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This study explores the stability of biomechanical parameters of the running stride of male trained athletes during a half-marathon competition. Using a field-based descriptive design, eight male athletes from a local training group were monitored throughout an official half-marathon race under identical conditions, assessing biomechanical parameters including ground contact time (GCT), leg spring stiffness (LSS), vertical oscillation (VO), and stride length (SL) recorded via the Stryd Summit Power Meter. A repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) was conducted to detect significant changes in biomechanical parameters as the race progressed. Results demonstrated minimal changes in all parameters, with no significant differences observed for GCT (F = 0.96, p = 0.38), VO (F = 0.23, p = 0.87), and SL (F = 1.07, p = 0.35), and a small (η2 = 0.004) yet statistically significant difference in LSS (F = 5.52, p = 0.03) between the first and second segments, indicating that athletes were able to maintain stable biomechanical parameters throughout the race. The conclusion highlights the need for personalized training programs tailored to the unique biomechanical adaptations and demands of endurance running.

The differences in power meters and gestures between cycling and running can have an impact on determining Critical Power (CP) intensity in each sport. CP is a concept that has been extensively researched in cycling, but with the advent of power measurement in running, it can now be examined in that discipline as well. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether power output at CP intensity is interchangeable between cycling and running segments measured with their respective discipline-specific power meters. A group of 18 trained triathletes (age 33.0 ± 11.1 years, height 1.75 ± 0.06 m, body mass 71.2 ± 7.1 kg) performed a CP test in cycling (3-min All-Out Test) and running (9/3-min Stryd CP Test). The main results of the present study showed significant differences (p < 0.001) between CP in cycling and running. The running CP (301.8 W ± 41.5 W) was 20.2% overestimated compared with the cycling CP (251.1 W ± 37.0 W). Cycling power only explained 26.7% of the running power (R2 = 0.267; p = 0.284). Therefore, power would not be interchangeable between the cycling and running disciplines at CP intensity. In conclusion, it would be necessary to carry out a specific test for each discipline to be able to make a correct determination of CP.

The ability to generate force in the lower body can be considered a performance factor in sports. This study aims to analyze the test–retest and between-device reliability related to the location on the body of the inertial measurement unit Vmaxpro for the estimation of vertical jump. Eleven highly trained female athletes performed 220 countermovement jumps (CMJ). Data were simultaneously captured by two Vmaxpro units located between L4 and L5 vertebrae (hip method) and on top of the tibial malleolus (ankle method). Intrasession reliability was higher for ankle (ICC = 0.96; CCC = 0.93; SEM = 1.0 cm; CV = 4.64%) than hip (ICC = 0.91; CCC = 0.92; SEM = 3.4 cm; CV = 5.13%). In addition, sensitivity was higher for ankle (SWC = 0.28) than for the hip method (SWC = 0.40). The noise of the measurement (SEM) was higher than the worthwhile change (SWC), indicating lack of ability to detect meaningful changes. The agreement between methods was moderate (rs = 0.84; ICC = 0.77; CCC = 0.25; SEM = 1.47 cm). Significant differences were detected between methods (−8.5 cm, p < 0.05, ES = 2.2). In conclusion, the location of the device affects the measurement by underestimating CMJ on ankle. Despite the acceptable consistency of the instrument, the results of the reliability analysis reveal a significant magnitude of both random and systematic error. As such, the Vmaxpro should not be considered a reliable instrument for measuring CMJ.

This study aimed to determine the criterion validity of the ADR jumping photocell when compared to a motion capture system and to examine the within-session test–retest reliability of the instrument. Thirteen highly trained female volleyball players performed ten countermovement jumps (CMJ) with two minutes rest in-between trials. Jumps were recorded simultaneously by both devices to compare the outcomes. The main results showed significant mean differences between devices (10.6 cm, p < 0.001; ES = 0.9), high Spearman’s correlations (ρ = 0.95), weak CCC (0.25), and SEE = 0.92 cm. Bland–Altman’s plot indicated high systematic errors (10.5 cm), heteroscedasticity of error (slope = 0.026), and all values included among the limits of agreement. The within-session reliability (internal consistency) was very high (ICC = 0.96; CCC = 0.94; SEM = 1.18 cm; CV = 4.21%). In addition, the sensitivity of the instrument showed values of SWC = 0.33 cm. In conclusion, ADR jumping is a valid instrument for the estimation of CMJ in highly trained female volleyball players. Furthermore, the instrument is shown to be a consistent tool in the measurement of CMJ.

