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Biochar is an ample source of organic carbon prepared by the thermal breakdown of biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising precursor for biochar production, and has several applications in various industries. In addition, biochar can be applied for environmental revitalization by reducing the negative impacts through intrinsic mechanisms. In addition to its environmentally friendly nature, biochar has several recyclable and inexpensive benefits. Nourishing and detoxification of the environment can be undertaken using biochar by different investigators on account of its excellent contaminant removal capacity. Studies have shown that biochar can be improved by activation to remove toxic pollutants. In general, biochar is produced by closed-loop systems; however, decentralized methods have been proven to be more efficient for increasing resource efficiency in view of circular bio-economy and lignocellulosic waste management. In the last decade, several studies have been conducted to reveal the unexplored potential and to understand the knowledge gaps in different biochar-based applications. However, there is still a crucial need for research to acquire sufficient data regarding biochar modification and management, the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass, and achieving a sustainable paradigm. The present review has been articulated to provide a summary of information on different aspects of biochar, such as production, characterization, modification for improvisation, issues, and remediation have been addressed. [Display omitted] • Emerging researches on toxic pollutants removal using biochar has been addressed. • Advanced techniques on biochar production have been articulated. • Obligated properties of biochar for environmental applications have been discussed. • Biochar amendments on ameliorating the soil fertility have been analyzed. • Crucial stumbling block for production and application of biochar were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Significance of biomass as renewable energy source was critically reviewed. • Emerging techniques on recent developments for jet-biofuels were discussed. • The pros and cons of thermochemical and biochemical techniques were articulated. • A emphasis revire was prepared in specific for thermal application for biofuels. Due to crucial concerns about global warming and climate change, renewable fuels are gaining serious attention. The world's economy and populations are expected to grow, boosting the energy requirements, as a result, fossil fuels are used extensively. However, the release of greenhouse gases is caused by such extensive use of fossil fuels, which results in environment pollution, acid rain, and global warming. In order to overcome these issues, the biofuels which are derived from biomass are proven to be environmentally friendly; besides, they are only renewable energy source that can replace petroleum oil. An in-depth analysis of biofuels and their evolution, strategies for producing biofuels, bio-economy of biofuels, policy recommendations, risk mitigation strategies for biofuel processing, sustainability assessments for biofuel processing, and thermal applications for aviation and transport biofuels are provided in the present comprehensive review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prospects of transition metal oxide (TMO) anodes in practical Li-ion batteries are limited despite their high capacity, owing to conversion reaction-driven inefficiencies and poor cycle life. Size confinement of TMOs and compositing them with carbon architectures is an established approach to realize high-performance electrodes. Here, we report cobalt oxide nanoparticles anchored on graphene (CoG) nanocomposite for Li-ion batteries; the anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 1270 mA h g −1 at 2 C rate and delivers 770 mA h g −1 even at a high rate of 50 C (44.5 Ag -1 ) of which >99% is retained at the end of 1000 cycles. Although many papers have reported exorbitant high capacity and rate performance for graphene–3d metal oxide composites, the nature of charge storage in these nanocomposites remains unidentified particularly in the voltage region of conversion reaction. By using cobalt oxide-anchored graphene as a model system, we reveal that the charge storage is a collective response from conversion/intercalation and pseudocapacitive processes. In addition, the CoG composite anode reported here provides excellent chemical stability and high durability as witnessed in terms of high capacity, impressive rate performance, and long cycle life. This study illustrates the benefits of nanoarchitecturing toward designing high-performance electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous coir industrial waste, coir pith has been subjected to 50 days vermicomposting with Eudrilus eugeniae by amending nitrogenous legume plant, Gliricidia sepium together with cattle dung in different combinations, after 21 days precomposting