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Java Island is an island with a high earthquake vulnerability. Therefore, earthquake mitigation measures are needed to reduce the impact of earthquakes. Earthquake mitigation is done by knowing the zones with a high risk of earthquakes and high levels of rock stress. The methods used to map earthquake-prone zones are K-means clustering and B-value. The Kmeans clustering method can provide earthquake clusters based on their characteristics and the B-value can produce rock stress conditions in the area. The results of this study are that the K-means clustering method produces 7 earthquake clusters with 5 classifications of very low, low, medium, high, and very high. In contrast, the B-value process has a high Bvalue with a value of 1.2-1.5 in West Java and a low B-value with a value of 0.9-1.2 in the central to the eastern part of Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is essential for regional economic performance, with gross regional domestic product (GRDP) being a key indicator of economic development over time. In this research case, the GRDP data of various provinces on Java Island from 2010 to 2023 will be used as the variable being studied. The data obtained from the GRDP variable contain spatial and temporal information, requiring an appropriate model to forecast spatiotemporal data, namely, the Generalized Space-Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) model. However, in estimating the parameters, the GSTAR model is unable to detect correlated residuals between equations, resulting in inefficient estimators. Therefore, an appropriate estimation method is needed to address correlated residuals within the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) framework, namely, the Generalized Least Square (GLS) estimation method. The GSTAR-SUR method is applied to forecast the economic growth rate of Java Island. The optimal model, GSTAR-SUR (1[sub 1])-I(1) with inverse distance location weights, demonstrates high accuracy with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 8.451%. Forecasts for Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and DI Yogyakarta predict consistent monthly GRDP increases through December 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on understanding the future exposure to rainfall and temperature extremes in one of the world's most populous islands, Java, Indonesia. We use the high‐resolution climate projections from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) simulation for Southeast Asia by 2100 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Results show that the island will likely experience drying in the lowlands due to annual rainfall decline by approximately 13%–18%, potentially exposing around 27%–73% of the population (varying under different scenarios) during the end of the century (2060–2099). Additionally, the future drying condition may be exacerbated by extreme temperatures with a 1.7–3.1°C increase in maximum daily temperature, linked with more than half of the population (63%) likely to experience at least an unprecedented temperature of 3°C under RCP8.5. Our seasonal analysis also suggests that dry seasons get even drier, and wet seasons get wetter. In terms of landuse areas exposed, we show a higher fraction of crop and forest areas may face both drying and warming, which can potentially lead to crop failure and wildfire. Our study indicates that compound drought and heat may be a common threat in lowland Java in the future, while intensifying rainfall extremes in the uplands may lead to flash flooding downstream and landslides. These findings highlight the urgent need for adaptation and mitigation strategies to reduce the risks associated with climate change in Java as one of Indonesia's most critical regions in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes a novel approach by analyzing land use and socioeconomic factors to enhance flood risk reduction strategies on Java Island, Indonesia. Using datasets from inaRISK hazard profiles, GlobCover land cover data, and Indonesian national statistics, the research offers a methodology for mitigating flood risks in diverse geographic and socioeconomic landscapes. The study found flood exposure rates ranging from 1.1% to 63%, averaging 26.5% across 114 districts, and revealed a correlation between high flood exposure and socioeconomic indicators. Cluster analysis identified four types of regions with unique flood risk management needs. Socioeconomic analysis showed significant income and education level variations across clusters, with urban areas having a higher Gross Regional Domestic Product and better education levels than rural areas. This socioeconomic divide is crucial for understanding different regions' capacities to respond to and recover from floods. Integrating socioeconomic factors with land use and flood exposure data allows for tailored disaster risk reduction strategies. For high-risk urban areas, structural interventions and community-focused initiatives are recommended, while rural areas benefit from sustainable land management practices. This study highlights the need for a combined approach to flood risk management and strategies, and provides a model adaptable to similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like many other large carnivores worldwide, the Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) faces significant threats from prey depletion due to human disturbance and habitat loss, yet the distribution of its prey across Java and the relationship between prey diversity and leopard presence remain poorly understood at broad spatial scales. This study predicted the distribution of eight prey species for the Javan leopard across Java using an ensemble species distribution model and identified key factors influencing prey distribution. A prey diversity map was generated to evaluate the relationship between prey diversity and Javan leopard occurrence. The results showed that model accuracy for each prey species, as measured by the True Skill Statistic (TSS) and continuous Boyce index (BCI), ranged from 0.609 to 0.951 and 0.628 to 0.965, respectively, with distance to primary and secondary forests as the most influential predictor. The results also showed that areas with high prey diversity were primarily concentrated in western and eastern Java, and approximately 94.3 % of leopard occurrence points were found in regions with five or more prey species. This is the first comprehensive spatial prediction of prey diversity for Javan leopards, emphasizing the predator’s preference for habitats with high prey diversity. These findings suggest that in landscapes harboring large carnivores as apex predators, areas with elevated prey diversity may serve as key indicators of potential core habitats for these carnivores.

