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Este artículo sintetiza las reflexiones alrededor de la reconstrucción económica y social del país realizadas por un equipo conformado por docentes y directivos de distintas facultades de la Universidad de La Salle, con miras a una recuperación posterior a la crisis de la pandemia. Para ello, la reflexión parte de algunos elementos identitarios de la filosofía lasallista representados en el desarrollo humano integral y sustentable (DHIS), que ofrecen una ruta de naturaleza humanista y ecologista para la configuración de una sociedad poscovid. Además, se propone aprovechar la crisis para reconfigurar la estructura productiva del país para hacerla más diversificada, sostenible y socialmente incluyente, a partir de actividades económicas intensivas en conocimiento y procesos de innovación, fruto de la cooperación entre el Estado y actores del sector privado, las universidades, la sociedad civil y las comunidades

Purpose This paper analyzes the available literature on export spillovers from foreign direct investment (FDI) and their effects on domestic firms’ export activities. The purpose of this paper is to advance our knowledge of whether export spillovers from FDI exist, and if so if they differ according to the institutional context of the targeted markets (developed vs emerging markets). Design/methodology/approach Drawing from the pioneering work of Aitken et al. (1997), the authors develop a meta-analysis using a selection of 73 studies for the period 1997–2018, including a wide range of developed and emerging markets. Findings The meta-analysis confirms a high probability of finding positive effects when studying the different types of spillovers. The authors also show that the type of export spillover depends on the institutional context. Spillovers drive a complementary effect which generates more direct commercial links between domestic firms and foreign multinationals for advanced economies, whereas for emerging markets the nature of the spillover generates a competition/imitation effect that pressures domestic firms to be better inserted into foreign markets. In emerging markets, local governments play a fundamental role in accompanying the local industry, not only with investments in infrastructure and training of human capital but also in the configuration of an institutional environment that favors this type of indirect linkages. In developed countries, two business strategies are particularly important as catalytic axes of competitive upgrading at the international level: cooperation agreements between domestic and foreign firms and integration. These processes of concentration are necessary to compete globally, and therefore, governments should promote this type of strategies. Originality/value The study offers an original classification of the different types of spillovers based on the different channels through which MNE help local firms to improve their export performance and shows which specific spillover is associated with the different level of country development. These results have important implications in terms of theory development and managerial and policy implications.

espanolEn Colombia, los estudios de calidad del agua se han basado en su gran mayoria en informacion fisicoquimica o bacteriologica, y solamente en las ultimas decadas se ha comenzado a integrar e implementar la bioindicacion. El proposito del estudio fue caracterizar la calidad del agua del rio Frio, usando macroinvertebrados bentonicos como indicadores biologicos, junto con parametros fisicoquimicos. Con esta integracion entre los indices bioticos y fisicoquimicos se determino la calidad del agua de forma mas precisa, debido a que se genero un acercamiento mas detallado al estado del rio Frio. Una vez muestreados e identificados los macroinvertebrados, se calcularon los indices de calidad BMWP/Col, ASTP, IBF, EPT, y los indices de biodiversidad Shannon-Weaver, riqueza especifica, diversidad de Margalef y Menhinick. El numero total de individuos resultado del estudio en la cuenca correspondio a 687, representados por 12 ordenes, 24 familias y 25 generos. Adicionalmente, se llevaron a cabo un analisis de varianza y un analisis multivariante, a traves de una correlacion canonica. Finalmente, se determino que la calidad del agua del rio Frio es moderadamente contaminada; ademas, presenta una baja biodiversidad en las especies de macroinvertebrados, y se encontro que el resultado de los indices son independientes de las temporadas climaticas. EnglishIn Colombia, water quality studies have been based mostly on physicochemical or bacteriological information, and it wasn´t until the last decades that bioindication began to be integrated and implemented. The purpose of the study was to characterize the water quality of the Frio river, using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators, jointly with physicochemical parameters. With this integration between the biotic and physicochemical indices the water quality was determined more precisely, because it generated a more detailed approach to the state of the Frio river. Once the macroinvertebrates were sampled and identified, it proceeded to calculate water quality indexes (BMWP/Col, ASTP, IBF, EPT), and biodiversity indexes (Shannon-Weaver, Specific Wealth, Margalef Diversity, Menhinick). 687 individuals were sampled belonging to 12 orders, 24 families, and 25 genders. Additionally, an Analysis of Variance and a multivariate analysis were carried out through a Canonical Correlation. Finally, it was determined that the water quality of the Frio River is moderately polluted; In addition, it presents a low bidiversity of macroinvertebrate species, and it was found that the results of the indices are independent of the climatic seasons.

Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic that reliably attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking after extinction while preventing the nucleus accumbens (NA) core glutamate efflux that drives reinstatement. However, when rats undergo abstinence without extinction, ceftriaxone attenuates context-primed relapse but NA core glutamate efflux still increases. Here we sought to determine if the same would occur when relapse is prompted by both context and discrete cues (context+cues) after cocaine abstinence. Male rats self-administered intravenous cocaine for 2 hr/day for 2 weeks. Cocaine delivery was accompanied by drug-associated cues (light+tone). Rats were then placed into abstinence with daily handling but no extinction training for two weeks. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg IP) or vehicle was administered during the last 6 days of abstinence. During a context+cue relapse test, microdialysis procedures were conducted. Rats were perfused at the end of the test for later Fos analysis. A separate cohort of rats was infused with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B in the NA core and underwent the same self-administration and relapse procedures. Ceftriaxone increased baseline glutamate and attenuated both context+cue-primed relapse and NA core glutamate efflux during this test. Ceftriaxone reduced Fos expression in regions sending projections to the NA core (prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area) and specifically reduced Fos in prelimbic cortex and not infralimbic cortex neurons projecting to the NA core. Thus, when relapse is primed by drug-associated cues and context, ceftriaxone is able to attenuate relapse by preventing NA core glutamate efflux, likely through reducing activity in prelimbic NA core-projecting neurons.

Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic that reliably attenuates the reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction while preventing the nucleus accumbens (NA) core glutamate efflux that drives reinstatement. However, when rats undergo abstinence without extinction, ceftriaxone attenuates context-primed cocaine seeking but NA core glutamate efflux still increases. Here, we sought to determine if the same would occur when cocaine seeking is prompted by both context and discrete cues (cue-induced seeking) after cocaine abstinence. Male rats self-administered intravenous cocaine accompanied by drug-associated cues (light + tone) for 2 h/day for 14 days. Rats then experienced abstinence with daily handling but no extinction training for 2 weeks. Ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg IP) or vehicle was administered during the last 6 days of abstinence. During a cue-induced cocaine seeking test, microdialysis procedures were conducted. Rats were perfused at the end of the test for later Fos analysis. A separate cohort of rats was infused with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B in the NA core and underwent the same self-administration and relapse procedures. Ceftriaxone increased baseline glutamate and attenuated both cue-induced cocaine seeking and NA core glutamate efflux during this test. Ceftriaxone reduced Fos expression in regions sending projections to the NA core (prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, ventral tegmental area) and specifically reduced Fos in prelimbic cortex and not infralimbic cortex neurons projecting to the NA core. Thus, when cocaine seeking is induced by drug-associated cues, ceftriaxone is able to attenuate relapse by preventing NA core glutamate efflux, likely through reducing activity in prelimbic NA core-projecting neurons.

