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Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for causing a variety of human infections, which may range from minor skin diseases to life-threatening infections. It colonizes healthy individuals and causes severe infection in hospitalized patients. Staphylococcus aureus infections used to respond to ß-lactam and related group of antibiotics but the emergence of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has posed a serious therapeutic challenge. The present study aimed to determine prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dhiraj General Hospital, Gujarat and to determine antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in various samples and to determine inducible clindamycin resistance strains out of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Dhiraj General Hospital. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in Microbiology Department of SBKS MI and RC during January 2022 to December 2022. The study comprised of 114 coagulase-positive staphylococci (COPS), isolated from a total of 1470 clinical specimens (like pus, blood, urine, high vaginal swab, sputum, etc.) of patients admitted in Dhiraj General hospital attached to SBKS MI and RC, Hospital, Waghodia, Gujarat. All the isolates were identified by standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on each bacterial isolate using the disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA). Data were entered and analyzed statistically. Results: During one year of study period, a total of 1470 positive culture samples were there. Out of that, 114 positive samples of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Out of total Staphylococcus aureus positive samples, 24 strains of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were detected. Out of total MRSA, 10 inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Conclusion: To conclude, we can say that Vancomycin and Teicoplanin is the drug of choice in MRSA patients. As MRSA is an alarming issue for the health system, one should always think about drug sensitivity test before starting treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acinetobacter species are aerobic gram-negative bacteria that are ubiquitous in nature. Being a multidrug-resistant and an invasive pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections in the current healthcare system. It has been recognized as an agent of pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, urinary tract and wound infections, and is associated with high mortality. We aimed this study to evaluate resistance pattern of a threatening pathogen i.e., Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and method: The present study was conducted in Microbiology Department of SBKSMIRC, Dhiraj Hospital, Waghodia, Gujarat during May 2022 to December 2022. This study included all Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from all ages and microbiological specimens which were referred to Central Microbiology Laboratory of Dhiraj Hospital. The Non-Lactose fermenting, oxidase negative organisms are kept in VITEK 2 automated system for identification and sensitivity. All isolates identified as Acinetobacter baumannii were included in the study. Results: This study included a total of 52 isolates of A.baumannii. Out of which 33% were respiratory samples (sputum, Endo-tracheal secretions), 33% were pus samples, 11% were urine samples and 23% were included in other (blood, CSF, Body fluids). The most resistant drug was ceftriaxone (88.46%). Tigecycline was found to be 100% sensitive. Conclusion: This study concludes that Tigecycline is the only drug which is most sensitive for A. baumannii and other higher drugs such as Polymixin B, Colistin etc. shows less resistance. Acinetobacter infection would remain a therapeutic challenge in our hospital and health care settings due to the increasing rate of Acinetobacter species with traits of MDR and resistance to high potent antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is ubiquitous in nature, present in water, soil, and plants. BCC is comprised of Gram-negative non-lactose-fermenting bacteria. Gram negative, non lactose fermenting Burkholderia cepacia complex has emerged as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients owing to its high antibiotic resistance. This study was aimed to determine prevalence of Burkholderia cepacia complex and to evaluate sensitivity pattern of Burkholderia cepacia complex in blood stream infections in Dhiraj Hospital, Gujarat which is a tertiary care hospital and teaching institute. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology for a period from January 2022 to December 2022 of Dhiraj General Hospital, SBKS MI & RC, Waghodia, Gujarat. All samples were received in central laboratory and blood cultures were processed in BD BACTEC FX40. The positive culture bottles were sub cultured on Mac Conkey agar, Blood agar and Nutrient agar and were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The data was collected and analyzed statistically. Results: During the study period 31 positive samples for BCC were isolated from a total of 612 culture samples, thus the prevalence rate was 5.06% in our setup. BCC was found majorly in ICUs (65%) and in wards (35%). The isolates showed maximum sensitivity to Co-Trimoxazole (83.87%), followed by Ceftazidime (58.06%), Meropenem (54.83%) and Minocycline (51.61%). Conclusion: From various studies and our study we could conclude that there were variations in the results of drug sensitivity. So, there is need to properly isolate and do antibiotic sensitivity testing for better patient management. Prompt diagnosis is essential step to reduce mortality and establish infection control practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae (V.cholerae). Based on antigenic differences of O antigen, O1 serogroup can be divided into three serotypes. In addition, by performing various biochemical reactions, O1 Serogroup can be differentiated into two biotypes. Outbreaks of Cholera occur seasonally. It is associated with monsoon season, warm temperature, heavy rainfall and increased plankton population. Aim: The aim was to determine the trends in resistance pattern and phenotypic Pattern of Vibrio cholerae. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted during the period from June 2019-December 2019. Culture of Stool specimens were done on different agar media. Biotyping was done by conventional methods. Serotyping and phage typing was also done along with the Antibiotic susceptibility testing. Descriptive analysis was used and presented in terms of percentage. Results: V.cholerae was isolated in 72 patients and they belonged to serogroup O1 and biotype El Tor. The most common serotype was Ogawa. The predominant phage type were T2 by old scheme and T27 by new scheme of phage typing. The maximum number of V. cholerae isolates was seen in the month of November, 2019 followed by October, 2019. Conclusion: The phenotypic pattern and fluctuating seasonal trend of V. cholerae and antimicrobial resistance encourage the continued epidemiological and microbiological surveillance of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of respiratory, gastrointestinal and other pathogens in 100 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive patients., Settings: This study was carried out on randomly selected 100 HIV seropositive patients from S. S. G. Hospital during the period from Jan 2006 to Jan 2007., Materials and Methods: Sputum samples, stool samples and oral swabs were collected from all the patients and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was collected from symptomatic patients and processed as per the standard protocol. Sputum samples were examined by microscopy and cultured for bacterial respiratory pathogens. Stool samples were concentrated and examined by microscopy for enteric parasites. Oral swabs and CSF were also examined microscopically and cultured for fungal pathogens. CSF was also examined for bacterial pathogens., Results: A total of 101 pathogens were detected in 60 patients. More than one pathogen was observed in 30 patients. Candida was the commonest isolate (32.67%), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (22.71%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (19.8%)., Conclusions: Since opportunistic infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in HIV seropositive patients, an early diagnosis and effective treatment are required to tackle them. The type of pathogens infecting HIV patients varies from region to region, and therefore such patients should be constantly screened for these pathogens.