The findings revealed that the total abiotic depletion of fossil resources throughout the entire biodiesel production process amounted to 52.1 MJ, the global warming potential was equivalent to 3.17 kg of CO 2 emissions, the acidification potential was comparable to 0.027 kg of SO 2 emissions, and the eutrophication potential was 0.016 kg of PO 4 3− , human toxicity level 1.89 kg 1,4-DP eq and freshwater ecotoxicity to kg 1,4-DP equivalent for every 1 kg of biodiesel manufactured. The estimated cost of biodiesel produced was 1.3 USD ($) per kg, which mainly attributed to the high reusability of catalyst (82.5 ± 0.4% yield in 7th cycle), indicating high commercial applicability. Finally, the study proposes future recommendations based on identified gaps in the literature through innovative bibliometric analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the effect of oxidative degradation of vegetable oils on their droplet combustion behaviors, a single-droplet combustion experiment was carried out. Refined palm oil (RPO) and Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) were used as representative vegetable oils. First, these vegetable oils were oxidatively degraded for 12 h by the Rancimat method to produce degraded RPO (RPO12) and JCO (JCO12), respectively. The effects of degradation on fuel properties were evaluated in terms of the kinematic viscosity and fatty acid composition, which were measured with an Ubbelohde viscometer and GC–MS, respectively. The results revealed that JCO was more susceptible to oxidative degradation and its kinematic viscosity significantly increased after degradation. This was due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids. Then, single-droplet combustion experiments were performed at 0.1 MPa and 1023 K. A droplet with a diameter of approximately 0.5 mm was inserted into an electric furnace and spontaneously ignited. Puffings were observed under all conditions, regardless of fresh or degraded RPO and JCO. The puffing periods of RPO12 and JCO12 were longer than those of RPO and JCO due to the longer time from bubble expansion to droplet disruption. Furthermore, the change in the droplet diameter caused by droplet disruption was suppressed for JCO12 and RPO12, which was probably attributed to the increased kinematic viscosity. Finally, the diameter of secondary droplet released by the droplet disruption was explored. The average diameters of secondary droplet of RPO12 and JCO12 were larger than those of RPO and JCO, and this was probably because of the increase in surface tension. The novelty of this study is that a series of experiment, i.e., production of oxidatively degraded vegetable oils, fuel property analysis (viscosity measurement and fatty acid composition analysis), and droplet combustion experiment, were simultaneously carried out. Thus, effects of oxidative degradation on combustion behavior were systematically clarified for the first time. This study is significant in that it provides the knowledge on treating vegetable oils in internal combustion engines, which is necessary for realizing a carbon neutral society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study involves a collection of data from the published article titled "Active sites engineered biomass-carbon as a catalyst for biodiesel production: Process optimization using RSM and life cycle assessment " Energy Conversion Management " journal. Here, the activated biochar was functionalized using 4-diazoniobenzenesulfonate to obtain sulfonic acid functionalized activated biochar. The catalyst was comprehensively characterized using XRD, FTIR, TGA, NH 3 -TPD, SEM-EDS, TEM, BET, and XPS analysis. Further, the obtained catalyst was applied for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) to produce biodiesel. An experimental matrix was conducted using the RSM-CCD approach and the resulting data were analyzed using multiple regressions to fit a quadratic equation, where the maximum biodiesel yield achieved was 97.1 ± 0.4%, under specific reaction conditions: a reaction time of 50.3 min, a molar ratio of 22.9:1, a reaction temperature of 96.2 °C, and a catalyst loading of 7.7 wt.%. The obtained product biodiesel was analyzed using NMR and GC-MS analyzed and is reported in the above-mentioned article., (© 2024 The Authors.)