Ceftriaxone is a beta-lactam antibiotic that increases the expression of the major glutamate transporter, GLT-1. As such, ceftriaxone ameliorates symptoms across multiple rodent models of neurological diseases and substance use disorders. However, the mechanism behind GLT-1 upregulation is unknown. The present review synthesizes this literature in order to identify commonalities in molecular changes. We find that ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg for at least two days) consistently restores GLT-1 expression in multiple rodent models of neurological disease, especially when GLT-1 is decreased in the disease model. The same dose given to healthy/drug-naive rodents does not reliably upregulate GLT-1 in any brain region except the hippocampus. Increased GLT-1 expression does not consistently arise from transcriptional regulation, and is likely to be due to trafficking changes. In addition to altered transporter expression, ceftriaxone ameliorates neuropathologies (e.g. tau, amyloid beta, cell death) and aberrant protein expression associated with a number of neurological disease models. Taken together, these results indicate that ceftriaxone remains a strong candidate for treatment of multiple disorders in the clinic.

Objetivo: comprobar la validez de las escalas Braden y EMINA y seleccionar puntos de corte cuantitativos para discriminar el riesgo de úlcera por presión (UPP) en pacientes domiciliarios. Método: estudio longitudinal o de seguimiento de una cohorte de 6 meses de duración, con cuatro valoraciones, una cada 2 meses. Ámbito de estudio: áreas de gestión sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía y Serranía, de Málaga. Sujetos de estudio: pacientes en programa de inmovilizados sin UPP. Cuestionario confeccionado por los autores que incluye entre otros: datos demográficos, ingreso hospitalario, escalas de Braden y EMINA. Muestra: 353 pacientes, usando muestreo aleatorio simple. Resultado: las escalas originales mantienen consistencia interna con alpha superior a 0,7. Se han establecido nuevos puntos de corte, discriminando pacientes con riesgo de UPP o sin él, resultando una sensibilidad del 61-89% y una especificidad del 64-70%. Las escalas categorizadas tienen exactitud como método diagnóstico igual o superior al 65%. Las odds ratio (OR) son significativas e indican que existen diferencias en el riesgo de UPP en función de nuevos puntos de corte. La determinación de los puntos de corte resultaron: riesgo alto: sensibilidad ≤ 10%, especificidad ≥ 95%, puntuación en la escala de Braden ≤ 10, EMINA 12-15; riesgo moderado: sensibilidad entre el 10% y el 83%, especificidad entre el 64% y el 95%, Braden 11-15 y EMINA 7-11; riesgo bajo: sensibilidad entre el 83% y el 100%, especificidad entre el 0% y el 64%, Braden 16-22 y EMINA 1-6; riesgo nulo: sensibilidad 100%, especificidad 0%, Braden 23, EMINA 0. Conclusiones: la escala de Braden resultó tener mayor consistencia que EMINA para población domiciliaria, existiendo alta correlación entre variables de ambas escalas; medición del riesgo: similar. Para ambas escalas las razones de verosimilitud positiva son similares, por lo que se validan ambas escalas por igual como métodos de diagnóstico del riesgo. Los puntos de corte definidos por este estudio son válidos para discriminar entre pacientes con y sin úlcera en domicilio: Braden 15 y EMINA 7.

Usualmente en la teoría del transporte de masa en los flujos naturales, el énfasis de la investigación se ha puesto en la descripción y explicación del proceso de transporte mismo, pero poco o nada se encuentra en la literatura sobre los mecanismos específicos de formación de la pluma de soluto. Esta circunstancia es desafortunada toda vez que dichos mecanismos delimitan de forma importante la evolución posterior de la mancha de contaminante. En este artículo se explora una aproximación detallada a la génesis de las nubes de trazador a partir de la idea de “equilibrio local-general” de las tasas de transporte de masa, derivado de conceptos termodinámicos implícitos en la condición de “equilibrio dinámico” para los cauces naturales. Esta evolución se plantea numéricamente por medio de una función de estado, ϕ, que enlaza aspectos generales y locales del flujo.

Nerium oleander is distributed worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. These shrubs are frequently used as ornamental plants. However, they contain more than 30 cardiac glycosides that can cause serious toxic effects in dogs. The objective of this study was to report the clinical and electrocardiographic alterations in dogs experimentally poisoned with N. oleander. Ten adult, healthy, mixed-breed dogs weighing 10-25kg and aged 3-6 years were selected for the study. We orally administered 0.25g kg-1 of fresh ground leaves of N. oleander to the dogs. No dog died after the ingestion, but all exhibited signs of poisoning such as vomiting, sialorrhea, nausea, apathy, conjunctiva congestion, dehydration, abdominal pain, tremors, diarrhea, loss of appetite, and tenesmus. Electrocardiogram revealed occurrence of several types of arrhythmias: sinus bradycardia, second-degree atrioventricular block, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular premature complexes. Systolic blood pressure, as well as heart rate, decreased in the first 24 hours. The present study concluded that a single dose of 0.25g kg-1 of N. oleander green leaves is sufficient to cause a moderate intoxication in dogs, with nonspecific clinical changes mainly related to the digestive system and heart rate, thus demonstrating the importance of this type of intoxication in the list of differential diagnoses of small animals routine. RESUMO: O Nerium oleander é uma planta com ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Esses arbustos são frequentemente usados como plantas ornamentais e possuem mais de 30 glicosídeos cardíacos causadores do quadro clínico de intoxicação em caninos. Sabendo-se disso, este artigo teve por objetivo a avaliar as alterações clínicas e eletrocardiográficas, nos animais intoxicados experimentalmente com N. oleander. Foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, hígidos, sem raça definida, com 10 a 25kg de peso, de 3 a 6 anos de idade. Os animais receberam uma única dose de 0,25g kg-1 de peso, de folhas frescas de N. oleander. Nenhum dos animais do experimento veio a óbito. Os sinais clínicos observados foram vômito, sialorréia, náuseas, apatia, conjuntiva ocular congesta, desidratação, dor abdominal, tremores, diarreia, inapetência e tenesmo. Pela análise do eletrocardiograma encontraram-se arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo grau, taquicardia ventricular paroxística e complexo ventricular prematuro. A pressão arterial sistólica diminui nas primeiras 24 horas, assim como a frequência cardíaca. Concluiu-se com o presente estudo que uma única dose de 0,25g kg-1 de folhas verdes de N. oleander é suficiente para causar um quadro moderado de intoxicação em cães, com alterações clínicas inespecíficas principalmente relacionadas ao sistema digestório e no ritmo cardíaco, mostrando a importância deste tipo de intoxicação na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais da rotina de pequenos animais.

Objetivo: comprobar la fiabilidad de las escalas de Braden y EMINA (escalas de valoración del riesgo de úlceras por presión) en atención domiciliaria. Método: estudio observacional de tipo transversal. Ámbito de estudio: Área de Gestión Sanitaria Este de Málaga-Axarquía y Área de Gestión Sanitaria Serranía, ambas de Málaga. Sujetos de estudio: pacientes incluidos dentro del Programa de Inmovilizados sin úlceras por presión. Instrumentos: escalas de Braden y EMINA. Muestra: 30 pacientes, usando una técnica de muestreo aleatorio simple. Resultados: Escala de Braden: Alfa de Cronbach de 0,78 para ambos observadores. Coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para la puntuación total de la escala, 0,968. El índice kappa ponderado para cada uno de los 6 ítems de la escala oscila entre 0,685 que es el más bajo y corresponde a fricción y deslizamiento y 1,00 para el más alto, que corresponde a percepción sensorial. Escala EMINA: el Alfa de Cronbach oscila entre 0,69 y 0,73 entre observadores. Coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la puntuación total de la escala, 0,974. El índice kappa ponderado para cada uno de los 5 ítems de la escala oscila entre 0,750, el más bajo que corresponde a la actividad, y 1,00 para el más alto, que corresponde a nutrición. Conclusiones: la escala de Braden tiene mayor consistencia interna, aunque el grado de acuerdo cuando se utilizan las escalas de manera categórica es superior en la EMINA. Ambas escalas son instrumentos fiables para el uso en atención domiciliaria, aunque sería conveniente establecer nuevos puntos de corte, para definir o categorizar el riesgo en esta población.