Coastal areas have become an important part of Indonesia's evolving economy, with a variety of commercial activities taking place. The island of Java has both northern and southern coastal areas, each with its own distinctive characteristics and products. The studies about coastal development through its product value chain are still limited. This study aimed to determine the value chain of fishery products in Java to provide recommendations for enhancing coastal management. For the northern coast, milkfish and ariid catfish from Juwana Coast (Pati Regency, Central Java) were selected, while Whiteleg Shrimp from Mendit Coast and Trisik Coast of Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta were chosen to represent the southern coast. The study involved 48 respondents, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), farmers, fishermen, wholesalers, middlemen, retailers, restaurants, and consumers. The analysis techniques used in this study included Porter's value chain, Hayami's added value, Return/Cost (R/C) Ratio, and marketing margin analysis. The results of the study revealed that the products followed various channels in the value chain, with longer chains leading to higher prices for the end consumers. The findings also indicated that processed and creatively packaged products tend to command higher prices and generate greater profits. Coastal management should not only focus on upstream activities but also consider downstream processes to increase the value of coastal products. Efforts to enhance coastal management should consider key actors and government interventions through developing the coastal local products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ENSO is a global climate phenomenon that has been able to affect weather and climate conditions in Indonesia, especially in the southern part of Java Island, which is represented by Yogyakarta province. Subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) is a seasonal period that tries to bridge the gap between a relatively short period and a climate that has a relatively long period. The author has conducted a study that aims to determine the effect of the global ENSO phenomenon on the increase and decrease in rainfall in the southern part of the Java island region during the S2S season. In this study, the data obtained from the Nino 3.4 data and seasonal rainfall data in The southern part of Java, which is represented by Yogyakarta province in the years 2001–2022 were used. The method used is the Monte-Carlo Bootstrap permutation resampling method. The results show that in general the southern part of the Java Island region is affected by El Nino and La Nina phenomena both in the peak period of the rainy season and the peak of the dry season of JFM, JJA, ASO, and OND although the responses from several sample areas have different effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all of the Indonesian islands, Java poses the highest risk for all types of disasters, making it a significant threat to low-cost houses due to its high population vulnerability. The objective is to enhance comprehension of it by conducting a building typology analysis concerning various natural hazards/ risks. The methodology consists of 10 sample houses field observation, AutoCAD drawing, literature analysis, and built environment expert interviews. The results developed four categories of houses emphasising brick or timber walls with a combination of clay tile or zinc roofs. Related to disaster vulnerability, an improper building structure is the main problem. Smooth roof material is significant in a volcano eruption, a complete interconnection of structure is a must for the tornado, light materials are preferable in an earthquake zone, natural material is not recommended for high risk of forest fire, and elevating floor is mandatory in flooding. Focus on designing the four categories’ houses and quality control of the construction process are two strategies recommended. Also, a minimum of two types of disasters in the area should be considered in the design. Resilient low-cost houses will have an impact on reducing casualties, environmental damage, and economic losses. Covering more samples and areas in Java in future studies will provide a comprehensive understanding of low-cost houses.

Assessing the earthquake potential in Java Island is of paramount importance due to its status as one of the world's most seismically active regions, a concern that is heightened by the island’s high population density. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of crustal deformation in Java Island, utilizing observations from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) gathered over a decade, from 2008 to 2018. The GNSS data revealed a distinct non-linear trend, primarily due to the persistent post-seismic deformation following the 2006 Mw7.7 Java earthquake. To enhance the accuracy of our analysis, we employed viscoelastic relaxation modeling for data correction. Among the eleven unique crustal block motion models created, MODEL04 emerged as the optimal model for assessing earthquake potential. The seismic moment deficit rates obtained from this model provide valuable insight into the region's potential to generate future seismic events. Notably, our findings suggest that the convergence of the Australian plate with Western and Eastern Java carries the potential to produce earthquakes of Mw8.7 and Mw > 7.8, respectively. An exploration of the inland fault interfaces revealed seismic moment deficit rates suggestive of the potential for Mw7.0 earthquakes.

Lightning is one of the natural disasters that cause significant financial losses and even fatalities. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of lightning and related factors take appropriate preventive and mitigation measures. This work investigated the influence of aerosols and atmospheric thermodynamic factors on lightning in Java Island using 16 years of data (1998 - 2013) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Aerosol data were obtained from the Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2). Furthermore, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and potential temperature data were taken from the fifth-generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis (ERA-5) data. The intensity of lightning strikes in the western part of Java, such as Jakarta and Banten, is higher than in the eastern part, corresponding to the distribution pattern of aerosols, especially sulfate aerosols, sea salt aerosols, and black carbon aerosols. Sea salt aerosols have an inverse relationship with lightning, as these coarse-sized aerosols tend to inhibit convection. An increase in CAPE and potential temperature generally leads to higher lightning intensity. However, in cases where CAPE values are extremely high, such as in Jakarta, the intensity of lightning decreases. A similar pattern can be observed with potential temperature. An inverse relationship between lightning and potential temperature is observed in regions at higher elevations. The peak time for CAPE and potential temperature coincide with the peak intensity of lightning, which typically occurs during the rainy season, while the peak of AOD occurs earlier, during the pre-monsoon (September-October-November). The highest values of sea salt AOD are observed during the dry season (June-July-August) when lightning is minimal. These variations in peak times are particularly evident in the western regions of Java, where AOD values are high. The findings of this study can aid in lightning disaster mitigation efforts on Java Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electrical energy on the island of Java in 2022 will be 45,835.45 MW. This shows an increase in energy use of 9.8% from 2021. Seeing the trend of energy demand which is increasing every year, the supply of electrical energy is also increasing. The increase in meeting energy needs has an impact on the energy crisis so alternatives are needed in the form of renewable energy, one of which is solar energy. This study will model and analyze the suitability of solar energy potential on the island of Java by integrating remote sensing data and machine learning methods. It is hoped that this study can be used as material for consideration in managing renewable resources on the island of Java. The results section shows that the machine learning method used shows the potential suitability of solar energy in medium to high class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant age plays a crucial role in determining rice yield. The study on the prediction model of spatially specific rice plant age was still less reported, especially that based on high spatial resolution multispectral data. This study investigates the use of Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) and extracted vegetation indexes (VI) from the Sentinel-2 multispectral image to build the prediction model based on the time-series dataset from the paddy field observation station. The GWR result was also compared to the Linear Regression (LR) model to demonstrate the impact of including spatial attribute into the prediction model. Since the majority of paddy field observation stations are situated on Java Island, it served as the research location for this investigation. The results indicate that VI from the Sentinel-2 image shows a significant correlation with the age of the paddy, then the VI was able to use as a predictor to build the paddy age prediction model. In the statistical evaluation of the model, the coefficient of determination values (R2) reached 0.65, and the RMSE of estimate value was 15 days.