using Pleurotus sajor-caju spawn. An increase in electrical conductivity, total NPK and calcium, and a decrease in organic matter, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and total phenolic content in the final vermicompost were observed. Dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase activity peaked up to 30 days of vermicomposting and then declined. The phytotoxicity studies with Brassica juncea, C/N ratio and enzyme activities confirmed the stability and maturity of vermicompost. The results also demonstrated that the 2:3:1 ratio (coir pith + Gliricidia sepium + cow dung) is a suitable effective combination for nutrient-rich (N: 2.43%; P: 0.92%; K: 2.09%) vermicompost production. The total phenolic contents declined during the vermicomposting with a lower final content of 21.26 mg/g GAE in 2:3:1 combination of substrates from the initial level (105.56 mg/g GAE). Besides, the concentration of total phenol contents inversely related to the germination index of Brassica juncea (r = -0.761), indicating that the phenolic content could also play an important role in phytotoxicity. Growth and fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae in 2:3:1 combination revealed the acceptability and rapid decomposition of coir pith substrate into vermifertilizer. [Display omitted] • Hazardous coir pith with Gliricidia sepium and cow dung was vermicomposted. • G. sepium amendment enhanced overall fertilizer value of vermicompost. • A ratio of 2:3:1 vermibed mixture is suitable for nutrient rich vermifertilizer. • Enzyme activities, C/N ratio and germination index confirmed vermicompost maturity. • Total phenol contents in the substrates reduced significantly after vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazardous coir industrial waste, coir pith has been subjected to 50 days vermicomposting with Eudrilus eugeniae by amending nitrogenous legume plant, Gliricidia sepium together with cattle dung in different combinations, after 21 days precomposting using Pleurotus sajor-caju spawn. An increase in electrical conductivity, total NPK and calcium, and a decrease in organic matter, total organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and total phenolic content in the final vermicompost were observed. Dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase activity peaked up to 30 days of vermicomposting and then declined. The phytotoxicity studies with Brassica juncea, C/N ratio and enzyme activities confirmed the stability and maturity of vermicompost. The results also demonstrated that the 2:3:1 ratio (coir pith + Gliricidia sepium + cow dung) is a suitable effective combination for nutrient-rich (N: 2.43%; P: 0.92%; K: 2.09%) vermicompost production. The total phenolic contents declined during the vermicomposting with a lower final content of 21.26 mg/g GAE in 2:3:1 combination of substrates from the initial level (105.56 mg/g GAE). Besides, the concentration of total phenol contents inversely related to the germination index of Brassica juncea (r = -0.761), indicating that the phenolic content could also play an important role in phytotoxicity. Growth and fecundity of Eudrilus eugeniae in 2:3:1 combination revealed the acceptability and rapid decomposition of coir pith substrate into vermifertilizer. [Display omitted] • Hazardous coir pith with Gliricidia sepium and cow dung was vermicomposted. • G. sepium amendment enhanced overall fertilizer value of vermicompost. • A ratio of 2:3:1 vermibed mixture is suitable for nutrient rich vermifertilizer. • Enzyme activities, C/N ratio and germination index confirmed vermicompost maturity. • Total phenol contents in the substrates reduced significantly after vermicomposting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation has been carried out to utilize waste animal (Ox) bone for the progress of an innovative, low-budget, pollution free, and extremely resourceful heterogeneous catalyst synthesis for Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) conversion into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst synthesized was characterized by its basic strength and subjected to spectroscopic (Fourier TransformInfrared and X-Ray Diffraction) and thermogravimetric analyses. Also, the physical properties of produced biodiesel were studied. The calcined Ox bone catalyst characterization distinctly showed that there was a tremendous catalytic activity for biodiesel synthesis. The kinetic study was accomplished employing a tri-necked RB flask furnished with a condenser and agitator. At the agitation speed of 500 rpm, 5% catalyst loading rate (w/w) of oil and 12:1 methanol-oil ratio (molar), biodiesel yields were tracked based on reaction time (1–4 h) and temperature (313–338 K). The temperature at 338 K was found to be optimal to obtain maximum (96.82%) biodiesel yield. Pseudo-first order kinetics was followed in the reaction. The energy required for the activation (E a) was 38.55 kJ mol−1 with a frequency factor (k o) of 7.03 × 106 h−1. The reusability studies demonstrated that the calcined animal