Medicion economica del deporte en Colombia: una propuesta metodologica de cuenta satelite Andrea Ruiz Molina, Elkin Argiro Munoz y Ramon Javier Mesa Resumen: El estudio del deporte desde la perspectiva economica ha logrado importancia en los circulos academicos, especialmente por su reconocimiento como un sector economico con las mismas caracteristicas de los sectores tradicionales. Consecuentemente, y ante la inexistencia de estudios que intenten valorar el deporte en la economia colombiana, este articulo tiene como objetivo central presentar una propuesta metodologica de Cuentas Satelite para el deporte en Colombia. En este sentido, nuestra principal contribucion es el diseno teorico de un sistema contable, basado en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de la ONU, capaz de explicar el comportamiento de las actividades economicas en el deporte, partiendo de los flujos circulatorios de la renta y el producto. Palabras clave: Cuenta satelite, cuentas nacionales, economia del deporte. Clasificacion JEL: B4, E01, H4, L83. The Economic Salience of Sports in Colombia: A Satellite Accounts Methodology Abstract: Sports economics has acquired relevance among scholars and as a field because of the salience of sports as an economic sector. Parting from this idea and a lack of studies measuring the value of sports in the Colombian economy, this paper proposes a Satellite Accounts methodology for valuing sports in Colombia. Hence, the main contribution of this study is a theoretical design of an accounting system based on the Nationals Accounts System of the United Nations. Also, following a circular flow of income and product approach, this framework depicts the main economic activities related to sports in Colombia. Key words: Satellite Accounts, National Accounting, Sports Economy. JEL Classification: B4, E01, H4, L83. Mesure economique pour le sport en Colombie : une proposition methodologique pour la mise en place d’un compte national satellite Resume: L’etude du sport dans une perspective economique a gagne d’importance dans les milieux academiques en tant que secteur economique. Etant donnee l’inexistence d’etudes concernant l’impact du sport dans l’economie colombienne, cet article presente une proposition methodologique pour mettre en place un compte national satellite pour mesurer le sport en Colombie. Pour ce faire, nous presentons un cadre theorique base le Systeme de Comptabilite Nationale de l’ONU, lequel est capable d’expliquer le comportement des principales activites economiques existantes a l’interieur de l’activite sportive, tout en respectant l’idee d’un flux entre le revenu et le produit. Mots cle: Compte satellite, comptabilite nationale, economie du sport. Classification JEL: B4, E01, H4, L83.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis acerca de la credibilidad de la banda cambiaria como mecanismo de intervención sobre el tipo de cambio nominal. Partiendo de la hipótesis básica del modelo de Krugman (1991) con algunas extensiones recientes de Bertola-Caballero (1992) y aplicando la prueba de Svensson (1990-2), modificada al caso colombiano, se demuestra el grado de credibilidad de la banda cambiaria, implementada en Colombia a partir de enero de 1994. Dicha credibilidad se determina con base en las expectativas de realineamiento, determinando los factores que han incidido en su comportamiento entre 1994 y 1997.

Indicadores.

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de las fases y etapas en el ciclo de la Política Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (PNCT) de Colombia, específicamente el programa de Formación de Alto Nivel de capital humano y su aporte a los indicadores de desarrollo del país. Se revisan las relaciones de la organización institucional y elementos de gobernanza para el avance de la PNCT, así como los principales hitos desde 1940 a la fecha. Se describen algunos de los elementos de política pública e iniciativas del gobierno nacional en la promoción de estrategias para la formación de personal con vocación científica y su incidencia en la competitividad y la innovación. Luego de la implementación de los programas e instrumentos de política pública se identifican impactos socioculturales y económicos en el marco del cumplimiento de los objetivos estratégicos del país y la posible coherencia conceptual en el ciclo de la política.

Urban areas are currently experiencing rapid growth, which brings with it increases in the population, the expansion of impervious surfaces, and an overall jump in the environmental and hydrological impact. To mitigate such an impact, different strategies proposed to tackle this problem often vary; for example, stormwater tanks, the reuse of wastewater and grey water, the installation of equipment to reduce water consumption, and education-based approaches. Consequently, this article presents the simulation and evaluation of implementing infrastructure options (stormwater harvesting, reuse of industrial waters, water-saving technology in residential sectors, and reuse of water from washing machines) for managing urban water in two urban catchments (Fucha and Tunjuelo) in Bogotá, Colombia, over three periods: baseline, 10 years, and 20 years. The simulation was performed using the software Urban Volume Quality (UVQ) and revealed a possible reduction in drinking water consumption of up to 47% for the Fucha Catchment and 40% for the Tunjuelo Catchment; with respect to wastewater, the reduction was up to 20% for the Fucha Catchment and 25% for the Tunjuelo Catchment. Lastly, two scenarios were evaluated in terms of potential savings related to water supply and sewage fees. The implementation of strategies 3 and 6 insofar as these two strategies impacted the hydric resources. Therefore, there would be a significant reduction in contaminant loads and notable economic benefits attributable to implementing these strategies.

RESUMEN: Esta investigación tiene como propósito evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones en el mercado cambiario colombiano, utilizando el modelo teórico canal de coordinación bajo la metodología red neuronal de regresión cuantil. Con este objetivo se estima el efecto de los inversionistas no informados, informados y el emisor en diferentes cuantiles de la distribución del retorno de la tasa de cambio en el largo plazo. Se encuentra que la autoridad cambiaria tiene una mayor influencia en los cuantiles inferiores de la distribución, como son los de 5 y 25%, que recogen efectos asociados con la revaluación del peso. ABSTRACT: This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in the Colombian exchange market, bythe so-called coordination channel theoretical model using Quantile Regression Neural Network methodology. For this purpose, the effect of uninformed and informed investors was estimated, as well as that of the central bank at different quantiles on the return distribution of the exchange rate in the long-term. It was found that the exchange authority has a greater influence on the lower quantiles of the distribution, such as 5% and 25%, which reflect effects associated with the revaluation of the peso.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo La cocaina esta directamente relacionada con la aparicion de sindrome coronario agudo (SCA). Analizamos las caracteristicas diferenciales de los consumidores que presentan un SCA en nuestro medio. Material y metodos Estudio retrospectivo de 914 pacientes con SCA que ingresaron de forma consecutiva en nuestro hospital. Resultados Un total de 34 pacientes refirieron ser consumidores (3,7%, intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC del 95%], 2,7–5,2), con edad media (desviacion estandar [DE]) de 40,1 (9,1) anos, significativamente menor que en los no consumidores (63,6 [12,15] anos; p Conclusiones El enfermo con SCA y consumidor de cocaina es generalmente un varon joven, que con frecuencia consume otras drogas y con una menor prevalencia de factores de riesgo clasico, datos a tener en cuenta a la hora de tomar medidas preventivas y terapeuticas.