Abstract Cross-equatorial northerly surge (CENS) is known to cause torrential rainfall over Java Island in the Maritime Continent. Some studies indicated that the rainfall increase is attributed to changes in the diurnal cycle of rainfall (DCR) in northwestern Java. It is not well understood whether the DCR changes are present in the other parts of Java Island and whether the changes are similar to those in northwestern Java. This study performs climatological analyses to investigate the regional variation of the influence of the CENS on the DCR over Java Island using IMERG and ERA5 data sets of 20 years of boreal winter. We find that there are differences in intensity, timing, and coverage of DCR responses over western, central, and eastern Java. CENS modifies the timing of coastal rainfall on the northern coast, resulting in early morning rainfall enhancement owing to the convergence between the incoming northerlies and land breeze. A small increase in early morning rainfall is observed in eastern Java, possibly due to the northerly flow gaining more zonal components on the eastern coast, which then results in relatively weaker convergence than the western coast. The timing of early morning rainfall appears to be slightly different between the three areas. CENS is also found to suppress afternoon rainfall inland because of increasing static stability due to cold air advection from the north. The suppression varies from western to eastern Java, with the largest suppression seen in western Java. Relatively narrower and wider suppression areas are found in central and eastern Java, respectively. These differences are attributed to the topography characteristics of Java.

Java Island has been a main destination for inter-regional migrants in Indonesia for decades. Previous studies has shown that migration can be expected to have a strong effect on fertility behavior of female migrants. The objective of this study is to examine fertility patterns of internal female migrants into Java Island. The generalized poisson regression models are used to investigate the socialization, the disruption, and the adaptation hypotheses in explaining the fertility differences between migrants and non-migrants. This study finds that the fertility rate for migrants is higher relative to the non-migrants. The analysis shows that first, there is a fertility assimilation process in migration into Java Island with fertility increasing gradually with age at migration. Second, there is a fertility disruption process in migration into Java Island with short-term fertility-lowering-effect of migration event. However, this study find no evidence on fertility adaptation process in migration into Java Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Stunting is a malnutrition problem that requires attention, with a prevalence of 24.4% in 2021. As the most populous island in Indonesia, Java Island has a significant impact on the incidence of stunting. Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of stunting in infants and to identify factors associated with the incidence of stunting in each province of Java. Methods: This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Nutrition Status Study (INSS) conducted in 2021 with a cross-sectional design. A logistic regression test with weighting was conducted to determine the relationship between each variable and the incidence of stunting. Results: The prevalence of stunting in infants was measured in several regions of Indonesia, including DKI Jakarta (11.9%), West Java (16.3%), Central Java (13.2%), DI Yogyakarta (12.1%), East Java (15.9%), and Banten (14.6%). Risk factors for stunting were identified in DKI Jakarta, namely economic status in quintile 1 (p = 0.001), and in West Java, namely snack consumption (p = 0.002) and economic status in quintile 1 (p < 0.001). In Central Java, the risk factor was economic in quintile 1 (p = 0.048), while in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, it was age 12-23 months (p = 0.022). In East Java, infants aged 9-11 months (p = 0.013) and 12-23 months (p < 0.001) with low (p = 0.010) and middle (p = 0.017) mother's education level and economic status in quintile 1 (p = 0.005) were found to be at risk. In Banten were male infants (p = 0.011) in rural areas (p = 0.039) and with economic status in quintile 1 (p = 0.019) were found to be at risk. Conclusions: Economic status is a risk factor for stunting on Java Island. Interventions can be targeted towards improving economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all of the Indonesian islands, Java poses the highest risk for all types of disasters, making it a significant threat to low-cost houses due to its high population vulnerability. The objective is to enhance comprehension of it by conducting a building typology analysis concerning various natural hazards/risks. The methodology consists of 10 sample houses field observation, AutoCAD drawing, literature analysis, and built environment expert interviews. The results developed four categories of houses emphasising brick or timber walls with a combination of clay tile or zinc roofs. Related to disaster vulnerability, an improper building structure is the main problem. Smooth roof material is significant in a volcano eruption, a complete interconnection of structure is a must for the tornado, light materials are preferable in an earthquake zone, natural material is not recommended for high risk of forest fire and elevating floor is mandatory in flooding. Focus on designing the four categories' houses and quality control of the construction process are two strategies recommended. Also, a minimum of two types of disasters in the area should be considered in the design. Resilient lowcost houses will have an impact on reducing casualties, environmental damage, and economic losses. Covering more samples and areas in Java in future studies will provide a comprehensive understanding of low-cost houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant age plays a crucial role in determining rice yield. The study on the prediction model of spatially specific rice plant age was still less reported, especially that based on high spatial resolution multispectral data. This study investigates the use of Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) and extracted vegetation indexes (VI) from the Sentinel-2 multispectral image to build the prediction model based on the time-series dataset from the paddy field observation station. The GWR result was also compared to the Linear Regression (LR) model to demonstrate the impact of including spatial attribute into the prediction model. Since the majority of paddy field observation stations are situated on Java Island, it served as the research location for this investigation. The results indicate that VI from the Sentinel-2 image shows a significant correlation with the age of the paddy, then the VI was able to use as a predictor to build the paddy age prediction model. In the statistical evaluation of the model, the coefficient of determination values (R2) reached 0.65, and the RMSE of estimate value was 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns pose a significant threat to flood risk worldwide. This research focuses on Java Island and presents a method to develop a flood hazard index map considering various future climate change scenarios. To simulate flood characteristics for various scenarios, an RRI (Rainfall-Runoff-Inundation) model was calibrated and validated using six different flood events in three basin areas. Furthermore, the baseline, historical 100-year return period, was compared against climate change scenarios representing near-future (2015–2060) and far-future (2061–2100) cycles, integrating six bias-corrected climate models under the SSP2.45 and SSP5.85 scenarios. This study reveals that the maximum predicted flood extents under both SSP2.45 and SSP5.85 scenarios surpass the baseline across all cycles, with propagation areas expanding with each scenario and cycle. Notably, the worst-case hazard score for all cycles and scenarios occurred in DKI Jakarta and Central Java due to high rainfall concentration and population density. In the case of DKI Jakarta, the hazard score was between 0.61 and 0.76, while, for Central Java, the hazard score was between 0.61 and 0.73. These findings are important for guiding non-governmental and governmental institutions in making robust flood mitigation policies to safeguard vulnerable communities in Java Island.