The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Arachnida: Acari: Varroidae), is a severe external parasitic mite of honeybees that causes great losses of colonies globally. Four concentrations (1, 2%, 5, and 10%) of Jatropha curcas oil were tested for controlling the Varroa mite. Significant effects of reducing percentage of the mite infestation (P = 0.05) after second treatment for sealed brood and after third treatment for adult workers in all tested concentrations of J. curcas were recorded. The low concentrations 1 and 2% of J. curcas were more effective than the higher ones 5 and 10% on reduction of percentage of Varroa mite infestation. Moreover, the colonies treated with the lowest concentrations of jatropha oil had the highest amount of brood area (75.75 and 77.50 inch2) and the highest number of combs covered with bees compared with the colonies treated with the concentrations 5 and 10%. Treated colonies with the concentrations 1, 10, and 5% had a high amount of stored honey and pollen grains, 126.50, 111, and 96 inch2 and 11.25, 9.75, and 9.75 inch2, respectively. Obtained results encourage researchers to study deeply the ability of using jatropha oil in the widely field of Apicultural. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the behavior of the combustion process of mixture of diesel-Jatropha curcas oil at 10% under the action of a magnetic field was evaluated. The mixture and diesel showed similar physicochemical properties. To carry out the experiments, an experimental generator set Lister Petter LPWS2 was used and the following parameters were evaluated: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions and hourly fuel consumption. The static magnetic field used was 0.36 Tesla (T) and was located directly on the fuel lines in the engine. With the use of this magnetic field, decreases of 24.84% of CO, 15.78% of CO2 and 20.43% of NOX were reached in their maximum loads. In addition, reductions in the hourly fuel consumption of 2.59% were obtained, using the mixture under the action of the magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeast surface displaying lipases are promising biocatalysts for biodiesel synthesis. Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) was displayed on Pichia pastoris cell surface by screening proper anchor system, resulting in a whole-cell biocatalyst (termed D -TLL). The lipase activity of D -TLL is the highest activity to date for surface-displayed TLL, reaching 2274.7 U/g dry cell weight (DCW). The obtained biocatalyst was efficient in converting Jatropha curcas oil into biodiesel. The biodiesel yield peaked 92.6% after 12 h adopting only 3.3% (w/w) of D -TLL in the solvent-free system. As compared to free TLL, the whole-cell biocatalyst showed a dramatic reduction of 48 h in reaction time. The further treatment with betaine enabled enhanced thermostability, hydrophobicity and methanol tolerance of biocatalyst (named D -TLL-betaine), and thereby increasing the reusability of the whole-cell biocatalyst. These results exhibited that the new biocatalyst, D -TLL-betaine, has great potential for biodiesel production. [Display omitted] • A Pichia pastoris display system was constructed to express TLL on cell surface. • The surface-displayed TLL obtained a lipase activity of 2274.7 U/g DCW. • Biodiesel yield reached 92.6% after 12 h using Jatropha curcas oil as feedstock. • Betaine modification enhanced the stability and reusability of biocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil over NiMo/ZAL (nickel molybdenum/zeolit alam Lampung) catalyst was investigated under temperatures of 375°C and 400°C and H2 pressure of 15 bar in a semibatch stirred autoclave reactor. NiMo/ZAL catalyst was prepared using a rapid cooling method. NiMo/ZAL characterization revealed a crystal size of 70.07 nm, surface area of 12.25 m2/g, and pore size and pore volume of 9.83 Å and 0.0062 cm3/g, respectively. The hydrodeoxygenation removal pathway of palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil over NiMo/ZAL catalyst was primarily achieved through decarboxylation. Under hydrogen pressure of 15 bar and temperature of 375°C, palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil can be converted into paraffin chains (from n-C15 up to n-C18) by a decarboxylation reaction that produces water, methane, and COx gases as byproducts and contains some undesirable reactions. These byproducts can produce alkene bonds that form chains different from those in conventional diesel fuel. The conversion was 80.87%, selectivity was 52.78%, and yield was 45.66%. The hydrodeoxygenation reaction catalyzed by NiMo/ZAL catalyst was found to be suitable for removing oxygen and producing paraffin chains; this increased the heating value and stability of renewable diesel fuel.