bone catalyst was much stable up to three cycles with >90% FAME yield, which was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 61% in the fourth cycle. The outcome of this investigation brought to light the possibilities of utilizing calcined Ox bone catalyst and JCO as low-cost and frequently obtainable discarded waste materials that can be used as feedstock for the commercial-scale generation of biodiesel to fulfill the prospective community demands. [Display omitted] • Ox bone waste was used to synthesize calcined heterogeneous base (CHB) catalyst. • Impregnation and thermal conversion improved CHB catalyst's catalytic activity. • CHB catalyst produced 96.82% FAME yield at 338 K temperature and 4 h reaction. • The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a K a of 38.55 kJ mol−1. • Reusability of CHB catalyst was three cycles with >90% FAME yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Vegetable oils, animal fat and microalgae are major biodiesel feedstock materials. • CaO derived from calcination of biowastes in biodiesel production is explored. • Biodiesel production and reusability are enhanced with calcined biowastes. • Biodiesel yield with calcined heterogenous base catalysts improved above 98%. Recently, much research has been carried out to find a suitable catalyst for the transesterification process during biodiesel production where heterogeneous catalysts play a crucial role. As homogenous catalysts present drawbacks such as slow reaction rate, high-cost due to the use of food grade oils, problems associated with separation process, and environmental pollution, heterogenous catalysts are more preferred. Animal shells and bones are the biowastes suitably calcined for the synthesis of heterogenous base catalyst. The catalysts synthesized using organic wastes are environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. The present review is dedicated to synthesis of heterogeneous basic catalysts from the natural resources or biowastes in biodiesel production through transesterification of oils. Use of calcined catalysts for converting potential feedstocks (vegetable oils and animal fat) into biodiesel/FAME is effective and safe, and the yield could be improved over 98%. There is a vast scope for biowaste-derived catalysts in green production of biofuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hazardous coir pith can be converted into benign vermicompost with Sesbania sesban. • The fertilizing index of vermicompost was improved in the green manure amendment. • Nutrient recovery rate was higher in 30% green manure added coir pith vermicompost. • C/N ratio and seed germination index confirmed the vermicompost maturity. • Green manure and cow dung addition supported growth and fecundity of earthworms. Vermitransformation of coir pith (CP) into enriched vermifertilizer has been achieved by amending a green-manure plant, Sesbania sesban (SS) for the first time, and cow dung (CD) in five different combinations: T1 (1:0:1) , T2 (4:3:3) , T3 (5:3:2) , T4 (5:4:1) and T5 (1:1:0). The substrates were 28 days precomposted with Pleurotus sajor-caju followed by 50 days vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae. Results showed a significant reduction in cellulose, lignin, organic carbon, C/N ratio, C/P ratio and an increase in plant nutrients compared to control. The fertilization index and efficiency of nutrient recovery rate were higher in SS and CD amended CP vermicompost, with a maximum in T2 (4:3:3) for E. fetida and T3 (5:3:2) for E. eugeniae. The activity of dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase, and phytotoxicity assays further revealed vermicompost stability. The study concludes that T2 (4:3:3) and T3 (5:3:2) combinations respectively for E. fetida and E. eugeniae is suitable for vermitransformation of CP into enriched vermicompost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The versatility of metal matrix composites (MMCs) makes them a promising material for various industrial applications. The current study used a ball milling to mechanically AA7178 powder and strengthened with zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) nanoparticles. In addition, the AA7178 matrix was ball-milled to distribute the ZrSiO4 nanoparticles throughout the material. The AA7178 reinforced with ZrSiO4 nanoparticles was compacted and consolidated using two distinct powder metallurgy (PM) sequences: double pressing, double sintering, and hot pressing. In tests measuring microhardness, compression strength, and elongational break, the new nanocomposites surpassed the AA7178. The adequate interfacial bonding and even distribution of ZrSiO4 nanoparticles throughout the AA7178 matrix were essential to the strengthening mechanism. With the use of hot pressing, the mechanical characteristics of the nanocomposites were enhanced. As reinforcement concentration increased beyond 2.5% by weight, mechanical properties drastically degraded due to ZrSiO4 nanoparticles clumping and unequal distribution. Improved mechanical parts attain