The emergence and proliferation of vast quantities of microplastics (MPs) in the marine environment has sparked significant scientific concern. However, there is scant evidence on the pollution profile of MPs in Indonesia. In this study, the MP profile combining land source-based data of the southern Java Island was studied. Seventeen sampling points across West Java, Central Java, and East Java provinces were studied. The abundance of MPs in sand, water, and sediment were in the range of 177–805 particles/m2, 75–1013 particles, and 124–961 particles/100 g, respectively. The color, shape, and physicochemical properties of the collected samples were characterized using a photomicroscope, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. From the study, it was found that the most abundant MP category was fragments, followed by fiber, film, foam, and pellet. The most common MP colors observed in the three provinces were black (64 %), transparent (55.74 %), and red (34.27 %). Fifteen types of MP were identified, with Tencel, Bemberg, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene contributing more than 75 % of the chemical composition. The spatial variation of detected MPs for all three provinces is quite significant, which can serve as a foundation for developing successful national marine pollution management policies, as outlined in Indonesia's National Strategy for Combating Marine Debris for 2025, as well as potentially develop inventories in the marine environment.

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cross-equatorial northerly surge (CENS) is known to cause torrential rainfall over Java Island in the Maritime Continent. Some studies indicated that the rainfall increase is attributed to changes in the diurnal cycle of rainfall (DCR) in northwestern Java. It is not well understood whether the DCR changes are present in the other parts of Java Island and whether the changes are similar to those in northwestern Java. This study performs climatological analyses to investigate the regional variation of the influence of the CENS on the DCR over Java Island using IMERG and ERA5 data sets of 20 years of boreal winter. We find that there are differences in intensity, timing, and coverage of DCR responses over western, central, and eastern Java. CENS modifies the timing of coastal rainfall on the northern coast, resulting in early morning rainfall enhancement owing to the convergence between the incoming northerlies and land breeze. A small increase in early morning rainfall is observed in eastern Java, possibly due to the northerly flow gaining more zonal components on the eastern coast, which then results in relatively weaker convergence than the western coast. The timing of early morning rainfall appears to be slightly different between the three areas. CENS is also found to suppress afternoon rainfall inland because of increasing static stability due to cold air advection from the north. The suppression varies from western to eastern Java, with the largest suppression seen in western Java. Relatively narrower and wider suppression areas are found in central and eastern Java, respectively. These differences are attributed to the topography characteristics of Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Applied Business & Economics (JABE) is the property of Universitas Indraprasta PGRI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Age estimation of the juvenile stage of Varanus salvator bivittatus using limb bones, namely the big long tubular bones (femur, tibia, humerus) and the small long tubular bones (fibula, radius, ulna, phalanx), was performed using the skeletochronological method. Samples were from Java Island, Indonesia and provided by the pet exporters. Lines of arrested growth (LAG) were present and the first growth mark was visible on a female with a snout-vent length (SVL) of 18.8 cm, and a male with SVL of 19.3 cm. The process of resorption begins in the juvenile stage, and resorption occurs in all long tubular bones. Inside the big long tubular bones, resorption begins earlier and is more extensive than in the small long tubular bones, and in one individual with SVL 25.0 cm, the endosteal bone had completely eroded in all big tubular bones. Resorption also occurred in the small long tubular bones; however, on one individual with an SVL of 25.0 cm, the remaining endosteal bone was still visible only in fibula bone. Linear regression analysis resulted in a weak correlation, statistically insignificant between the SVL and the diameter of the marrow cavity (d) in the fibula bone, while in other bones the correlations were strong and statistically significant (p < 0.005). Among seven tubular bones, the resorption rate in the fibula bone was the lowest but very high in the phalanx bone. Radial osteon formation has occurred in the smallest individual with SVL 14.4 cm to the biggest one with SVL 25.0 cm, and radial osteon density increases with increased SVL. There was no radial osteon in fibula and phalanx bones in any sampled specimen. In general, there were no significant differences in bone diameter (D), marrow cavity diameter (d) and bone thickness (MP) in all long tubular bones in both male and female individuals, and the density of radial osteon on some tubular bones was influenced by body length, but not by sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The era of the industrial revolution 4.0 was marked by the development of the information economy era accompanied by the proliferation of new discoveries in the fields of technology, information, and communication. In this era, the creative economy is growing. In addition