With increasing demands for biodiesel in Brazil, diverse oil feedstocks have been investigated for their potentials for biodiesel production. Due to the high biodegradability of natural oils and their respective biodiesels, microbial growths and consequent deterioration of final product quality are generally observed during storage. This study was aimed at evaluating the susceptibility of Acrocomia aculeata pulp oil and Jatropha curcas oil as well as their respective biodiesels to biodeterioration during a simulated storage period. The experiment was conducted in microcosms containing oil/biodiesel and an aqueous phase over 30 d. The levels of microbial contamination included biodiesel and oil as received, inoculated with fungi, and sterile. Samples were collected every 7 d to measure pH, surface tension, acidity index, and microbial biomass. The initial and final ester contents of the biodiesels were also determined by gas chromatography. The major microbial biomass was detected in A. aculeata pulp and J. curcas biodiesels. Significant reductions in pH values were observed for treatments with A. aculeata pulp biodiesel as a carbon source (p

Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) has been recognized as a viable non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production with the focus of achieving lesser reliance on fossil fuels. The aim of this work is to integrate and simulate the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil by a two-step process; a hydrolysis step and a trans-esterification step. The challenge is then to optimise the feedstock ratios to obtain the minimal water and methanol consumption to give optimal biodiesel yield. For this purpose, steady-state simulation model of a two-step production process of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil was prepared using ASPEN Plus V8.8. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was used to design optimisation experiments for the research work. From the ANOVA, methanol/oil ratio of the trans-esterification step was found to have a significant effect on the biodiesel yield compared to the water/oil ratio of the hydrolysis step. The linear model developed was shown to be a good predictor of feedstock ratios for biodiesel yield. The surface plot revealed that both feedstock ratios do not show a significant combinatorial effect on each other. Numerical optimisation gave the optimum values of the feedstock ratios as a methanol/oil ratio of 2.667 and a water/oil ratio of 1. The optimisation results also indicated a predicted optimum biodiesel yield of 10.0938 kg/hr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current global scenario, the conventional energy resources are at great risk. This leads us to introduce the use of unconventional and renewable energy resources like biodiesel. Generally biodiesel is produced from non-edible vegetable oil (Jatropha curcas oil) by chemical catalytic method. Nowadays supercritical method is proposed as an alternative cost-effective method to produce biodiesel. In a Supercritical-Carbon dioxide medium good quality of biodiesel can be produced. The productivity of biodiesel preparation through supercritical method mainly depends on reaction temperature and molar ratio of the reactants. In this research article, a set of nonlinear differential equations has been formulated based on concentrations of Triglyceride, Diglyceride, Monoglyceride, Methanol, Free fatty acid, Water, Glycerol and Biodiesel. Our study is aimed on how we can achieve cost-effective yield of Biodiesel depending on optimization of reaction temperature and the molar ratios of the reactants (water and methanol) using the control theoretic strategy. The validity of our model is attained by experimental results. The analytical results are also verified by our numerical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Vegetable bases oils were evaluated to propose metalworking fluids (MWF). • Vegetable-based metalworking fluids are more sustainable products. • Physical-chemical, tribological and machining tests were used for this study. • Jatropha-based MWF provided greater performance in milling process on Al7050 alloy. • Moringa and Jatropha vegetable-based showed potential for MWF development. Abstract The search for more sustainable products has been motivating the metal-mechanic sector to replace its mineral-based lubricants with renewable products. The great demand for products that make minor environmental impacts have pointed to the vegetable oils as an alternative due to its lubricating power. This study aims to explore the potential use of oils from Jatropha curcas and Moringaceae for machining processes. For this purpose, physical-chemical, tribological and machining analyses using vegetable oils were compared with products commercially used in the manufacturing industry. The tribological tests with vegetable