Este trabajo pretende examinar los determinantes de la cuenta corriente en Colombia entre 1950 y 1997 a partir del enfoque intertemporal. Este plantea, en su forma más simple, que las desviaciones transitorias del ingreso, del consumo privado y del consumo público, afectan positivamente, en el primer caso, y negativamente, en el segundo y tercero a la cuenta corriente. Esto es, los agentes económicos financian las caídas transitorias del producto y los aumentos del consumo, con respecto a sus niveles permanentes, mediante mayores ahorros externos, generando un déficit en cuenta corriente. La comprobación econométrica arroja evidencia favorable al enfoque intertemporal utilizado. Los movimientos de la cuenta corriente parecen estar más estrechamente asociados con las variaciones en el ahorro que en la inversión.

In the present work the author analyses the main exchange rate measures implemented in the country between 1990 and 1994 as well as their relation with the evolution of the Real Exchange Rate (RER). To determine the RER an IS-LM model is used which shows the government actions as factors affecting domestic interest rate, leading to international capital flows, which affect the level of RER.

The phenomenon La Niña caused flooding in Colombia during 2010 and 2011, especially in the upper basin of the Bogota River, this natural risk has produced major property damage and a decrease in socio-economic conditions in major urban and rural centers. For that reason, this paper presents a determination of the floodplain of the lower basin of the Rio Frio in the urban area of Chia Colombia by HEC RAS. The model allowed to determine the maximum water levels reached on the floodplain of the Rio Frio as it passes through the urban area of Chia, for return periods of rainfall of 2.33, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. Finally recommendations for the planning of the municipality in terms of these areas found are made.

The ATLAS Collaboration will upgrade its semiconductor pixel tracking detector with a new Insertable B-layer (IBL) between the existing pixel detector and the vacuum pipe of the Large Hadron Collider. The extreme operating conditions at this location have necessitated the development of new radiation hard pixel sensor technologies and a new front-end readout chip, called the FE-I4. Planar pixel sensors and 3D pixel sensors have been investigated to equip this new pixel layer, and prototype modules using the FE-I4A have been fabricated and characterized using 120 GeV pions at the CERN SPS and 4 GeV positrons at DESY, before and after module irradiation. Beam test results are presented, including charge collection efficiency, tracking efficiency and charge sharing., Comment: 45 pages, 30 figures, submitted to JINST

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los parámetros bioquímicos séricos de tilapias del Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linaje tailandés chitralada, producidas en un sistema de piscicultura intensiva y capturadas con atarraya. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 40 ejemplares por punción de la vena caudal. Los peces tenían un peso de 453 ± 52 g. Se determinó proteína total, albúmina, globulinas, ácido úrico, creatinina, urea, calcio, fósforo inorgánico, relación Ca/P, magnesio y fosfatasa alcalina. En un contexto general, los resultados mostraron parámetros semejantes a los establecidos para peces de escama, con excepción del ácido úrico. The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum biochemical parameters of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Thai Chitralada lineage, raised under an intensive pisciculture system and captured by the cast net technique. Blood samples from 40 individuals were obtained by caudal venopuncture. Mean body weight was 453 ± 52 g. The serum biochemical parameters evaluated were total protein, albumin, globulins, acid uric, creatinine, urea, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, Ca/P ratio, alkaline phosphatase, and magnesium. In general, the data showed similar parameters in comparison to those established for scale fish, exception of the acid uric. Objetivou-se a avaliação dos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagem tailandesa Chitralada, produzidas em sistema de piscicultura intensiva e capturadas por tarrafeamento. Amostras sanguíneas de 40 exemplares, pesando em média 453 ± 52 g, foram obtidas por venopunção caudal e posteriormente analisadas quanto às concentrações séricas de proteína total, albumina, globulinas, ácido úrico, creatinina, ureia, cálcio, fósforo inorgânico, relação Ca/P, magnésio e fosfatase alcalina. Em um contexto geral, os resultados evidenciaram parâmetros semelhantes aos estabelecidos para peixes de escama, com exceção do ácido úrico.

BACKGROUND: Various rates of alcoholism, drug abuse, mental illness, and suicide among physician have been reported, generally higher than those in the general population. Psychiatry residents, as other specializing physicians, seem to be prone to suffering them. The prevalence of psychological symptoms among psychiatry residents has not been formally studied. METHOD: The authors studied the presence, frequency, and severity of psychological symptoms among psychiatry residents from a public psychiatric hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. The SLC-90 was answered by 92 residents; data were analyzed by SAS software, and gender differences were established. Results were compared with data from a previous study realized in the general Mexican population. RESULTS: Interpersonal sensitivity, depression, obsessive-compulsive, and somatic worries were seen more frequently or more severely than other categories. Female residents reported symptoms more frequently. CONCLUSION: A significant portion of psychiatry residents reported psychological symptoms, although they described them as less frequent and less severe than found in the general Mexican population. In spite of this, interpersonal sensitivity was shown as the most severe symptomatic dimension in our sample, unlike findings in the general population. Language: en

RESUMEN: Es claro que para el buen desarrollo de las políticas públicas, es necesario un buen manejo de los recursos oficiales y mantener un presupuesto equilibrado que de lugar a tener una mejor focalización del gasto público social, al mismo tiempo que se provee un mayor grado de flexibilidad en la aplicación de políticas de gobierno en beneficio de la comunidad. En este ensayo, se exponen los principales componentes del comportamiento de las finanzas municipales del Municipio de Medellín en los últimos años, destacando las acciones emprendidas para lograr un manejo sano y equilibrado del presupuesto público. Básicamente, se describe el comportamiento del rubro de los ingresos municipales y su evolución con los recientes cambios en el marco legislativo y regulatorio nacional - Ley 617 de 2000 y Ley 819 de 2003-, además de contextualizar las finanzas del municipio dentro del ámbito nacional, departamental y regional. ABSTRACT: It is clear that for the good development of the public policies it is necessary a good handling of the official resources and to maintain a balanced budget that alouds to have a better focalization of the social public coast, at the same time that a greater degree of improvised flexibility is provided in the application of government policies in benefit of the community. In this essay are exposed the main components of the behavior of the municipal finances of the municipality of Medellin in the last years, emphasizing the undertaken actions to obtain a healthy and balanced handling of the public budget. The text describes the behavior of the heading of the municipal income and its evolution with the recent changes within the legislative and the regulatory national framework -Law 617 of 2000 and Law 819 of 2003-, besides contextualizing the finances of the finances of the municipality within the national, departmental and regional scope.