To date, the performance in triathlon has been measured through time or position. Although this is what defines the medals and the goal of the competition, it can have some limitations. As an alternative, the purpose of this study is to assess the degree of concordance of performance between each of the triathlon disciplines with overall performance through the triathlon performance indicator for the Olympic distance event. The official results from the World Triathlon Series for Olympic distance events from 2000 to 2019 were examined. A total of 11,263 entries were analysed, 6273 corresponding to elite men and 4990 to elite women. Moderate agreement was found between the running performance and overall performance in both elite men ICCa = 0.538 and elite women ICCa = 0.581. Moreover, moderate agreement was found between swimming performance and overall performance in both elite men ICCa = 0.640 and elite women ICCa = 0.613. Finally, good agreement was found between cycling performance and overall performance also in both elite men ICCa = 0.777 and elite women ICCa = 0.816. The main results of the present study show that the cycling performance indicator could be an alternative to anticipate the overall performance in the competition for the Olympic distance event.

The purpose of the study was to assess how the modification of biomechanical parameters influences the performance of elite triathletes. Four elite international triathletes participated in this study. The anthropometric method ISAK was used to estimate the triathlete’s body composition. For the physiological and biomechanical parameters, a running test (RT) was performed on an outdoor track, with the participants wearing the Stryd Summit Footpod (Stryd, Boulder, CO, USA). The pre-test took place in the last week of an adaptation mesocycle; then, after 29 weeks of training, the triathletes performed the post-test. A within-subject repeated measures design was used to assess changes in the anthropometric, physiological and biomechanical parameters. Pearson correlations (r) were applied to determine the relationship between the performance at different intensities (VT1, VT2 and MAS) and the biomechanical parameters. Concerning the anthropometric characteristics, significant differences were found in the summation (Σ) of skinfold (8.1 cm); as a consequence, the % fat mass was reduced (1.2%). Significant differences were found in the physiological values (VO2 and % VO2max), speed and biomechanical parameters, such as step length normalized, to the specific physiological intensity of the short-distance triathlon, the VT2. Therefore, performance improvement in the running segment could not only be explained by physiological changes, but also by biomechanical parameters changes.