oils from Jatropha and Moringa showed reduced worn area compared with emulsifiable and integral commercial oils. Despite the pure vegetable oil showed good lubrication capacity, for a machining process of aluminum alloys the cooling function is also wanted. The Jatropha-based coolant has provided a better machining performance for both cutting conditions, one with low cut feed rate another with high cut feed rate, than those of Jatropha-based ester, Canola-based, and mineral-based coolants. The vegetable-based metalworking fluids showed to be technically viable and environmental-friendly, as they are less toxic and derive from renewable and biodegradable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Thermo-mechanical loads are the main factor that influences the tool wear and product surfaces during machining processes. Lubrication in metal cutting is an effective medium to reduce frictional forces and wear on the tool-workpiece interfaces. On this regards, the advantages of using refined bio-based metalworking fluids (MWFs) with the presence of low toxic, biocompatible and oil-miscible ionic liquids (ILs) additives ([N 1,8,8,8 ][NTf 2 ] (AIL) & [P 6,6,6,14 ][(iC 8) 2 PO 2 ] (PIL)) at nominal weight concentrations of 1, 5 and 10% are explored during orthogonal cutting of AISI 1045 steel. Accordingly, the lubricants are supplied via minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique and comparative studies are conducted against the performance of the neat modified Jatropha-based lubricant (MJO) and commercially available synthetic ester-based MQL cutting fluid (SE). The combination of mist supply of the MJOs during machining have a great impact on cleaner production that eliminates the excessive usage of fluids and supports the utilization of environmentally friendly chemicals. This work extends the application of a minute quantity of fully miscible ILs in polar vegetable-based MWF which proven to provide a significant improvement on the lubrication effect of the MJO. MJO+AIL10% and MJO+PIL1% showed the best cutting performance amongst all lubricant mixtures with reduction of cutting forces and specific cutting energy by 4 to 5%, cutting temperatures by 7 to 10%, friction coefficient by 2 to 3%, tool-chip contact length by 8 to 11%, chip thickness by 22 to 25%, friction angle by 1 to 2% and increased shear angle by 25 to 29% compared to the SE. Besides, the effect of low friction and reduced cutting forces produced lower specific cutting energy that promotes "greener" and more sustainable working environment. Graphical abstract Image Highlights • A newly refined modified Jatropha-based TMP ester (MJO) containing oil-miscible ionic liquids as vegetal-based metalworking fluid is introduced. • Good synergistic effect of small quantity of ILs added MJO is revealed. • MJO+AIL10% and MJO+PIL1% have excellently surpassed the benchmark lubricant, SE during the orthogonal cutting process. • Formation of metal oxide tribofilm and anti-corrosion behavior on steel surfaces significantly influenced friction and wear reduction performance of the lubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aviation sector faces great challenges to guarantee its sustainable development. In order to achieve this main objective, several strategies have been proposed being the development of alternative aviation fuels one of the most promissory. The renewable aviation fuel can be generated from all type of biomasses; however, the hydroprocessing of triglyceride feedstock is one of the most mature technologies. In previous works, the hydrotreating process has been modeled considering different renewable raw materials; also, the application of intensification strategies has been proposed, particularly using thermally coupled distillation columns. In this work, the intensification of the hydrotreating process through reactive distillation columns is presented; jatropha curcas oil is considered as renewable raw material. Results show that it is feasible to use this intensification strategy, which allows an increasing of the yield to biojet fuel, decreasing the operation pressure and also the environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha curcas Linnaeus ( Jatropha curcas L.) seeds have been found to be an ideal sustainable and low-cost source of catalyst and oil feedstock for biodiesel production. Jatropha cake, remained dregs after jatropha curcas oil (JCO) extraction, has been treated by two different techniques; calcination and potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation to be used as novel heterogeneous catalysts for the transesterification reaction. The effect of calcination and KOH activation on the jatropha cake has been characterized. The basic strength and basicity of the catalysts have been determined as well. The effect of different operating conditions has been studied using JCO and waste cooking oil (WCO) to evaluate the efficiency of the catalysts. The catalysts produced higher biodiesel yield using JCO than WCO. In the case of using JCO, the two catalysts produced close biodiesel yield. Calcined jatropha cake (CJC) has been chosen as the optimum catalyst for its better reusability and lower preparation cost than KOH activated jatropha cake (KJC). The optimum operating conditions of the JCO transesterification process has been determined as 60 min reaction time, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1 wt.