to the use of information technology, the creative economy prioritizes workers who have ideas and creativity, so the protection of intellectual property rights is very important in the growth and development of the creative economy. The purpose of this study is to identify, study, analyze, find and describe the influence of labor, information technology and intellectual property rights on creative economic growth in Java. This study uses secondary data in the form of panel data consisting of 6 provinces in Java for the period 2010-2019. Data analysis used panel data regression. The results of data analysis show that partially or simultaneously labor, information technology and intellectual property rights have a positive and significant influence on the growth of the creative economy in Java. The results of this study are expected to be input for the provincial government in Java to better support and assist creative economy actors to obtain legal protection for intellectual property rights and play a more active role in increasing the quantity and quality of creative and innovative human resources as well as mastering information technology and infrastructure provision. more adequate information technology for the development of the creative economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the lockdown period, people were restricted from doing many things, particularly activities outside the home, putting strain on psychological circumstances. This study intends to demonstrate that providing a home garden to improve the psychological state of the workers' community may alleviate the challenges of access to green open space in city settings. This study investigates the psychological state of employees and the impact of home gardens on the psychological state of workers in numerous cities in Indonesia during the pandemic. The survey was carried out utilising the Snowball sampling approach by asking various questions and filling out a questionnaire on the participants' backgrounds and psychological problems using PSS-14 and WEMWBS. Data from participants were analysed using correlation and ANOVA. According to the findings of this study, the presence of a home garden utilised for activities has a substantial impact on the psychological condition of the working community. It is advised that the workers' community participate in activities in the home garden five days a week for at least one hour. On the other hand, it is suggested that urban housing developers pay more attention to the house garden and its constituent aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the lockdown period, people were restricted from doing many things, particularly activities outside the home, putting strain on psychological circumstances. This study intends to demonstrate that providing a home garden to improve the psychological state of the workers' community may alleviate the challenges of access to green open space in city settings. This study investigates the psychological state of employees and the impact of home gardens on the psychological state of workers in numerous cities in Indonesia during the pandemic. The survey was carried out utilising the Snowball sampling approach by asking various questions and filling out a questionnaire on the participants' backgrounds and psychological problems using PSS-14 and WEMWBS. Data from participants were analysed using correlation and ANOVA. According to the findings of this study, the presence of a home garden utilised for activities has a substantial impact on the psychological condition of the working community. It is advised that the workers' community participate in activities in the home garden five days a week for at least one hour. On the other hand, it is suggested that urban housing developers pay more attention to the house garden and its constituent aspects.

This study reports a drought analysis which was carried out using the Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to determine the spatial and temporal level of drought risk in Java, Indonesia. Apart from using the SPEI, this study also used the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) as a comparison in detecting drought and also validated with historical drought occurrences. Temporal variations of SPI and SPEI values were discussed by considering different timescales (monthly to yearly). Pearson's correlations between both drought indices were calculated to see how similar both indices were. Also, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests were used for the similarity test of two kinds of distributions. The results obtained from this analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between the SPI and SPEI models was relatively high on a monthly scale and consistently increased along with the increase of temporal scales but had a decreasing trend during the dry season. However, the SPI detected drought severity with an excessively high estimate in comparison with the SPEI. Greater spatial extents of drought estimation were also generated by SPI followed by SPEI in comparison to factual drought occurrences. As a consequence, SPEI becomes more moderate and SPI as a conservative approach for estimating drought events. HIGHLIGHTS The drought severity generated by SPI is revealed to be systematically higher than SPEI for most of the given month period.; In detecting drought, SPI is very conservative, while SPEI is moderate.; The correlation between SPI and SPEI will be stronger if the timescale used is longer.; Rainfall is the main cause of the drought, but the existence of evapotranspiration becomes important for a longer timescale.;