El cross country es una modalidad del ciclismo de mountain bike (MTB), cuyas competiciones se caracterizan por dar un determinado número de vueltas a un circuito con una distancia desde 6-9km hasta 40-200km. En estos eventos, es importante planificar una estrategia dietético-nutricional para mitigar la aparición de resultados adversos relacionados con la nutrición. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la planificación dietético-nutricional de un ciclista de MTB que disputa una competición de cross country. El ciclista es un varón de 27 años (VO2max=74.46 ml•kg-1•min-1; PAM=420W; altura=1.81m; peso=78.6kg; % masa grasa=9.47, sumatorio de pliegues=61.9mm) con 3 años de experiencia en el entrenamiento y competición de pruebas MTB a nivel regional. La intervención tuvo lugar en el gabinete Alinua de la Universidad de Alicante, cuya finalidad fue mejorar la composición corporal y elaborar una programación dietético-nutricional para disputar una carrera de MTB el 23-2-2020 en la provincia de Alicante. La intervención incluía las recomendaciones para deportistas de resistencia y se dividió en un periodo de preparación, periodo de 3 semanas previas a la carrera y periodo competitivo. El participante realizó satisfactoriamente la prueba, se adhirió a la planificación, y no manifestó ningún problema. Para un ciclista, afrontar un evento de estas características con éxito requiere de un asesoramiento teórico-práctico y una programación dietético-nutricional de manera individualizada que trate de contribuir nutricionalmente antes, durante y después de la práctica del ejercicio, así como aminorar la posible aparición de contratiempos que puedan poner en riesgo el rendimiento y la salud. Abstract. Cross Country is a modality of mountain bike cycling (MTB), whose competitions are characterized by giving a certain number of laps to a circuit with a distance from 6-9km to 40-200km. In these events, it is important to plan a dietetic-nutritional strategy to mitigate the appearance of nutrition-related adverse outcomes. The purpose of the study was to plan the dietetic-nutritional planning of a MTB cyclist who competes in a Cross Country competition. The cyclist is a 27-year-old male (VO2max=74.46 ml•kg-1•min-1; MAP=420W; height=1.81m; weight=78.6kg; % fat mass=9.47; sum of 8 skinfolds=61.9mm) with 3 years of experience in training and competing in MTB events at a regional level. The intervention took place in the Alinua cabinet of the University of Alicante, whose purpose was to improve the body composition and to elaborate a dietetic-nutritional program to dispute a MTB race on 23-2-2020 in the province of Alicante. The intervention included the recommendations for endurance athletes and was divided into a preparation period, a period of 3 weeks before the race and a competitive period. Finally, the participant successfully completed the race according to the planning and did not manifest any problems. For a cyclist, facing an event of these characteristics successfully requires theoretical-practical advice and dietary-nutritional programming in an individualized way that tries to contribute at a nutritional level before, during and after physical exercise, as well as to reduce the possible appearance of setbacks that may jeopardize performance and health.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es cuantificar y analizar la carga de entrenamiento y competición de los jugadores de un equipo profesional de baloncesto de la categoría LEB Oro. Durante el estudio se han llevado a cabo procesos de análisis de carga objetiva y subjetiva mediante cuestionarios diarios de escalas de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) y control de minutos totales de entrenamiento y competición, obteniendo variables de carga media, semanal y total, índices de monotonía y fatiga y ratio de carga aguda-crónica. Se cuantificó la carga de entrenamiento y competición de 10 jugadores de un mismo equipo profesional (edad = 27.2 ± 5.3 años; altura = 196.4 ± 8.7 cm; peso = 91.1 ± 12.3 kg) diferenciando entre bases, exteriores (escoltas y aleros) e interiores (ala-pívots y pívots) durante 21 semanas de entrenamiento. Los resultados principales del presente estudio mostraron mayor percepción de la carga para la posición de los bases en comparación con los interiores y exteriores. La mayoría de los jugadores de la plantilla se mantuvieron durante toda la primera vuelta en un estado de forma óptimo o sweet point, lo que supone una disminución del estado de fatiga y riesgo de lesión, debido a este seguimiento y control de la carga. Este estudio servirá a entrenadores y preparadores físicos a la hora de elegir diferentes herramientas para realizar una correcta cuantificación e interpretación de la carga de entrenamiento en un deporte de equipo como el baloncesto. Abstract. The main purpose of this study was to quantify and analyze the training and competition load of the players of a professional basketball team in “LEB Oro” category. During the study, objective and subjective load analysis processes have been carried out through daily Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) questionnaires and control of total training and competition minutes, getting variables of average, weekly and total load, training monotony and training fatigue indexes and acute: chronic workload ratio. The training and competition load of 10 players from the same professional team (age = 27.2 ± 5.3 years; height = 196.4 ± 8.7 cm; weight = 91.1 ± 12.3 kg) was quantified by differentiating point guards, perimeter players (shooting guards and forwards) and inside players (center and power forward) during 21 weeks of training. The main results of the present study showed a greater perception of the load for the position of the point guards in comparison with the inside players and perimeter players. Most of the players in the squad were kept in an optimal or sweet point state throughout the first part of the season, which means a decrease in the fatigue and risk of injury due to this monitoring and control of the load. This study will be useful for coaches and physical trainers when choosing different tools to carry out a correct quantification and interpretation of the training load in a team sport such as basketball.

