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In this article, we introduce a sociolinguistic perspective on language modeling. We claim that language models in general are inherently modeling varieties of language, and we consider how this insight can inform the development and deployment of language models. We begin by presenting a technical definition of the concept of a variety of language as developed in sociolinguistics. We then discuss how this perspective could help us better understand five basic challenges in language modeling: social bias, domain adaptation, alignment, language change, and scale. We argue that to maximize the performance and societal value of language models it is important to carefully compile training corpora that accurately represent the specific varieties of language being modeled, drawing on theories, methods, and descriptions from the field of sociolinguistics.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risks of maternal, placental, and neonatal complications. Previously, we found that a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) prevents increased maternal triglyceridemia and placental proinflammatory markers in a cohort of GDM patients. The aim of this work was to evaluate maternal circulating markers of insulin resistance, placental collagen, glycogen and lipid levels, and placental levels of proteins, mRNAs, and a microRNA involved in the endocytic pathway in the same cohort of control women and women with GDM who received or did not receive a diet enriched in EVOO (36 g/day) from weeks 24 to 28 of pregnancy until term.ResultsAt term, the TG/HDL cholesterol ratio, fatty acid binding protein 4 circulating levels, and maternal BMI were increased in the GDM patients, alterations prevented by the maternal diet enriched in EVOO. Although there were no changes in placental lipid levels and lipid profile, GDM placentas were thicker than controls and showed increased glycogen and collagen content, alterations prevented by the EVOO enriched diet. GDM placentas showed increases in megalin levels, in the expression of several genes involved in the endocytic pathway, and in miR-199, which targets these genes, alterations prevented by the maternal diet enriched in EVOO.ConclusionsWe identified novel beneficial effects of an EVOO-enriched diet in GDM women, a diet capable of regulating maternal insulin resistance, the structure and metabolism of the placenta, and the placental endocytic pathway, suggesting effects that may be beneficial for fetal development.

Introducción: el OLIDIAG es un estudio multicéntrico que se realiza el marco del Comité de Diabetes y Embarazo de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes y centros invitados. Objetivos: identificar si la adición a la dieta habitual de tres cucharadas soperas de aceite de oliva extra virgen en mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) conduce a una mejora en parámetros del metabolismo hidrocarbonado y lipídico materno, la ganancia de peso gestacional y resultados maternos y neonatales. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se encuentra en ejecución, con la incorporación hasta el momento de 145 pacientes reclutadas y asignadas aleatoriamente a los grupos con adición de aceite de oliva extra virgen (grupo DMG-Oliva) y sin adición (grupo DMG). De estas pacientes, 64 ya finalizaron su embarazo y tienen completa la carga de formularios clínicos y nutricionales generados específicamente para el presente estudio. Resultados: se realizó un análisis preliminar de los datos de estas pacientes que finalizaron su embarazo. Al ingreso al estudio (semanas 26,6±0,3 de embarazo) los grupos DMG y DMG-oliva no mostraron diferencias en la edad materna, peso, IMC, glucemia en ayunas, glucemia poscarga y perfil lipídico. En el grupo DMG-oliva la adherencia al tratamiento dietario fue buena en un 76% de población evaluada. Al comparar los grupos DMG y DMG-oliva a término del embarazo (semana 37) no se observaron cambios en los parámetros evaluados del metabolismo hidrocarbonado, pero si una reducción significativa de la trigliceridemia y el colesterol total en el grupo DMG-oliva en relación al control (p

The fetal pancreas develops during the first trimester of pregnancy. The clinical history of the patient Iris shows that she was obese at the preconceptional stage, losses weight, but was still obese during the first trimester of pregnancy. Maternal obesity leads to a prooxidant and proinflammatory intrauterine environment. This may affect both the embryo beta cell differentiation process and the fine regulation needed for a proper interrelationship of the developing pancreatic islets. These are possible causes of the increased risks of metabolic dysfunction that the offspring of Iris will present during their lifetime. The patient Iris developed gestational diabetes in the second trimester of pregnancy. Thus, in addition to the adverse effects induced by the prooxidant and proinflammatory intrauterine environment, which are increased as long as the pregnancy develops, the adverse effect of hyperglycemia arises. An excess of maternal circulating glucose will be transported to the fetal circulation through the placenta, leading to an overstimulation of the fetal pancreas, which is immature but secrete insulin. This will generate an excess of fetal insulin, and promote fetal growth, fetal adiposity and a dysregulation of the metabolic organs, which are still immature, leading to alterations that will impact the offspring in the form of metabolic programming that will be evident later in life. The mechanisms involved in the impact of the prooxidant and proinflammatory intrauterine environment during beta cell development and pancreatic islet formation and intracellular regulations are multiple. Among them, it is relevant the epigenetic regulation and the changes in functionality of multiple transcription factors involved in the development and maturation of the endocrine pancreas. The role of nutrigenomic agents leading to the regulation of development of the endocrine pancreas to prevent fetal programming will be discussed.