Suhu udara permukaan (SUP) merupakan salah satu indikator penting dalam konteks terjadinya perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji variasi temporal dan spasial beserta trend SUP di Pulau Jawa pada tahun 1990-2019. Data yang digunakan diperoleh dari observasi Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) dan data pemodelan reanalisis (GHCN_CAMS, ERA-5, JRA-55, dan GISTEMP-v4). Data observasi BMKG diperoleh berdasarkan data bulanan dari stasiun BMKG yang tersebar di seluruh Pulau Jawa (16 stasiun). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan SUP dalam 30 tahun sebesar 0,11-1,24℃. Variasi spasial menunjukkan bahwa daerah dengan SUP tertinggi terdapat di Pulau Jawa sebelah utara bagian timur dan terendah di dataran tinggi Pulau Jawa bagian barat. SUP di Pulau Jawa tertinggi terjadi pada periode bulan September-Oktober-November (SON) dan terendah pada periode bulan Juni-Juli-Agustus (JJA). Hasil uji statistik menggunakan metode Mann Kendall test dengan significance level 1% menunjukkan bahwa semua data observasi BMKG mengalami trend peningkatan kecuali untuk Banyuwangi. Trend peningkatan SUP per tahun berkisar antara 0,017-0,048℃. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan iklim secara regional telah terjadi di Pulau Jawa selama 30 tahun terakhir berdasarkan trend perubahan SUP.

This article focused on the Demak Sultanate as a stronghold of Islamic greatness in Java island in the Middle Ages. The research used a qualitative method with historical approaches and policy theories. Data collection techniques were done through heuristic stages, internal and external criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The research aimed to answer questions about the historical establishment of the Demak Sultanate and its policies until it became a powerful country and a stronghold of Islamic greatness. This research unveiled important findings. First, Islam, which existed in 1082 on the efforts and struggle of Wali Songo, continued to develop until the Muslim community was formed. Second, the Demak Sultanate, which lasted for almost half a century, was ruled by three sultans; and with their policies, it became a stronghold of Islamic greatness in Java. Third, the Demak Sultanate grew to be an Islamic power center beside Pasai, Malacca, Aceh, Ternate and Tidore. The Demak Sultanate could fend off Portuguese influence which built alliances and conspiracies with the Pajajaran Kingdom in Ujung Barat and Panarukan in the Eastern Edge of Java Island, and Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan, giving rise to the expression of "Because of Demak, Christianity failed to dominate in Java and some areas outside Java,” and Islam became stronger in Java that being “Javanese was the same as being Muslim.”

The complexity of regional disparity has encouraged viewing this issue from various perspectives, one of which is the role of physical geography in disparity. On Java Island, an observation on the role of geographical aspect is needed due to the spatial sturdiness of disparity. This study aims to provide quantitative proof that differences in the physical geography of Java's regions account for the persistent regional disparity. We applied two approaches namely correlation and typology, employing data of physical geographical attributes and development indicators. The methods used were correlation analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and one-way ANOVA. Based on the correlation approach, we found the association of regional performance with terrain ruggedness, soil parent materials, sea depth, elevation, and precipitation. Then, based on endowment-based typology approach, Java's regions could be grouped into lowland, volcanic, old volcanic, and calcareous dry regions. The two latter performed poorly in all socio-economic indicators examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall is a key input in management of agriculture and irrigation projects and any change in this variable can influence on sustainable management of water resources, agriculture and ecosystems. Rainfall extremes motive big socioeconomic effects in Indonesia, as they're frequently followed with the aid of using disastrous events, including floods and landslides. Of precise hobby is Java Island, the most populated vicinity in Indonesia, that's susceptible to destructive flooding due to heavy rainfall. This study sought to determine the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall under past and future climate scenarios. The changes of water movement and distribution are influenced by extreme rainfall and land cover conversions. The rainfall becomes more extreme than before. The trends and patterns of extreme rainfall on Java Island, Indonesia, we were studied from 2009 to 2021 the rainy season from November to May, with January and February being the wettest months. The dry season begins from June and ends in October and also find the earthquakes and eruption days, month rainfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas play important roles for protecting many endangered species in Indonesia. However, very limited information regarding roles of protected areas and non-protected areas for supporting the habitat of less-concerned carnivores in Java, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis). We aim to assess the relative roles of non-protected areas for the habitat of this cat on the highly fragmented and populated island of Java. We develop species distribution modelling, using Maxent by integrating various sources of presence data of this species and environmental data. Our finding confirms that leopard cat can life in various habitat types but mainly patchy forest areas. While most of the protected areas are suitable for the habitat of this smallest cat on Java, the non-protected areas provide much larger areas for its habitat (66.8 %). Our findings highlighted the importance of maintaining connectivity among habitat patches in non-protected areas, habitat protection using current government policy on high conservation value forest and essential ecosystems areas.

The importance of home gardens as the traditional source of local foods has been abandoned due to the new lifestyle of the young generation in Indonesia. The paper aims at examining the prospects and challenges of promoting local food as a complement to rice as staple food and to improve food security simultaneously. The paper is written on the basis of reviews of reports and focused group discussions with relevant stakeholders as well as reports from research on local food inventory and rural spatial transformation. The paper reveals that local food production in the regency have been neglected for five decades and only recently regained a new momentum for development. The promotion of local foods for improving food security are constrained by unconductive national policy (importing rice rather than promoting local foods), regional-structural factors (uncontrolled land conversions) and operational factors (ignorance of new generation on local foods).