Pristimantis muchimuk sp. nov. (Figures 1–3) Common name in English: Muchimuk rain frog. Common name in Spanish: Ranita muchimuk. Holotype. MHNLS 19652, an adult female from the base camp of the Muchimuk-Expedition 2009, collected by Igor Elorza, Javier Mesa and Charles Brewer-Carías on a step of the northern face of Churi-tepui, 05º 16 ’ 45 ’’ N, 62 º 00´56 ’’ W, 2325 masl, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela (Fig. 4–5). Diagnosis. Pristimantis muchimuk is a small (SVL 25.2 mm) species that we place in the diverse Pristimantis unistrigatus group sensu Hedges et al. (2008), distinguished by Finger I shorter than Finger II, Toe V longer than Toe III, extending to the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, cranial crests absent, and vomerine teeth present. Pristimantis muchimuk is characterized by: (1) dorsal skin smooth to warty, warts smooth, low and flat (smooth in preservative), with a barely distinguishable middorsal raphe; ventral skin smooth; (2) tympanic annulus and membrane absent; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view, nearly truncate in profile; canthus rostralis rounded; (4) upper eyelid smooth, with one barely discernible tubercle on each eyelid; (5) choanae small, oval; vomerine dentigerous processes horizontal, small, posterior and medial to choanae, each bearing 3 teeth; tongue rounded posteriorly; (6) presence of vocal slits and nuptial pads not known; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; (8) fingers with lateral keels; (9) ulnar tubercles absent; (10) tarsal tubercles and calcars absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle oval, three times the size of the round outer metatarsal tubercle; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing between Toes III-IV-V; Toe V longer than Toe III; (13) in preservative, dorsal surfaces of body and limbs dark brown, almost black, with many small whithish spots; ventral surfaces dirty white, with brown melanophores concentrated on chin and throat. In life: dorsum black with many small yellow spots; flanks dark brown with pinkish white flecks; venter white. Comparison with other species. Pristimantis muchimuk (Fig. 1 A) is unique among congeners inhabiting the highlands and mountain slopes in the Western Guiana Shield (Venezuela and Guyana) by the following combination of characters: tympanum absent, skin on dorsum and venter smooth, only one ill-defined tubercle on each upper eyelid, fingers and toes with well-developed lateral fringes, basal webbing between Toes III–V, and dorsum dark brown with small yellow and pink spots (in life), which become white in preservative. The following Guayanan Pristimantis are compared with P. m u c h i m u k (characters of the new species in parentheses), as all are endemics from granitic or sandstone uplands or highlands (tepuis). Pristimantis auricarens (Myers & Donnelly) from Auyantepui has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate ventral skin (smooth), snout truncate to acutely rounded dorsally (rounded), rounded in profile (nearly truncate). Pristimantis avius (Myers & Donnelly) from Tamacuari, has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), distinct tympanum (absent), no lateral fringes on fingers (present), and females are larger, up to 33 mm (25 mm). Pristimantis cantitans (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yaví, has a visible tympanum (absent), upper eyelid with small warts (smooth, with only one barely distinguishable tubercle), small, low nonconical calcar tubercles (absent), lip bars present (absent), larger size, females up to 45 mm (25 mm), and an axillary tubercle (absent). Pristimantis dendrobatoides Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has verrucose dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), distinct tympanum (absent), black dorsum with several large red spots, ventral parts of hind limbs bright red in life (no red color). Pristimantis inguinalis (Parker) from the Guianas, has granular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), tubercles on eyelids (absent), and a yelloworange ocellus in cloacal region (absent). Pristimantis jester Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has a snout dorsally subovoid (rounded), and laterally rounded (nearly truncate); a concave canthus rostralis (rounded), no fringes on fingers or toes (present), the coloration include red on the flanks (no red). Pristimantis marahuaka (Fuentes & Barrio-Amorós) from Cerro Marahuaka is most similar morphologically (see Fuentes & Barrio-Amorós 2004); though it lacks webbing between toes (basal webbing present between toes III-V), subarticular tubercles are prominent (little notable), ventral skin areolate to granular (smooth), disc on finger II 2.4 times wider than adjacent phalanx (2.0), and different color, dorsum pale brown to yellowish brown in preservative, garnet brown in life with or without small silvery spots (dark brown with white spots); venter is dirty white or reticulated with brown (white). Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger) from lowlands, uplands and highlands of the Guiana Shield, has a tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), tympanum distinct (absent), limbs barred (without bars), and a different habitat, rain to cloud forests in lowland and uplands up to 1400 m of the Guiana Shield (vs. non-gramineous tubiform meadows on rocky summit on a single tepui at 2325 m). Pristimantis memorans (Myers & Donnelly) from Tamacuari has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate venter (smooth), tympanum distinct (absent), dark lip bars (absent), truncate finger discs (rounded). Pristimantis pruinatus (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yaví, has granular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate venter (smooth), tympanum small but visible (absent), lateral keels on fingers absent (present), and small, non-conical calcar tubercles (absent). Pristimantis pulvinatus (Rivero) from Sierra de Lema has many tubercles on dorsal surfaces (smooth), tympanum evident (absent), fingers and toes without lateral fringes (present), ulnar tubercles present (absent). Pristimantis saltissimus Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has snout profile subelliptical dorsally (rounded) and acuminate laterally (nearly truncate); canthus rostralis concave (rounded); fringes on fingers and toes absent (present) and no webbing between toes (present). Pristimantis sarisarinama Barrio-Amorós & Brewer-Carías from Sarisariñama-tepui, has dorsal skin shagreneed (slightly warty to smooth), ventral skin areolate (smooth), evident tympanum (absent), fingers without lateral keels (present), toes without webbing (present) and keels (present). Pristimantis yaviensis (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yaví, has flat tubercles on the upper eyelid (absent), and scattered warts on the dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth, warts absent), fingers and toes lacking fringes (present). Pristimantis yuruaniensis Rödder & Jungfer from Yuruani-tepui lacks vomerine dentigerous processes (present), has a small but distinct tympanum (absent), and fingers and toes lack lateral fringes (present). The other species of Pristimantis in the Guiana region belong to the Pristimantis conspicillatus Group (sensu Lynch & Duellman 1997; Hedges et al. 2008). These are P. chiastonotus, gutturalis, vilarsi, and zeuctotylus, which are widely distributed throughout the lowlands. All have a long snout and the first finger longer than the second. Description. Body slender (Fig. 1 B). Head slightly wider than body, slightly longer than wide; HL 39.2% of the SVL; rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 2 A), nearly truncate in profile (Fig. 2 B); nares not protuberant, directed laterally; canthus rostralis rounded, soft; loreal region concave; lips not protruding; one barely discernible tubercle on each eyelid, remainder of head without tubercles; interocular region barely wider tan upper eyelid width; temporal region almost vertical; supratympanic fold well defined, tympanic annulus and membrane absent. Choanae small, oval, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch, vomerine dentigerous processes barely distinguishable, transverse, posterior to level of choanae, bearing three teeth each; tongue rounded posteriorly. Skin on dorsum smooth, without tubercles; dorsal surfaces of limbs smooth, middorsal raphe barely distinguishable, anal sheath and tubercles in cloacal region absent; skin on flanks, throat, chest, belly and ventral surfaces of hind limbs smooth. Hand (Fig. 3 A) with a thenar tubercle ovoid; palmar tubercle deeply bifid; supernumerary tubercles present, large, low, non-protruding; subarticular tubercles round, little notable; fringes well developed on fingers; Finger I shorter than II (its length 87 % of II); relative length of fingers III>IV>II>I; finger discs expanded, rounded, on Fingers III and IV twice width of adjacent phalange; on Finger II 1.5 the width of adjacent phalange, and on Finger I slightly wider than adjacent phalange; all discs with ventral pads. Ulnar fold and tubercles absent. Foot length 40.4% of SVL (Fig. 3 B); calcar, tarsal tubercles, and tarsal fold absent. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 3 times size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles present, numerous, small; subarticular tubercles round, little notable; toes with well-developed dermal fringes; basal webbing between Toes III-IV-V; relative length of the toes IV>V>III>II>I; discs on toes round, smaller than those on fingers; disc on Toe IV slightly smaller than disc on Finger III. When adpressed, tip of disc on Toe V slightly surpasses distal subarticular tubercle of Toe IV; tip of disc on Toe III slightly surpasses penultimate subarticular tubercle of Toe IV. Color in preservative: dorsal surfaces of body and limbs uniform dark brown with profusely scattered small white spots; palmar surfaces of Fingers I and II dirty white, those of Fingers III and IV with many dark brown flecks; plantar surfaces of Toes I–III white, rest of plantar surfaces with dark brown flecks, darkest laterally; ventral surfaces dirty white with few brown flecks on belly and chest, and more profuse on throat. Iris gray; palpebral membrane with a profusion of melanophores inferiorly (Fig. 2 B). Color in life (from a color photograph; Fig. 1 A): dorsal ground color uniform reddish brown, with many small yellow, mostly round, spots dorsally and many small pinkish white spots on flanks and limbs. Venter white. Iris gray with fine black reticulation. Measurements of the holotype. SVL: 25.2; ShL: 12.4; FL: 10.2; HW: 9.1; HL: 9.9; UEW: 2.4; IOD: 2.6; ED: 3.0.7; FD: 1.2; T 4 D: 1.1; ETS: 4.1; 1 FiL: 2.9; 2 Fil: 3.3. Remarks. The holotype is slightly dehydrated (Fig. 1 B) because it was preserved directly in alcohol, without fixing it in formalin. Some characters are still easily observed (fringes on fingers and toes, folds on forearms and tarsi), but should be compared with future living conspecific individuals or specimens fixed in formalin. Distribution. The species is known only from Churi-tepui (Fig. 4), one of the 12 tepuis forming the Chimanta massif. The summit area of Churi-tepui is 47.5 km 2, whereas the total summit area of Chimanta is 623 km 2, and the slope area is 915 km 2 (McDiarmid & Donnelly 2005). To date, Pristimantis muchimuk is the only species of the genus described for the Chimanta massif. The species Eleutherodactylus sp. I mentioned by McDiarmid & Donnelly (2005) from Murey (= Eruoda) tepui in the Chimanta massif probably represent a different undescribed species (see Discussion). Fig. 5 shows the distribution of P. m u c h i m u k and the rest of Venezuelan species south of the Orinoco river except P. vilarsi (see distribution map in Barrio-Amorós & Molina 2006). Conservation. We recommend that the UICN status of P. m u c h i m u k must be Data Deficient (DD) (according to Stuart et al. 2008). Much research about the population status must be done in the Chimantá massif, but the new species seems to be rare, as we only found one specimen in four visits and Gorzula (1992) never found it. Habitat and Natural History. The single specimen was found after rain, during the day, on a leaf of a fallen Brochinnia hechtioides (Bromeliaceae). The frog was apparently disturbed by human activity, and consequently visible during daylight. The habitat is known as “Non-Gramineous tubiform meadows” (sensu Huber 1995) on a flat swampy surface, with a height of no more than one meter, and predominance of Brocchinia hechtioides, Orectanthe ptaritepuyana, Heliamphora heterodoxa, Pterozonium sp., and Drosera sp. In the vertical crevices nearby there is a dwarf forest of the dwarf tree Bonnetia roraimae with intermittent streams running in the rainy season. Etymology. Muchimuk refers to a demon in the mythology of the indigenous Pemon people. The demon has avian form, like a giant raptor, and takes humans and other beasts for food. It inhabits the summits of the Chimantá and Tramén tepuis. Muchimuk is also the name of the Expedition made in May 2009 to explore different galleries of the Charles Brewer cave system. The specific name is used as a noun in apposition.