Background: Previous studies suggest that maternal diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids may have a positive effect on pregnancy success. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate whether increased dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) during the periconception period has beneficial effects on the achievement of pregnancy in women.Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, Medline and Cochrane Central Register, as well as references in related review articles, were searched to find studies assessing the effects of unsaturated fatty acid dietary intake during the periconception period on the achievement of pregnancy in women. Pregnancy was confirmed by high levels of hCG (biochemical means) and ultrasound confirmation of a gestational sac and heartbeat (clinical means).Results: For the meta-analysis evaluating the effects of periconceptional diets enriched in PUFAs on pregnancy, four articles, providing data on 2,121 patients, were included. Results showed that periconceptional intake of PUFAs has no significant effects on achieving pregnancy compared to controls, according to both the fixed effects and random effects models (RR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–1.00). Further secondary analysis considering ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs separately showed no significant effects on achieving pregnancy compared to controls. On the other hand, for the meta-analysis evaluating the effects of periconceptional diets enriched in MUFAs on achieving pregnancy, five articles, providing data on 2,473 patients, were included. Results showed that periconceptional dietary intake of MUFAs has significant effects on achieving pregnancy compared to controls according to the fixed effects model (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.06, p < 0.02) but not to the random effects model, due to heterogeneity. A secondary meta-analysis excluding one study which led to heterogeneity showed significant effects of MUFAs on achieving pregnancy compared to controls, according to both the fixed effects and random effects models (RR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p < 0.02).Conclusion: The meta-analysis of published clinical studies suggests that diets enriched in MUFAs, although not those enriched in PUFAs, may have a positive effect on pregnancy success as determined by HCG and ultrasonography.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021239355, identifier: CRD42021239355.

Maternal diabetes is a prevalent pathology that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the offspring, the heart being one of the main target organs affected from the fetal stage until the adult life. Metabolic, pro-oxidant, and proinflammatory alterations in the fetal heart constitute the first steps in the adverse fetal programming of cardiovascular disease in the context of maternal diabetes. This review discusses both human and experimental studies addressing putative mechanisms involved in this fetal programming of heart damage in maternal diabetes. These include cardiac epigenetic changes, alterations in cardiac carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, damaging effects caused by a pro-oxidant and proinflammatory environment, alterations in the cardiac extracellular matrix remodeling, and specific signaling pathways. Putative actions to prevent cardiovascular impairments in the offspring of mothers with diabetes are also discussed.

This article addresses the problematic authorship of The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1723). Traditionally associated with James Anderson, using stylometry, we examine whether and, if so, where John T. Desaguliers, the prime mover of early English institutionalized Freemasonry, contributed to this publication. Our corpus includes writings by Anderson, Desaguliers, and two contemporary Freemasons used as distractors. The transcribed works contain texts from different genres and of varying lengths. In our methodology, we employ a wide range of robust, multivariate, unsupervised, and cross-validated supervised tests, verified through significance testing, which can hopefully contribute to the establishment of standards for historical authorship attribution. Our results suggest, in line with historical evidence, that the legendary history of the Constitutions was most likely primarily authored by Anderson. However, several of the Charges including the first one ' Concerning God and religion', one of the most disputed texts in the history of Freemasonry, are closer to the style of Desaguliers. The General Regulations concerning the organization of the lodges, hitherto attributed to George Payne, played a fundamental role in spreading Freemasonry worldwide. Our analyses show that the stylistic affinity of fifteen of the thirty-nine regulations has a pronounced closeness to Anderson's style, five align more closely with Desaguliers' style. The authorship of the rest remains inconclusive partly due to the insufficient length of texts by Payne. These novel findings are also supported by a close reading of the Constitutions and other contemporary primary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregestational diabetes mellitus impairs development during gestation and is associated with maternal and fetal-neonatal complications. Although a few years ago most of the patients with pregestational diabetes were type 1 diabetics, the prevalence of women with type 2 diabetes in reproductive age has increased, associated with an increase in obesity. Patients with poorly controlled pregestational diabetes have a higher risk of complications from the onset to the end of pregnancy. Adequate metabolic control, proper nutritional status, and treatment of maternal complications prevent complications or reduce their severity. For this reason, pregnancy programming is essential to prevent damage in the first weeks of gestation. In addition, rigorous clinical follow-up is required throughout pregnancy. In this context and through the study of scientific evidences and related studies, the Diabetes and Pregnancy Committee propose these recommendations for women with pregestational diabetes.