through the uniform distribution of ZrSiO4 nanoparticles in the AA7178 and the maintenance of their mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ammonia fits as a promising enabler for carbon free energy vector. • Futuristic power applications of ammonia reassure as alternative fuel. • Innovative eco-friendly ammonia production strategies are rereviewed. • Underlying potentialities in techno-economic aspects of green ammonia are surveyed. • Neoteric tendencies of green ammonia synthesis with their downsides are addressed. In the light of serious concerns on negative impacts with respect to carbon footprint of fossil fuels. Ammonia is recognized as a promising enabler for carbon free energy vector that could be a potential alternative fuel for next generation power applications. Even though it is not free of downsides, in view of addressing the ammonia requirement, producing ammonia is a crucial need. In recent years, green ammonia towards zero carbon emission is gaining a significant interest and looming larger for considering clean energy production among the research communities. It is evident that the feasibility of using ammonia could be a potential outcome as sustainable fuel with low carbon energy storage medium. Furthermore, it is proven that the emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced approximately 160 million tons CO 2 -eq. by solar-based ammonia. While comparing in terms of energy storage medium, liquid ammonia significantly packs in more hydrogen than liquid hydrogen per same volume. Recent studies revealed that the different approaches, such as aid of renewable energy (wind, solar, or tidal), plasma chemical, thermochemical, and electrochemical of ammonia may offer a new strategy for significant production of green ammonia. In this perspective, the present review has been articulated for highlighting the previous authoritative studies and recent developments on green ammonia synthesis and its neoteric tendencies for different applications with downsides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of petroleum fuels in IC engines is hazardous to humans, plants, and agriculture since they exhaust poisonous pollutants into the environment. Substantial research is now being conducted to identify an alternative to petroleum fuel and to enhance its quality. Nanoparticles are a relatively new technology that may be used to improve the properties of fuel. Engine tests were performed on conventional CI engines using a diesel and biodiesel blend under different running circumstances. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a pumpkin seed oil methyl ester diesel blend (PSOME20) in a diesel engine with the help of a copper oxide nanoparticle. CuO nanoparticles in varying concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) were dispersed in the PSOME20 fuel. The results showed that the BTE of the PSOME20CuO100 fuel is 2.3% higher than that of the PSOME20 fuel, but the reduction in BSFC is 6.4%. Engine HC, CO, and smoke emissions were being significantly minimized when CuO nanoparticles were mixed with PSOME20. The addition of CuO nanoparticles to PSOME20 enhanced combustion behaviors such as HRR and cylinder pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating machine learning into one of the manufacturing processes, i.e., forging, is mainly concerned with making the system more intelligent by incorporating them to exhibit global understanding. Sometimes the engineer/operator can find the defects during or after the forging operation. So, the system will need some input to identify the different types of categorized defects. And also, according to that, we will develop the intelligent fault diagnosis process. We should calculate the statistical probability theory. Now, we implement the system which is the structure of the fault analysis system for the forging process. In the structure, we demonstrate the defect of the forged part, use the given imported probability to find the possible causes, and provide some remainders to reduce the fault. For enhancement of feature needs, this work includes more integration of AI with forging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) may be found in nearly every facet of modern society, from electronic components to a broad range of accessories. Polymer matrix composites contain materials that include a matrix polymer. It is also made up of multiple continuous and short fibres that are held together in the organic polymer matrix. In this article, the development, properties, and production of polymer matrix composites along with electronics applications were discussed. The matrices in recent developments of polymer matrix composites have been made of thermosets or thermoplastic materials. The properties of a PMC such as a matrix and reinforcement offer great strength and rigidity, and it is largely employed to increase fracture toughness. The process of manufacturing composites has a significant impact on the product design and outcome. The ability to make a product from a variety of