Pristimantis muchimuk sp. nov. (Figures 1���3) Common name in English: Muchimuk rain frog. Common name in Spanish: Ranita muchimuk. Holotype. MHNLS 19652, an adult female from the base camp of the Muchimuk-Expedition 2009, collected by Igor Elorza, Javier Mesa and Charles Brewer-Car��as on a step of the northern face of Churi-tepui, 05�� 16 ��� 45 ������ N, 62 �� 00��56 ������ W, 2325 masl, Estado Bol��var, Venezuela (Fig. 4���5). Diagnosis. Pristimantis muchimuk is a small (SVL 25.2 mm) species that we place in the diverse Pristimantis unistrigatus group sensu Hedges et al. (2008), distinguished by Finger I shorter than Finger II, Toe V longer than Toe III, extending to the distal subarticular tubercle on Toe IV, cranial crests absent, and vomerine teeth present. Pristimantis muchimuk is characterized by: (1) dorsal skin smooth to warty, warts smooth, low and flat (smooth in preservative), with a barely distinguishable middorsal raphe; ventral skin smooth; (2) tympanic annulus and membrane absent; (3) snout rounded in dorsal view, nearly truncate in profile; canthus rostralis rounded; (4) upper eyelid smooth, with one barely discernible tubercle on each eyelid; (5) choanae small, oval; vomerine dentigerous processes horizontal, small, posterior and medial to choanae, each bearing 3 teeth; tongue rounded posteriorly; (6) presence of vocal slits and nuptial pads not known; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; (8) fingers with lateral keels; (9) ulnar tubercles absent; (10) tarsal tubercles and calcars absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle oval, three times the size of the round outer metatarsal tubercle; (12) toes with lateral fringes; basal webbing between Toes III-IV-V; Toe V longer than Toe III; (13) in preservative, dorsal surfaces of body and limbs dark brown, almost black, with many small whithish spots; ventral surfaces dirty white, with brown melanophores concentrated on chin and throat. In life: dorsum black with many small yellow spots; flanks dark brown with pinkish white flecks; venter white. Comparison with other species. Pristimantis muchimuk (Fig. 1 A) is unique among congeners inhabiting the highlands and mountain slopes in the Western Guiana Shield (Venezuela and Guyana) by the following combination of characters: tympanum absent, skin on dorsum and venter smooth, only one ill-defined tubercle on each upper eyelid, fingers and toes with well-developed lateral fringes, basal webbing between Toes III���V, and dorsum dark brown with small yellow and pink spots (in life), which become white in preservative. The following Guayanan Pristimantis are compared with P. m u c h i m u k (characters of the new species in parentheses), as all are endemics from granitic or sandstone uplands or highlands (tepuis). Pristimantis auricarens (Myers & Donnelly) from Auyantepui has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate ventral skin (smooth), snout truncate to acutely rounded dorsally (rounded), rounded in profile (nearly truncate). Pristimantis avius (Myers & Donnelly) from Tamacuari, has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), distinct tympanum (absent), no lateral fringes on fingers (present), and females are larger, up to 33 mm (25 mm). Pristimantis cantitans (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yav��, has a visible tympanum (absent), upper eyelid with small warts (smooth, with only one barely distinguishable tubercle), small, low nonconical calcar tubercles (absent), lip bars present (absent), larger size, females up to 45 mm (25 mm), and an axillary tubercle (absent). Pristimantis dendrobatoides Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has verrucose dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), distinct tympanum (absent), black dorsum with several large red spots, ventral parts of hind limbs bright red in life (no red color). Pristimantis inguinalis (Parker) from the Guianas, has granular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), tubercles on eyelids (absent), and a yelloworange ocellus in cloacal region (absent). Pristimantis jester Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has a snout dorsally subovoid (rounded), and laterally rounded (nearly truncate); a concave canthus rostralis (rounded), no fringes on fingers or toes (present), the coloration include red on the flanks (no red). Pristimantis marahuaka (Fuentes & Barrio-Amor��s) from Cerro Marahuaka is most similar morphologically (see Fuentes & Barrio-Amor��s 2004); though it lacks webbing between toes (basal webbing present between toes III-V), subarticular tubercles are prominent (little notable), ventral skin areolate to granular (smooth), disc on finger II 2.4 times wider than adjacent phalanx (2.0), and different color, dorsum pale brown to yellowish brown in preservative, garnet brown in life with or without small silvery spots (dark brown with white spots); venter is dirty white or reticulated with brown (white). Pristimantis marmoratus (Boulenger) from lowlands, uplands and highlands of the Guiana Shield, has a tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth), tympanum distinct (absent), limbs barred (without bars), and a different habitat, rain to cloud forests in lowland and uplands up to 1400 m of the Guiana Shield (vs. non-gramineous tubiform meadows on rocky summit on a single tepui at 2325 m). Pristimantis memorans (Myers & Donnelly) from Tamacuari has tubercular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate venter (smooth), tympanum distinct (absent), dark lip bars (absent), truncate finger discs (rounded). Pristimantis pruinatus (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yav��, has granular dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth) and areolate venter (smooth), tympanum small but visible (absent), lateral keels on fingers absent (present), and small, non-conical calcar tubercles (absent). Pristimantis pulvinatus (Rivero) from Sierra de Lema has many tubercles on dorsal surfaces (smooth), tympanum evident (absent), fingers and toes without lateral fringes (present), ulnar tubercles present (absent). Pristimantis saltissimus Means & Savage, from Wokomung, Guyana, has snout profile subelliptical dorsally (rounded) and acuminate laterally (nearly truncate); canthus rostralis concave (rounded); fringes on fingers and toes absent (present) and no webbing between toes (present). Pristimantis sarisarinama Barrio-Amor��s & Brewer-Car��as from Sarisari��ama-tepui, has dorsal skin shagreneed (slightly warty to smooth), ventral skin areolate (smooth), evident tympanum (absent), fingers without lateral keels (present), toes without webbing (present) and keels (present). Pristimantis yaviensis (Myers & Donnelly) from Cerro Yav��, has flat tubercles on the upper eyelid (absent), and scattered warts on the dorsal skin (slightly warty to smooth, warts absent), fingers and toes lacking fringes (present). Pristimantis yuruaniensis R��dder & Jungfer from Yuruani-tepui lacks vomerine dentigerous processes (present), has a small but distinct tympanum (absent), and fingers and toes lack lateral fringes (present). The other species of Pristimantis in the Guiana region belong to the Pristimantis conspicillatus Group (sensu Lynch & Duellman 1997; Hedges et al. 2008). These are P. chiastonotus, gutturalis, vilarsi, and zeuctotylus, which are widely distributed throughout the lowlands. All have a long snout and the first finger longer than the second. Description. Body slender (Fig. 1 B). Head slightly wider than body, slightly longer than wide; HL 39.2% of the SVL; rounded