Terrorism is one of the Indonesia’s national security threat. The attack mostly happens in Java Island, attracted by the dense population, also because the island is a center for economic and governance. The spatial pattern of terrorism attack shows correlations with the spatial density of the targeted attack. Therefore, this study assesses the spatial vulnerability of Java Island using a spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). The main attributes analyzed were the density of the past terrorist attack, arrested area, police/military facility, government facility, business center, densely populated area, and church, determine that in the case of a terrorist attack is strongly affected by the attraction of the area.

Java has been known in the world of Paleontology as a contributor to the findings of Homo erectus fossils, but there are still other fossil findings that have not been identified until now, especially fossil fishes of the subclass Actinopterygii. This research was conducted to recognize the diversity of the actinopterygians fishes in Plio-Pleistocene of Java and to determine the diagnostic characters of each taxon group of fossils in the Plio-Pleistocene of Java. The study was carried out using comparative anatomical methods with present-day specimens and fossil findings collection of the Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Paleoanthropology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada; Bandung Geological Museum and Sangiran Early Man Site. The research found at least 8 species of fish fossils in Java which belong to three order, i.e., the order Siluriformes with 5 identified species: Bagarius gigas, Hemibragus nemurus, Clarias macrocephalus, family Ariidae with indeterminate genus or species, Plotosus canius, Clarias batrachus, and family Pangasiidae with indeterminate genus or species; the order Perciformes with two identified species: Anabas testudineus and Sphyraena crassidens; and the order Cypriniformes with one identified species: Osteochilus vittatus. Based on the fossil findings showed that the Java Island during the Plio-Pleistocene used to be a marine environment that gradually ascending into a lowland river which closes to mangrove swamps and estuaries while the ancient Bandung lake site was a lacustrine environment with calm currents and is overgrown with riparian vegetation.

This study investigated the correlation between parental phubbing and smartphone addiction among adolescents. The number of participants in this study was 292 adolescents that, consist 76 boys and 216 girls who lived on Java Island with an age range of 12 to 21 years old. This study used the quantitative method with the Likert scale. The measurement for the variables in this study used Smartphone Addiction Scale Short-Version (SAS-SV) by Kwon et al. (2013) and Parental Phubbing by Roberts and David (2016). The analysis result of this study showed a positive correlation between parental phubbing and smartphone addiction among adolescents, with the coefficient of correlation r=0,200 and p

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Rice is the staple food for most of the population of Indonesia. The government set the HPP (government purchasing price) to trigger the increased productivity of rice in the country as well as to improve the welfare/income of farmers. This study aimed to analyze the dynamics of rice productivity, the dynamics of HPP and HEB (retail price of rice), and to analyze the correlation between the productivity of rice, HPP of grain, and HEB in Java in the period of 20102014. The analysis showed that in 20102014, rice production tended to fluctuate, while the HPP and HEB tended to increase every year, but it is known that there is a correlation between the HPP of grain and HEB in Java.

Objective: The incidence of salmonellosis in humans and animals is still high due to the occur¬rence of virulence factors in Salmonella enterica which play a role in the process of infection in the host and the spread of disease and most of the S. enterica can infect humans and animals. The present study was aimed to identify Salmonella Enteritidis and detect virulence genes related to Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and Salmonella plasmid virulence (Spv). Materials and Methods: A total of 27 S. Enteritidis archive isolates belonging to the National Veterinary Drug Assay Laboratory (NVDAL) were used in this study. The bacteria were collected in 2016 and 2017 from samples of the cloaca and fecal swabs from layer and broiler farms in five provinces of Java Island. Isolates were cultured in specific media, biochemical tests and Gram staining. Detection of S. Enteritidis and virulence genes was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Identification of serovar showed 100% (27/27) isolates were positive for the sdfI gene (304 bp). The result confirmed that all strains were S. Enteritidis. PCR based detection of virulence genes showed that 100% of isolates had virulence genes in SPI-1 to SPI-5, namely, invA, ssaQ, mgtC, spi4D, and pipA genes. All the isolates (27/27) were also positive to spvB gene-based PCR. Conclusion: All the isolates of S. Enteritidis in this study carry virulence genes related to SPI-1 to SPI-5 and plasmid virulence. The existence of virulent genes indicates that the S. Enteritidis strain examined in this study is highly virulent and poses a potential threat of worse disease outcome in humans and animals. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 384-393]