% catalyst loading, 400 rpm and 60 °C. Biodiesel production yield of JCO was achieved to 94 and 96% with CJC and KJC catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence of catalyst calcination temperature on the catalyst characteristics and catalytic transesterification ofJatropha curcasoil for biodiesel production was studied by using sodium zirconate (Na2ZrO3) solid base catalyst. Na2ZrO3catalysts were prepared by impregnation method followed by calcination at temperatures of 700, 800, and 900°C. The prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Important parameters influencing the catalytic activity and fatty acid methyl ester yield were investigated. It was found that the increase in calcination temperature showed marked increase in activity due to the increased porosity and presence of tetragonal zirconia. Investigation of the reusability of the catalysts showed that the catalytic activity was retained even after five cycles of reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A environmental friendly system for fast transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was developed for the production of biodiesel using an ultrasonic-assisted continuous tank reactor in the presence of fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) used as a green (intermediate) solvent with potassium hydroxide used as a catalyst. This research provide a new biodiesel production process, the optimal condition for the reaction were established: reaction temperature 25 °C oil to methanol molar ratio was 1:5, catalyst concentration 0.75 wt% of oil, solvent concentration 7.5%, flow rate 241.68 ± 0.80 ml/min, ultrasonic amplitude 60% and ultrasonic cycles 0.7 s, transesterification was completed within 1.09 min (residence time). The purity and conversion of biodiesel was 98.75 ± 0.50% analyzed by the reverse phase HPLC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preservation of non-durable woods such as Ayous through the use of environment friendly products is nowadays a major concern to many tropical wood researchers. The objective of this work was to assess the potentials of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) alone and in combination with Cymbopogon citratus (JCO + CC), Ocimim basilicum (JCO + OB), and Eucalyptus globulus (JCO + EG) leaves extracts at different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg) as wood preservatives of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon) against Macrotermes bellicosus termites. The extracts were tested for their toxicity and repellency on termites. Subsequently, treated and untreated wood was exposed to termites for four weeks. Termite response to treatùents varied with plant species, concentration, and exposure time. Ocimum basilicum extracts combined with J. curcas oil appeared to be the most effective against termites at 16 mg/l for in-vitro tests. It was also shown that the tested treatments were repellent to termites and therefore their mortality could not result from inhalation. J. curcas oil significantly improved the persistence of the treatments. Finally, a combined treatment of J. curcas oil and methanolic extracts of O. basilicum yielded the best protection of Ayous to termite attack, as shown by an average mass loss of 2%. Further research is needed to improve the longevity of the treatments on wood over time. [Display omitted] • Jatropha curcas oil combined with plant extracts is an effective solution for wood preservation. • J. curcas oil and plant extracts protects the Ayous against termite attacks. • J. curcas oil and plant extracts are repellent to termites. • Plant extracts and oil acts by direct and indirect contact, not by inhalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an efficient heterogeneous catalyst was prepared from waste Musa champa peduncle and employed in biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha curcas oil. Catalyst characterization was performed using sophisticated techniques. The catalyst calcined at 550 °C, due to the existence of a higher amount of K as oxide and carbonate, exhibited better catalytic activity than the burnt ash catalyst. A high biodiesel yield of 98.23% was achieved at the optimum experimental conditions (OECs) of 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil (MRMO) and 7 wt% of catalyst at 65 °C in 6 min. The burnt catalyst yielded 