in dorsal view (Fig. 2 A), nearly truncate in profile (Fig. 2 B); nares not protuberant, directed laterally; canthus rostralis rounded, soft; loreal region concave; lips not protruding; one barely discernible tubercle on each eyelid, remainder of head without tubercles; interocular region barely wider tan upper eyelid width; temporal region almost vertical; supratympanic fold well defined, tympanic annulus and membrane absent. Choanae small, oval, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary arch, vomerine dentigerous processes barely distinguishable, transverse, posterior to level of choanae, bearing three teeth each; tongue rounded posteriorly. Skin on dorsum smooth, without tubercles; dorsal surfaces of limbs smooth, middorsal raphe barely distinguishable, anal sheath and tubercles in cloacal region absent; skin on flanks, throat, chest, belly and ventral surfaces of hind limbs smooth. Hand (Fig. 3 A) with a thenar tubercle ovoid; palmar tubercle deeply bifid; supernumerary tubercles present, large, low, non-protruding; subarticular tubercles round, little notable; fringes well developed on fingers; Finger I shorter than II (its length 87 % of II); relative length of fingers III>IV>II>I; finger discs expanded, rounded, on Fingers III and IV twice width of adjacent phalange; on Finger II 1.5 the width of adjacent phalange, and on Finger I slightly wider than adjacent phalange; all discs with ventral pads. Ulnar fold and tubercles absent. Foot length 40.4% of SVL (Fig. 3 B); calcar, tarsal tubercles, and tarsal fold absent. Inner metatarsal tubercle oval, 3 times size of round outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary tubercles present, numerous, small; subarticular tubercles round, little notable; toes with well-developed dermal fringes; basal webbing between Toes III-IV-V; relative length of the toes IV>V>III>II>I; discs on toes round, smaller than those on fingers; disc on Toe IV slightly smaller than disc on Finger III. When adpressed, tip of disc on Toe V slightly surpasses distal subarticular tubercle of Toe IV; tip of disc on Toe III slightly surpasses penultimate subarticular tubercle of Toe IV. Color in preservative: dorsal surfaces of body and limbs uniform dark brown with profusely scattered small white spots; palmar surfaces of Fingers I and II dirty white, those of Fingers III and IV with many dark brown flecks; plantar surfaces of Toes I���III white, rest of plantar surfaces with dark brown flecks, darkest laterally; ventral surfaces dirty white with few brown flecks on belly and chest, and more profuse on throat. Iris gray; palpebral membrane with a profusion of melanophores inferiorly (Fig. 2 B). Color in life (from a color photograph; Fig. 1 A): dorsal ground color uniform reddish brown, with many small yellow, mostly round, spots dorsally and many small pinkish white spots on flanks and limbs. Venter white. Iris gray with fine black reticulation. Measurements of the holotype. SVL: 25.2; ShL: 12.4; FL: 10.2; HW: 9.1; HL: 9.9; UEW: 2.4; IOD: 2.6; ED: 3.0.7; FD: 1.2; T 4 D: 1.1; ETS: 4.1; 1 FiL: 2.9; 2 Fil: 3.3. Remarks. The holotype is slightly dehydrated (Fig. 1 B) because it was preserved directly in alcohol, without fixing it in formalin. Some characters are still easily observed (fringes on fingers and toes, folds on forearms and tarsi), but should be compared with future living conspecific individuals or specimens fixed in formalin. Distribution. The species is known only from Churi-tepui (Fig. 4), one of the 12 tepuis forming the Chimanta massif. The summit area of Churi-tepui is 47.5 km 2, whereas the total summit area of Chimanta is 623 km 2, and the slope area is 915 km 2 (McDiarmid & Donnelly 2005). To date, Pristimantis muchimuk is the only species of the genus described for the Chimanta massif. The species Eleutherodactylus sp. I mentioned by McDiarmid & Donnelly (2005) from Murey (= Eruoda) tepui in the Chimanta massif probably represent a different undescribed species (see Discussion). Fig. 5 shows the distribution of P. m u c h i m u k and the rest of Venezuelan species south of the Orinoco river except P. vilarsi (see distribution map in Barrio-Amor��s & Molina 2006). Conservation. We recommend that the UICN status of P. m u c h i m u k must be Data Deficient (DD) (according to Stuart et al. 2008). Much research about the population status must be done in the Chimant�� massif, but the new species seems to be rare, as we only found one specimen in four visits and Gorzula (1992) never found it. Habitat and Natural History. The single specimen was found after rain, during the day, on a leaf of a fallen Brochinnia hechtioides (Bromeliaceae). The frog was apparently disturbed by human activity, and consequently visible during daylight. The habitat is known as ���Non-Gramineous tubiform meadows��� (sensu Huber 1995) on a flat swampy surface, with a height of no more than one meter, and predominance of Brocchinia hechtioides, Orectanthe ptaritepuyana, Heliamphora heterodoxa, Pterozonium sp., and Drosera sp. In the vertical crevices nearby there is a dwarf forest of the dwarf tree Bonnetia roraimae with intermittent streams running in the rainy season. Etymology. Muchimuk refers to a demon in the mythology of the indigenous Pemon people. The demon has avian form, like a giant raptor, and takes humans and other beasts for food. It inhabits the summits of the Chimant�� and Tram��n tepuis. Muchimuk is also the name of the Expedition made in May 2009 to explore different galleries of the Charles Brewer cave system. The specific name is used as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Barrio-Amor��s, C��sar L., Brewer-Car��as, Javier Mesa Charles & Mcdiarmid, Roy W., 2010, A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana, pp. 35-44 in Zootaxa 2483 on pages 36-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195474, {"references":["Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New world direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana). Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182.","Fuentes, O. & Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (2004) A new Eleutherodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Marahuaka tepui, Amazonas, Venezuela. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 28, 285 - 290.","Lynch, J. D. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) in Western Ecuador: Systematics, Ecology and Biogeography. University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Special Publications, 23, 1 - 236.","McDiarmid, R. W. & Donnelly, A. (2005) The herpetofauna of the Guayana Highlands: amphibians and reptiles of the Lost World, 461 - 560. In: Donnelly, M. A., Crother, B. I., Guyer, C., Wake, M. H. & White, M. E. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics: A Herpetological Perspective, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.","Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Rivas, G. & Kaiser, H. (2006) New species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from the Peninsula de Paria, Venezuela. Journal of Herpetology, 40, 371 - 377.","Stuart, S. N., Hoffman, M., Chanson, J., Cox, N., Berridge, R., Ramani, P. & Young, B. (Eds.) (2008) Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Editions, Barcelona, Spain; IUCN, Gland. Switzerland; Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, U. S. A.","Huber, O. (1995) Vegetation, 97 - 160. In: Berry, P. E. Holst, B. K. & Yatskievych, K. (Eds). Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 1. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon."]}