Between 2006 and 2020, earthquakes and other geohazards on volcano-dotted Java Island have caused about 7000 deaths, and another 1.8 million people were injured, displaced, or left homeless. In this study, we quantify the current state of earthquake hazard for 29 cities of Java, using seismicity statistics of a cumulative number of small events (natural times) between pairs of large earthquakes. This approach, known as earthquake nowcasting (Rundle et al., 2016), rests on the key concepts of elastic rebound and ergodic dynamics in earthquake fault networks. Our analysis of statistical inference shows that the estimated earthquake potential score (EPS) as on February 18, 2021 corresponding to M ≥ 6.5 events in a 300 km circular area ranges from 43 to 94%, with the scores of Jakarta (43), Surabaya (89), Bandung (69), Semarang (48), Serang (47), and Yogyakarta (59). This means, for example, that Surabaya has progressed significantly in the regional cycle of large earthquakes, whereas Yogyakarta is about midway in its seismic cycle. We observe that a change in magnitude threshold or geographic area has a consistent impact on the nowcast scores. These findings not only enable a rapid yet meaningful way to rank several cities based on their current exposure to earthquake hazards, but also empower earthquake scientists and policymakers towards better policymaking, land-use planning, earthquake insurance, disaster risk mitigation, and social awareness with respect to the seismically active island of Java. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human resources have a pivotal role in a country because it determines the growth and development of an economy. In economic terms, factor of production can be defined as labor, land, and capital, thereforethe quality of human resources does matter to determine the growth and development in a country. Since ASEAN Economic Community has already started in 2015 and it put forward competitive conditions among countries, human development has been attracting a lot of interest. Furthermore, poverty is also considered as an interesting topic in Indonesia because it has been 74 years after Indonesian independence, and poverty is still a difficult problem to alleviate. In 2016, Indonesia is recorded as having the second largest number of poor people in ASEAN. Various programs have been implemented by the regional governments including fiscal decentralization. This paper aims to find the impact of fiscal decentralization on welfare. In this article, we focused on human development and poverty to reflect welfare. We use regional government expenditure, regional government revenue, and balancing funds to measure fiscal decentralization in selected provinces in Indonesia-West Java, Central Java, East Java, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and Banten. We found decentralization policy statistically significant affects human development and poverty alleviation. Hence, this information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed on increasing the regional government revenue and reducing unnecessary regional government expenditure to escalate fiscal space. The fiscal space can be used to fund programs that encourage human development and poverty alleviation.

In the past, Alun-alun is united with the Keraton complex and present in an axis. The physical elements which forms an axis in Alun-alun are the two banyan trees that form the orientation towards the government complex (Keraton). As the development progresses, Alun-alun is revitalized to adjust current cultural conditions and to improve the quality of the Alun-alun's hall as the city's identity. This research aimed to determine the representation of physical elements which formed an axis in Alun-alun towards the government complex. Habraken's theory on the physical order was considered adequate to dissect the physical elements which formed Alun-alun and lead to the conclusion of this research. Matters that needs to be identified to reach the interpretation stage were identifying levels in nominal classes, namely major arteries, roads, building elements, partitioning, furniture, bodies and utensils. The results indicated that the axis of Alun-alun towards the current government complex was indicated by the physical form of locating the furniture in one axis, forming the pathways, the hardening of soil at the main entrance area and the addition of gates inside Alun-alun. The conclusion of this research was that in the past, the axis of Alun-alun towards the government complex was formed by the belief and symbolic meanings of its cultural life. Currently the axis was formed from the physical element of complementary facilities or infrastructure of economic and social activities as a representation of the axis in Alun-alun towards the government complex.

Java is the most populous island with the largest percentage of rice fields in Indonesia. However, rice fields in Java Island often experience water shortages, so an analysis of the potential water availability for irrigation in Java is required. This research aims to analyze water's potential to meet irrigation water needs in each catchment area in Java. In this research, the potential for irrigation water in Java is calculated based on the balance of water balance between water availability and DMI and Irrigation water needs. This research is divided into two parts: (1) analysis of water availability using the WFLOW hydrological simulation; and (2) water demand analysis based on population statistical data. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the water balance between water resources and irrigation water needs in Java is still in the surplus category, even though there are deficits in several catchment areas (WS): in the Kepulauan Seribu, Wiso Gelis, and Welang Rejoso WS. WS with the most water availability is generally located in wide (WS) areas, while several WS with abundant water needs is generally located in WS with the densest population. According to The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the agricultural area in Java has decreased by an average of 20 thousand hectares per year, so that the demand for irrigation water on the island of Java will also decrease. Consequently, the excess water potential in Java Island needs to be allocated to meet the needs of DMI, which are increasing every year. In addition, the results also show that the development of irrigation areas in the future should be focused on large (WS) areas that have the potential for significant amounts of irrigation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of home gardens as the traditional source of local foods has been abandoned due to the new lifestyle of the young generation in Indonesia. The paper aims at examining the prospects and challenges of promoting local food as a complement to rice as staple food and to improve food security simultaneously. The paper is written on the basis of reviews of reports and focused group discussions with relevant stakeholders as well as reports from research on local food inventory and rural spatial transformation. The paper reveals that local food production in the regency have been neglected for five decades and only recently regained a new momentum for development. The promotion of local foods for improving food security are constrained by unconductive national policy (importing rice rather than promoting local foods), regional-structural factors (uncontrolled land conversions) and operational factors (ignorance of new generation on local foods). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism is one of the Indonesia's national security threat. The attack mostly happens in Java Island, attracted by the dense population, also because the island is a center for economic and governance. The spatial pattern of terrorism attack shows correlations with the spatial density of the targeted attack Therefore, this study assesses the spatial vulnerability of Java Island using a spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). The main attributes analyzed were the density of the past terrorist attack, arrested area, police/ military facility, government facility, business center, densely populated area, and church, determine that in the case of a terrorist attack is strongly affected by the attraction of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]