manufacturing techniques is unique to the composites industry. Polymer-based materials were employed in a variety of applications, including the automobile industry, aircraft industry, marine, sports good equipment, electronics applications, and biomedical applications. The great potential of filler reinforced polymer composites used for microelectronic applications. Woven glass fibre cloths and reinforcing materials such as paper, glass fibre matte, and fillers are used to fabricate printed circuit boards. Thermoplastics and thermosets are used in electronic packaging material which increases efficiency and offers more stringent requirements. Polymer composites have good thermal conductivity and desirable dielectric properties which improves microelectronic performances. Nanocomposites are composites in which nanofillers were distributed inside a polymer. The compatibility and interface between the filler and matrix play a significant effect in modifying overall characteristics in polymer nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, functions of BMS in elections vehicles are explained. The BMS consists of number of electronics components for monitoring and controlling the functions of batteries in electrical vehicles (EVs). Nowadays, the EV has more concentrations because it has number of merits like compact in size, does not require fossil fuel so it is environment friendly, and cost-saving. The main components in EV are batteries because batteries decide the performance and efficiency of EV. So, we should give more importance to batteries. Battery is controlled and monitored with the help of BMS. The BMS protects the battery and increases life time and efficiency due to charging discharging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorizing the production of massive amounts of agricultural waste into valuable products is an immediate concern for environmental protection and bioeconomy advancement. Recently, agricultural waste has become a popular raw material for bioethanol production could reduce environmental pollution and strengthen the local circular bioeconomy. Its preprocessing is an essential and critical step in making the free carbohydrate molecules for the final conversion. Major influencing preprocessing factors are the nature of biomass, feed loading, operating pH, temperature, and time. The merits and demerits of each preprocessing method in different aspects should be well studied before selecting them to obtain a maximum yield of fermentable sugars. Hence, this review provides comprehensive information on potential agricultural waste availability, chemical composition, and various preprocessing techniques. In addition, the essential factors influencing preprocessing performance and the environmental feasibility of biomass conversion into value-added products are discussed in detail. • Preprocessing is an essential and critical step in biomass valorization. • The influencing factors of biomass preprocessing were detailed. • Performance and environmental feasibility of biomass preprocessing were discussed. • Implementing suitable processing parameters maintains biorefinery sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a label-free electrochemical transducer platform without compromising inherent biocompatibility against specific bioreceptor remains challenging, particularly probing nucleic acid hybridization at electrode interface without external redox-mediator. Here, we show that electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (ErGO-TBR) nanosheets electrodeposited on carbon screen printed electrode can quantify hybridization of clinically important target sequences specific to serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. Different variables including deposition potential, time, and electrolytic composition were optimized for fabrication of label-free transducer platform. Structural and electrochemical properties of ErGO-TBR/SPE were comprehensively elucidated using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis reveals the growth of electrodeposited redox-active species on the electrode interface. Surface functional group investigations suggested that TBR deposited on the basal and edges of ErGO substrate via electrostatic and π-π interactions. Functionalization of bio-affinity layer (B) on ErGO-TBR/SPE enables better loading of probe DNA (PDNA) toward specific detection of DENV target DNA (TDNA) with an ultralow detection limit promising for clinical diagnosis. Scalable chronoamperometry-based redox-active surface growth, customizable bioactivation strategy and external mediator-less probing of nucleic acid hybridization make the present system suitable for other translational application in healthcare diagnosis. • Electrochemical sensing of dengue variants • Differential pulse voltammetric-based macromolecular interaction assay • NS1 protein associated nucleic acid hybridization at electrode interface. • External-mediator less genosensing with inherent redox-active sensor platform • Amplification-free probing of nucleic acid