El conocimiento de las distintas partes que forman las sesiones de Educación Física, así como su definición, aporta información relevante para facilitar el trabajo y el entendimiento del docente a la hora de organizar las sesiones de manera eficiente. El objetivo de la presente investigación es conocer cuáles son las diferentes partes que estructuran la sesión de Educación Física y sus características. Por otro lado, se pretende unificar estos criterios con el fin de establecer una propuesta terminológica, eficaz y funcional. Siguiendo la estructura del protocolo PRISMA, se realizó una revisión sistemática de las bases de datos de WEB OF SCIENCE y ERIC. Además, se utilizaron otras fuentes de información, Dialnet, Cafyd, Retos, Google Schoolar y los repositorios de Alicante, Elche, Valencia, Madrid y Barcelona. Se obtuvieron 16 publicaciones de 10 autores, donde se dividían las sesiones en distintas partes y se definían cada una de ellas. Tras la revisión y análisis de los datos obtenidos, se considera que todos los autores que aparecen en esta revisión aportan distintas clasificaciones y definiciones de las partes de la sesión de Educación Física, con el fin de optimizar el tiempo en las sesiones de Educación Física gracias al uso de esa terminología. Summary. The knowledge of the different parts that make up the Physical Education lessons, as well as their definition, provides relevant information to facilitate the teacher's work and understanding when organizing the sessions efficiently. The objective of the present investigation is to know what the different parts that structure the Physical Education lesson are and its characteristics. On the other hand, it is intended to unify these criteria in order to establish a terminological, effective and functional proposal. Following the structure of the PRISMA protocol, a systematic review of the WEB OF SCIENCE and ERIC databases was carried out. In addition to this, other sources of information were used, Dialnet, Cafyd, Retos, Google Schoolar and the repositories of Alicante, Elche, Valencia, Madrid and Barcelona. 16 publications were obtained from 10 authors, where the lessons were divided into different parts and each one was defined. After reviewing and analyzing the data obtained, it is considered that all the authors that appear in this review provide different classifications and definitions of the parts of the Physical Education lesson, in order to optimize time in Physical Education sessions thanks to the use of that terminology.

El proyecto de investigación de más rango científico y con los mayores recursos dedicados al estudio de la educación escolar en el Programa Marco de la Unión Europea: INCLUD-ED, muestra que las prácticas de las escuelas de éxito en Europa están en la línea del enfoque dialógico del aprendizaje. En un centro educativo donde el alumnado pertenece a 36 nacionalidades diferentes, se propone la implantación de formas dialógicas de organización en el aula como los grupos interactivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el tipo de agrupación en el aula mediante grupos interactivos para comprobar, por un lado, su impacto sobre la motivación y la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en el ejercicio, y por otro, en qué medida influyen estos grupos interactivos sobre el aprendizaje teórico. Para esto, 113 participantes en la asignatura de Educación Física de tercero y cuarto de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria recibieron dos clases mediante organizaciones diferentes del aula, una organización tradicional (TRAD) a modo de grupo de control y otra de grupos interactivos (GIN) respectivamente. Se evaluó el grado de satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en el ejercicio, el grado de motivación y la adquisición de conocimientos teóricos específicos de la asignatura. Los resultados muestran tanto mejoras a nivel de conocimientos teóricos, como una mayor satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en el ejercicio y motivación intrínseca de GIN frente a TRAD. Abstract. The research project with the highest scientific rank and the greatest resources dedicated to the study of school education in the European Union's Framework Programme: INCLUD-ED, shows that the practices of successful schools in Europe are in line with the dialogical approach to learning. In an educational school where students belong to 36 different nationalities, the implementation of dialogical forms of organization in the classroom, such as interactive groups, is proposed. The present study aimed to analyze the type of grouping in the classroom through interactive groups in order to check, on the one hand, their impact on motivation and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and on the other hand, to what extent these interactive groups influence theoretical learning. For this purpose, 113 participants in the subject of Physical Education, from third and fourth year of Compulsory Secondary Education, received two classes through different classroom organizations: a traditional organization (TRAD) as a control group, and with interactive groups (GIN), respectively. The degree of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the degree of motivation, and the acquisition of specific theoretical knowledge of the subject were evaluated. The results show both improvements in theoretical knowledge and greater satisfaction of basic psychological needs and intrinsic motivation of GIN compared to TRAD.