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Brewer-Carías, Javier Mesa Charles, Mcdiarmid, Roy W. (2010): A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana. Zootaxa 2483: 35-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195474

El estudio del deporte desde la perspectiva económica ha logrado importancia en los círculos académicos, especialmente por su reconocimiento como un sector económico con las mismas características de los sectores tradicionales. Consecuentemente, y ante la inexistencia de estudios que intenten valorar el deporte en la economía colombiana, este artículo tiene como objetivo central presentar una propuesta metodológica de Cuentas Satélite para el deporte en Colombia. En este sentido, nuestra principal contribución es el diseño teórico de un sistema contable, basado en el Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de la ONU, capaz de explicar el comportamiento de las actividades económicas en el deporte, partiendo de los flujos circulatorios de la renta y el producto. Sports economics has acquired relevance among scholars and as a field because of the salience of sports as an economic sector. Parting from this idea and a lack of studies measuring the value of sports in the Colombian economy, this paper proposes a Satellite Accounts methodology for valuing sports in Colombia. Hence, the main contribution of this study is a theoretical design of an accounting system based on the Nationals Accounts System of the United Nations. Also, following a circular flow of income and product approach, this framework depicts the main economic activities related to sports in Colombia. L'étude du sport dans une perspective économique a gagné d'importance dans les milieux académiques en tant que secteur économique. Etant donnée l'inexistence d'études concernant l'impact du sport dans l'économie colombienne, cet article présente une proposition méthodologique pour mettre en place un compte national satellite pour mesurer le sport en Colombie. Pour ce faire, nous présentons un cadre théorique basé le Système de Comptabilité Nationale de l'ONU, lequel est capable d'expliquer le comportement des principales activités économiques existantes à l'intérieur de l'activité sportive, tout en respectant l'idée d'un flux entre le revenu et le produit.

RESUMEN: Este artículo presenta una síntesis de las políticas de fomento a las exportaciones, de las características más relevantes que han incidido en el comportamiento y composición de las exportaciones no tradicionales en Chile entre los años 1974-1995. El principal hecho que se destaca es la notable participación que hoy en día tiene aquellas en la canasta exportadora del país. No obstante, su desarrollo está basado en el aprovechamiento de las ventajas comparativas dinámicas propias de la utilización de recursos naturales procesados de carácter agotable. ABSTRACT: This article presents a synthesis from the perspective of exports promotion policies, the most outstanding features that have had incidence both on the performance and composition of non traditional exports in Chile Between 1974 and 1995. The main fact emphasized is that nowadays those exports have a notable participation in the overall exports of the country. Nevertheless, their development is based on the utilization of the dynamic comparative advantages proper when using processed non renewable natural resources.

Este trabajo pretende examinar los determinantes de la cuenta corriente en Colombia entre 1950 y 1997 a partir del enfoque intertemporal. Este plantea, en su forma más simple, que las desviaciones transitorias del ingreso, del consumo privado y del consumo público, afectan positivamente, en el primer caso, y negativamente, en el segundo y tercero a la cuenta corriente. Esto es, los agentes económicos financian las caídas transitorias del producto y los aumentos del consumo, con respecto a sus niveles permanentes, mediante mayores ahorros externos, generando un déficit en cuenta corriente. La comprobación econométrica arroja evidencia favorable al enfoque intertemporal utilizado. Los movimientos de la cuenta corriente parecen estar más estrechamente asociados con las variaciones en el ahorro que en la inversión. Palabras Clave: Endeudamiento externo, suavización del consumo, choques exógenos, decisiones intertemporales.

Temperature is a key parameter due to its impact on timing, energy, and reliability. A setup to measure temperature in runtime with high spatial and temporal resolution would help to study the thermal behavior of processors. Currently, Infrared Thermography infrastructures has been developed to measure the temperature in real-time. Since the infrared opaque metal heat sinks need to be replaced with an infrared transparent heat sink in these setups, oil based cooling solutions have been proposed. However, oil is not a representative of a metal heat sink because measurement with oil based cooling can change the thermal behavior of the processor. In this paper, we discuss a representative oil based cooling solution, and show that it has the same thermal response as a metal heat sink.

RESUMEN: Este artículo se enmarca en el análisis del comportamiento de la tasa de cambio nominal bajo el régimen de bandas que se observó en Colombia entre el 24 de enero de 1994 y el 24 de septiembre de 1999. El propósito principal es caracterizar los regímenes que registró la tasa de cambio nominal en este período (devaluación o revaluación) y la ley que gobernó su transición, a través de un sistema de cadenas de Markov. Concretamente, se utiliza el modelo de tendencias estocásticas segmentadas desarrollado en 1990 por James D. Hamilton y se modela la tasa de cambio semanal como si fuera generada por uno de los regímenes señalados. ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the nominal exchange rate's behavior under a target zone regime that was used in Colombia between the 24th of january and the 24th of september of 1999. The main purpose is to characterize the regimes that the nominal exchange rate registered during this period (devaluation or revaluation) and the law that determined its transition, using a Markow chained system. Specifically, we use a stochastic segmented trend model developed in 1990 by James D. Hamilton and use a stochastic segmented trend model developed in 1990 by James D. Hamilton and use model the weekly nominal exchange rate as if it were generated by the mentioned regimes.

Cocaine is directly related to the occurrence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We analyzed the differential characteristics of consumers who suffer an ACS in our environment.A retrospective study of 914 patients with ACS who entered consecutively to our hospital.Thirty four patients were consumers (3.7%, CI95%: 2.7-5.2), with an average age of 40.1+/-9.1 years, significantly lower than non-consumers (63.6+/-12.15 years, P.001). The prevalence increased progressively in younger groups. Most were men (82.4%), with higher consumption of tobacco (88.2% vs. 34.2%, P.001) and other illegal drugs (35.3% vs 0.9%, P.001). By contrast, they had less frequently hypertension (26.5 vs. 60.5%, P.001) or diabetes (11.7 vs. 39.8%, P.001). There was single vessel disease in 44.1%, and a coronary angiography without significant lesions in 20.6% cases.The typical patient with ACS who consumes cocaine is usually a young man, who often takes other drugs and with a lower prevalence of classic risk factors. These data have to be taken into account when considering preventive and therapeutic manoeuvres.