hybridization at fM concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a label-free electrochemical transducer platform without compromising inherent biocompatibility against specific bioreceptor remains challenging, particularly probing nucleic acid hybridization at electrode interface without external redox-mediator. Here, we show that electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (ErGO-TBR) nanosheets electrodeposited on carbon screen printed electrode can quantify hybridization of clinically important target sequences specific to serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) non-structural 1 (NS1) protein. Different variables including deposition potential, time, and electrolytic composition were optimized for fabrication of label-free transducer platform. Structural and electrochemical properties of ErGO-TBR/SPE were comprehensively elucidated using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis reveals the growth of electrodeposited redox-active species on the electrode interface. Surface functional group investigations suggested that TBR deposited on the basal and edges of ErGO substrate via electrostatic and π-π interactions. Functionalization of bio-affinity layer (B) on ErGO-TBR/SPE enables better loading of probe DNA (PDNA) toward specific detection of DENV target DNA (TDNA) with an ultralow detection limit promising for clinical diagnosis. Scalable chronoamperometry-based redox-active surface growth, customizable bioactivation strategy and external mediator-less probing of nucleic acid hybridization make the present system suitable for other translational application in healthcare diagnosis. • Electrochemical sensing of dengue variants • Differential pulse voltammetric-based macromolecular interaction assay • NS1 protein associated nucleic acid hybridization at electrode interface. • External-mediator less genosensing with inherent redox-active sensor platform • Amplification-free probing of nucleic acid hybridization at fM concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based films have contributed immensely to various environmental issues. Developing green-based films from carbohydrate polymers is crucial for addressing the harms encountered. However, some limitations exist on their property, processibility, and applicability that prohibit their processing for further developments. This review discusses the potential carbohydrate polymers and their sources, film preparation methods, such as solvent-casting, tape-casting, extrusion, and thermo-mechanical compressions for green-based films using various biological polymers with their merits and demerits. Research outcomes revealed that the essential characteristics improvement achieved by incorporating different metallic nanoparticles has significantly reformed the properties of biofilms, including crystallization, mechanical stability, thermal stability, barrier function, and antimicrobial activity. The property-enhanced bio-based films made with nanoparticles are potentially interested in replacing fossil-based films in various areas, including food-packaging applications. The review paves a new way for the commercial use of numerous carbohydrate polymers to help maintain a sustainable green environment. [Display omitted] • Distinctive properties of polymeric biomacromolecules govern their applications. • Incorporation of metallic nanoparticles significantly changes biofilm properties. • Unique features of potential biofilm preparation methods are elucidated. • Prospects and limitations of metal nanoparticles dispersed biofilms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Optimized process was developed for the enhancement of biodiesel production from Argemone Mexicana oil. • Improved calcium oxide catalyst was derived from wasted chicken eggshells. • Interaction among the selected parameters on the biodiesel yield was investigated through RSM. • The optimal condition was compared and ensured by not-statistical techniques, ANN and GA. • The obtained AMO biodiesel conversion was analyzed by 1H NMR and FT-IR techniques and physicochemical and fuel properties of AMO biodiesel was studied. The present study aimed to optimize the process on the yield percentage of biodiesel from Argemone mexicana oil using calcium oxide as catalyst derived from chicken eggshells. The catalyst was characterized by different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method with the Barret-Joyner-Halenda model, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray studies. The parameters, methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time were optimized through response to surface methodology, which suggested that the improved oil yield was achieved at the molar ratio of methanol to oil: 9.7:1, catalyst loading of 3.05 wt%, and reaction time of 3.01 h for achieving the 99.07 % yield. Further, the optimal values were analyzed by non-statistical techniques, genetic algorithm, and artificial neural network. The acquired biodiesel was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR techniques. The reusability of prepared catalyst showed a significant stability for more than 4 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for energy are encountered by generating renewable biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) produces not only biogas, also other value-added products from the digestate using various organic, municipal and industrial wastes which have several benefits like remediating waste, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy generation and securing socio-economic status of bio-based industries. This review work critically analyzes the biorefinery approaches on AD process for the production of biogas and digestate, and their direct and indirect utilization. The left-out residue obtained from AD is called 'digestate' which enriched with organic matter, nitrogen, heavy metals and other valuable micronutrients. However, the direct disposal of digestate to the land as fertilizer/landfills creates various environmental issues. Keeping this view, the digestate should be upgraded or transformed into high valued products such as biofertilizer, pyrochar, biodiesel, syngas and soil conditioner that can aid to enrich the soil nutrients and ensures the safe environment as well. In this context, the present review focused to illustrate the current techniques and different strategic exploitations on AD proper management of digestate products for storage and further applications. Such a technology transfer provides a proven strategic mechanism towards the enhancement of the sustainability of bio-based industries, attaining the energy demand, safest waste management, protection of environment and reduces the socio-economic issues of the industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel plant leaves of Croton macrostachyus used for nanocatalyst synthesis. • A Ca-Fe-K-P-Al-Si/C oxide catalyst was synthesized by sol–gel/calcination method. • Catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, and BET. • Transesterification were optimized by CCD tool using response surface method. • Catalyst exhibits superior yield of 98.85 ± 0.99% under optimum condition. This study explored the prospective of croton macrostachyus leaves as bio-based minerals rich resource found for metal oxides nano-catalyst synthesis by sol–gel-thermal oxidation method and the seeds as a future lipid-rich non edible resource used for synthesis of biodiesel by ultrasound-supported transeserification process. The prepared catalyst was characterized by diverse analytical practice such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), and Brunauer emmett teller (BET) analysis. The metal oxides nano-catalyst demonstrated very strong basic sites with surface area (126.3 m2/g), and particle size (23.8 nm) which extensively reduced the diffusion resistance of triglycerides. EDX analysis indicated the presence of Ca-Fe-K-P-Al-Si/C oxides composites was used as nano-catalyst. Maximum yield of 98.85 ± 0.99 wt% achieved with1.23 wt% catalyst, 1:9.13 M ratio of oil to methanol, 36.4085 (round of 36) min reaction period at 50 KHz and 55.48 °C.The oil fatty acid profile and biodiesel were characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, the energy specification of croton macrostachyus biodiesel were analysed and contrasted with ASTM D6751 standard. Nano-catalyst strong basic site enhances the efficiency of biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Label-free electrochemical biosensors are advantageous, over conventional bioassay techniques, offering rapid analytical response time, demands ultra-low sample volume, easy integration with modern gadgets useful for on-site utilities. However, achieving amplified sensitivity, reliability, and specificity without compromising inherent redox behavior is highly challenging. Indeed, developments in hybridized graphene nanostructure created new avenues for the construction of label-free electrochemical biosensor platforms. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the scalable fabrication demonstrated for hybridized graphene nanoarchitecture as label-free biosensor platform. Distinctly focused on electrodeposition and electroless deposition techniques utilized for the fabrication of hybridized graphene immuno-, nucleic acid- and enzyme-sensor platforms were discussed. Surface functionalization strategies investigated for anchoring bio-recognition elements on hybridized graphene materials were also presented, after introducing the fundamental properties. Lastly, we provide the advantages and drawbacks, highlighting the electrodeposited flexible hybrid graphene materials for future biosensor applications in point-of-care diagnosis. [Display omitted] • Surface functionalization strategies employed in graphene-based biosensor. • Electro/electroless deposition-based hybridization of graphene substrates. • Label-free electrochemical immuno-, nucleic acid- and enzyme-sensor reports. • Future perspective on hybridized graphene sensor platform for POCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]