96.22% of biodiesel in 13 min under the same OECs. The calcined catalyst with a micro-mesoporous structure demonstrated a higher basicity of 1.65 mmol g−1 compared to the burnt ash catalyst (1.46 mmol g−1). The transesterification followed the kinetics of pseudo-first-order with activation energies of 50.63 and 53.62 kJ mol−1 for calcined catalyst and burnt ash catalyst. The catalyst, being easily available, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, has strong potential for the cost-effective production of biodiesel. [Display omitted] • Musa champa peduncle catalyst was applied for biodiesel synthesis. • Catalyst is composed of various metal carbonates and oxides. • Burnt ash and calcined catalyst yielded 96.22 and 98.23% of biodiesel. • Catalyst showed micro-mesoporous structure with basicity 1.65 mmol g−1. • Thermodynamic studies exhibited ΔH>0 and ΔG>0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar el desempeño de un motor diesel en cuanto a sus prestaciones y al retardo de la ignición, al operar bajo diferentes regímenes de carga, empleando mezclas de aceite de Jatropha y combustible diesel. Para esto se determinó la característica exterior de velocidad al emplear las mezclas, y se compararon estos resultados con los obtenidos durante los ensayos con combustible diesel patrón; estableciendo el grado de afectación del motor al sustituir parte del combustible diesel por aceite de Jatropha. Se observó una disminución del torque y la potencia efectiva, y un aumento del consumo específico de combustible al emplear un mayor porciento de aceite de Jatropha en las mezclas. Por otra parte, en comparación con el combustible diesel, el retardo de la ignición no mostró una variación significativa al emplear las mezclas de aceite de Jatropha y combustible diesel.The present study aims to characterize the benefits of a diesel engine in terms of performance and ignition delay, operating under different loading regimes, using Jatropha oil and diesel fuel blends. We determined the speed exterior feature when using mixtures, and compared these results with those obtained during tests with standard diesel fuel, establishing the degree of involvement of the engine to replace some diesel fuel for Jatropha oil. There was a decrease in the torque and effective power, and increased specific fuel consumption by using a higher percentage of Jatropha oil in blends. Moreover, compared to diesel fuel, the ignition delay showed no significant variation by employing Jatropha oil and diesel fuel blends.

Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) was prepared from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) and its alkyd resin via curing with different diamines. The isocyanate-free approach is a green chemistry route, wherein carbon dioxide conversion plays a major role in NIPU preparation. Catalytic carbon dioxide fixation can be achieved through carbonation of epoxidized derivatives of JCO. In this study, 1,3-diaminopropane (DM) and isophorone diamine (IPDA) were used as curing agents separately. Cyclic carbonate conversion was catalyzed by tetrabutylammonium bromide. After epoxy conversion, carbonated JCO (CJCO) and carbonated alkyd resin (CC-AR) with carbonate contents of 24.9 and 20.2 wt %, respectively, were obtained. The molecular weight of CJCO and CC-AR were determined by gel permeation chromatography. JCO carbonates were cured with different amine contents. CJCO was blended with different weight ratios of CC-AR to improve its characteristics. The cured NIPU film was characterized by spectroscopic techniques, differential scanning calorimetry, and a universal testing machine. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the morphology of the NIPU film before and after solvent treatment. The solvent effects on the NIPU film interfacial surface were investigated with water, 30% ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, 10% HCl, 10% NaCl and 5% NaOH. NIPU based on CCJO and CC-AR (ratio of 1:3) with IPDA crosslink exhibits high glass transition temperature (44 °C), better solvent and chemical resistance and Young's modulus (680 MPa) compared with the blend crosslinked with DM. Thus, this study showed that the presence of CC-AR in CJCO-based NIPU can improve the thermomechanical and chemical resistance performance of the NIPU film via a green technology approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel, as a substitute for diesel has been getting the attention of researchers/scientists of all over the world. The R & D has indicated that up to B20, there is no need of modification and little work is available related to suitability and sustainability of biodiesel production from Jatropha and algae as non-edible oil sources. The objective of the present study was to optimize the process parameters for transesterification of low free fatty acid (FFA) Jatropha and algae oil blend. A low temperature