In pregnancy, the complications induced by pregestational and gestational diabetes are multiple. They include alterations that can affect the early embryo and lead to implantation failures, anomalies in early organogenesis processes that increase the risk of congenital malformations and failures in the placental development processes that can be linked both to the greater induction of preeclampsia and to intrauterine growth anomalies (growth retardation or macrosomia) that affect perinatal and postnatal development. In this context, the metabolic alterations characteristic of maternal diabetes are relevant, both the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and which will impact the transfer of nutrients to the fetus and affect fetal development and growth. The adverse consequences occur in the mother (where the complications of diabetes are compounded by the strong impact of the adaptive changes of pregnancy), in embryonic, placental and fetal development, in perinatal complications and in the life of the mother. neonate, in which the risk of programming metabolic and cardiovascular alterations is high.

Introduction: Pregestational diabetes increases the risk of embryo resorptions and impairs embryo development, which in turn may lead to fetal programming. The function of the decidua is crucial for the early postimplantation development, but little is known about possible anomalies in the decidua in maternal diabetes. Previously, we evidenced that the mTOR pathway in the decidua is relevant for the embryo growth and development. We also evidenced that the mTOR pathway interacts with the PPAR pathway, whose agonists have lipid nature and include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Objective: To determine the resorption rate and to evaluate the mTOR pathway, as well as functional and tissue remodeling markers in the decidua of rats with pregestational diabetes that were fed or not with diets enriched in PUFAs exclusively during the early postimplantation period. Methods: Control rats and rats with diabetes were mated with healthy males. Diabetes was induced before mating by streptozotocin injection (50 mg/kg). On days 7, 8 and 9 of pregnancy rats were fed a diet enriched or not in 6% sunflower oil or 6% chia oil (enriched in n-6 or n-3 PUFAs, respectively). On day 9 of pregnancy, the embryo resorption rate was determined and the decidua was collected to study the mTOR pathway, the expression of FoxO1, the levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21), as well as markers of decidual function and tissue remodeling (LIF and IGFBP1 expression and gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Introduction: The exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment, observed in the offspring of pregnancies complicated by diabetes, can program susceptibility to metabolic, endocrine and cardiovascular disorders later in life. Paternal exposure to diabetes can also lead to the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring, but this has been less studied. Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the alterations in the lipid metabolism of placentas from fetuses (F2) fathered by male rats with type 2 diabetes (F1), obtained by intrauterine programming of rats with moderate pregestational diabetes (F0). Methods: Control and type 2 diabetic male rats (diabetes obtained by intrauterine programming in the offspring of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, glycemia: 140-190 mg/dL) were mated with control female rats. On day 21 of gestation, the placenta of male and female fetuses was obtained for the evaluation of lipid levels (by TLC), mRNA of genes involved in lipid metabolism (by RT-qPCR) and lipoperoxidation (quantification of TBARS).

The impact of obesity prevalence at early stages of life has been affected women at reproductive ages. Fertility rates, risk pregnancies, low weight at birth and cesarean section have been modified considerably. Bariatric surgery is a validated tool to improved fertility but malabsortion of nutrients as a consequence of surgery could affect mother and fetus nutrition and development. Gestacional diabetes diagnosis turns difficult in this group of obese patients after bariatric surgery. The aim of the recommendation was to offer tools for a good control and follow up of women at reproductive age.

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