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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic oligo/ anovulation. PCOS is a complex illness that is impacted and complicated by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. The disruption of reproductive hormones such as LH, FSH, oestrogen, and testosterone disrupts the normal menstrual cycle and can result in oligomenorrhoea and amenorrhea-like abnormalities. Although there are significant variations between people, PCOS is characterized by hyperandrogenism, irregular menstruation, and different sized ovarian cysts. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic oligo/ anovulation. PCOS is a complex illness that is impacted and complicated by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Additionally, these women most likely have a higher risk of ovarian cancer, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, and other illnesses. In addition to its enormous economic burden (an annual health-care expenditure of $5.39 billion in the United States in 2019), PCOS has a negative impact on the long-term health of affected women. The most prevalent endocrine condition, known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), affects 6%–8% of women globally who are of reproductive age. The first studies to ascertain prevalence in a medically unselected (unbiased) population were started by Azziz and colleagues, who reported PCOS prevalence’s ranging from 4% to 6.6% among unselected reproductive-age women living in the Southeast of the United States using the NIH 1990 criteria. The demand for herbal medications has developed as a result of high economic costs and a large number of unfavourable side effects linked with the use of allopathic drugs. Herbal plants have been a key source of therapeutic remedies since ancient times. Exceptionally, despite the huge transformation in the pharmaceutical area, the use of herbal treatments is expanding day by day in underdeveloped countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of formulation is to enhance the bioavailability of the drug within the body. Some of the challenging subjects associated with poorly water-soluble drugs concern solubility and bioavailability factors. To overcome these problems, new technologies, such as lipid-based drug delivery systems including micro or nano emulsifying drug delivery system, have obtained importance in recent years, due to their enhanced solubility and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract. Such systems are solubilized within the lipid excipients or mixed with oils or surfactants/co-solvents to facilitate the solubility and absorption rate, which can enhance the bioavailability of the targeted drug. The research was targeted to develop a self-Nano Emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for oral bioavailability enhancement of BCS II antifungal drug Itraconazole. Nano Emulsions are consignment methods that improve the solubility and distribution of lipid medicines to the intended areas. SNEDDS of Itraconazole were developed using Castor oil, Tween 20 as surfactant and PEG 200 as co-surfactant. SNEDDS formulation can be obtained through phase diagram approach. Pseudo Ternary phase diagrams were constructed, using Chemix software, to optimize the concentrations of excipients. Thermodynamic stability studies were satisfactory. Robustness to dilution did not exhibit phase separation and drug precipitation. The Among 4 formulations, B1F3 formulation showed more than 95% of drug content and were considered superior and subjected to droplet size analysis and zeta potential measurement. Droplet size ranged from 120 nm to 505 nm. The Nano size was obtained for formulation. The zeta-potential results indicated the range -35 mV. Based on all evaluation tests, formulation B2F3 was chosen as the best. Thus, this self-Nano Emulsifying drug delivery system should be an effective oral dosage form for improving oral bioavailability of lipophilic drug Itraconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver plays an important role in maintaining the biological equilibrium of vertebrates. Liver diseases are a major worldwide health problem with high endemicity in developing countries. They are mainly caused by chemicals and some drugs when taken in very high doses. Despite advances in modern medicine, there is no effective drug available that stimulates liver function, offer protection to the liver from damage, help to regenerate hepatic cells. There is urgent need, therefore, for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver plays an important role in maintaining the biological equilibrium of vertebrates. Liver diseases are a major worldwide health problem with high endemicity in developing countries. They are mainly caused by chemicals and some drugs when taken in very high doses. Despite advances in modern r, medicine, there is no effective drug available that stimulates liver function, offer protection to the liver from damage, help to regenerate hepatic cells. There is urgent need, therefore, for effective drugs to replace/supplement those in current use. The plant kingdom is undoubtedly valuable as a source of new medicinal agents. The main aim of any medication in the treatment of liver disorders is to prevent degeneration of hepatocytes and associated metabolic abnormalities and promote regeneration of hepatic cells. In the present study, hepatoprotective activity of Cynodon dactylon ethanolic extract was evaluated in paracetamol induced liver toxicity by biochemical parameters like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and BIT and histopathology. Acute administration of paracetamol produced marked elevation of the serum levels of the above parameters compared to that of the control group. Treatment with ethanolic of Cynodon dactylon leaves at doses of200 i and 400 mg/kg produces significant prevention in paracetamol induced rise of the parameters. Silymarin at 100 mg/kg body weight significantly prevented such rise in study. The effect of Cynodon dactylon leaves ethanolic extracts was found possess promising hepatoprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]