transesterification process was selected to make the transesterification process more energy efficient. A model was developed to correlate the biodiesel yield with process parameters viz methanol/oil volumetric ratio, Catalyst concentration and reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 81.98% was achieved with methanol/oil volumetric ratio (3:5) using KOH as catalyst (0.9% w/w) in 180 min time at 50 °C temperature. It was observed that catalyst concentration, reaction time and methanol/oil volumetric ratio had a significant effect on blend yield. It is found out that this model can be used in the industry to improve the efficiency of biodiesel production from blend of Jatropha and algae oil thereby, saving time and cost of the process in optimizing the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic hydrocracking ofJatropha curcasoil over ZSM-5-supported catalyst was carried out to produce biofuels. The agglomerated catalyst was successfully prepared by a simple technique and characterized using several techniques. The hydrocracking reactions were studied in a batch reactor at 400°C under initial H2atmosphere for 2 h reaction using 1 wt% catalyst loading. The effect of agglomerated catalysts on the yield of liquid fuels and hydrocarbon number distribution was discussed. The results showed that the hydrocarbon distribution largely changed depending on the type of catalyst. The powder catalysts seem selectively to produce hydrocarbon in the diesel range (C12–C22), whereas gasoline (C5–C12) and kerosene (C8–C16) had high formation after agglomerated catalyst was used. For agglomerated NiMo ZSM-5 catalyst, hydrocracking ofJatropha curcasoil produced more hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (about 43.23% in liquid fuels). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil over NiMo/ZAL (nickel molybdenum/zeolit alam Lampung) catalyst was investigated under temperatures of 375°C and 400°C and H2 pressure of 15 bar in a semibatch stirred autoclave reactor. NiMo/ZAL catalyst was prepared using a rapid cooling method. NiMo/ZAL characterization revealed a crystal size of 70.07 nm, surface area of 12.25 m²/g, and pore size and pore volume of 9.83 Å and 0.0062 cm³/g, respectively. The hydrodeoxygenation removal pathway of palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil over NiMo/ZAL catalyst was primarily achieved through decarboxylation. Under hydrogen pressure of 15 bar and temperature of 375°C, palm oil and Jatropha curcas oil can be converted into paraffin chains (from n-C15 up to n-C18) by a decarboxylation reaction that produces water, methane, and COx gases as byproducts and contains some undesirable reactions. These byproducts can produce alkene bonds that form chains different from those in conventional diesel fuel. The conversion was 80.87%, selectivity was 52.78%, and yield was 45.66%. The hydrodeoxygenation reaction catalyzed by NiMo/ZAL catalyst was found to be suitable for removing oxygen and producing paraffin chains; this increased the heating value and stability of renewable diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used a microwave heating system to increase Jatropha biodiesel yield, and to reduce both reaction time and energy consumption. The feasibility of converting natural and non-edible feedstocks including arcuate mussel shells and dolomitic rocks, into a novel high-performance, reusable, low-cost and heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel was also explored. Arcuate mussel shells and dolomitic rocks were first ground and calcined at 900 °C for 2 h. After calcination, calcium oxide (CaO) or a mixed oxide of calcium and magnesium (CaO·MgO) was obtained as white powder, which was then chemically activated to improve the physical, chemical and surface properties, and catalytic activities of the catalysts. By heating CaO from waste shells in an excess dehydrated methanol under 65 °C at 8 h with nitrogen (N) flow, calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH)) catalyst was prepared. The CaO from natural rocks was, however, turned into calcium glyceroxide complex, by combining with methanol and glycerol of the by-product. It was determined that calcium glyceroxide (Ca[O(OH)CH]) was formed during the transesterification and acted as the most active phase. Catalyst characterization was by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and basic strength measurements. The reaction parameters, including reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage and catalyst reusability, were studied for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield. The results indicated that Ca(OCH) and Ca[O(OH)CH] catalysts derived from waste shells and natural rocks showed good reusability, high energy efficient, environmental-friendly, low cost and facile route for the synthesis of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]