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Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica) is an integral part of South Indian cuisine. Its pulp is used to add sourness to south Indian curries. However tamarind seeds which are having a considerable amount of lipid in it are thrown away. Our main objective is to produce Tamarind biodiesel (TB) from tamarind seed oil and investigate its effect on performance and exhaust emissionsof CI engine. Oil was extracted from Tamarind seeds and was converted to biodiesel by transesterification process with NaOH as catalyst. Tests were performed using TB5, TB10, TB15 blends with 1500 rpm rated speed and compression ratio of18. The performance test results revealed that BTE of B15 was greater in comparison to other blends as well as diesel. However BSFC for TB blends were greater compared to neat diesel. Considerable reductions in exhaust emissions were observed with TB blends. TB10 showed apical reduction of 27% in CO and 15% reduction in smoke. TB5 showed 25% HC reduction followed by TB10 with 19.25% reductions. TB15 showed 19.36% of highest NOx reduction followed by TB10 with 10.7% NOx reduction. TB10 proved to give optimum test results for performance and emissions. From the results it can be concluded that TB can be considered as a viable option for biodiesels.

The present study analyzes performance of algae biodiesel in low-powered single-cylinder diesel engine running at rated constant speed of 1500 rpm and 210 bar fuel injection pressure. Algae biodies...

Fuel conversion efficiency is high with diesel engines compared to petrol engines. However high emissions from diesel is a matter of concern and its mitigation paves way for scope of research. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the method widely accepted to curb NOx emissions. Recently, split or multiple-injection strategy has been explored by researchers to precisely control the fuel injected per cycle and also to mitigate emissions. Present work reflects technical review of effect of injection strategies on performance, emissions and combustion on C.I. engine with diesel and biodiesel as fuel. Injection strategies like duration of injection, number of injections, the dwell period between two injections, quantity of injection, and multiple injections are analyzed for their influence on engine output and brake specific fuel consumption. Also their effect on emissions especially soot and NOx emission are reviewed. First the effect of injection strategies with diesel fuel is discussed followed by biodiesel.

The objective of the present work was to develop a heterogeneous base catalyst K2CO3/ZnO for transesterification of algae oil. This catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method calcinated at high temperature of 600 °C. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. The crude algae oil was degummed and its free fatty acid was reduced to 2 % by methanol treatment. Methanol was used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel using K2CO3/ZnO. The doping of 30 % K2CO3 on ZnO calcined at 600 °C was studied on biodiesel yield. The reaction parameters such as temperature, stirring rate, amount of catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester were investigated. Highest yield was obtained for 7 % catalyst, 9:1 methanol to molar ratio at 80 °C for 30 % K2CO3/ZnO. This study proved that the catalyst loading less than 5 % was unsuccessful in biodiesel yield. The physio-chemical properties of the produced algae biodiesel was determined as per ASTM test procedures.

Global dependency and exhaustive usage of fossil fuels is leading to depletion of fossil fuel energy. The exponential rise in energy demand is an alarming sign; and added to that, emission generation, from burning of fossil fuel, has caused adverse effect on the environment. This paves the way in harvesting renewable energy options for a futuristic clean and healthy environment. The potentiality of biodiesel as an alternate energy option is well explored in past couple of decades. However with biodiesel, NOx emissions as well as performance of engine from biodiesel is reported to be inferior to that of diesel owing to their inferior physical properties like density and viscosity. The mixture of biodiesels and different types of alcohols neutralizes the inferior property of blends. Ternary or quaternary blends of biodiesel have reported positive engine results. Initially, detailed study of different types of binary blends with respect to performance and emissions is done, trying to identify the research gap with the usage of binary mixture. The paper then dives into detailed study of ternary and quaternary blends with respect to performance, emission and combustion characteristics, trying to highlight different research outcomes.

Addition of nanoparticles improves catalytic reaction during combustion of biodiesel accounting to their high surface to volume ratio. Nano particles also augments radiative mass transfer properties of fuel and reduces ignition delay. Test was done on light duty diesel engine with Karanja biodiesel. Graphene nanoparticles where blended with Karanja methyl ester and its impact on engine performance and emissions characteristics were studied. Blends were prepared by mixing B20 with graphene nano particles with ultrasonicator. Samples tested include B20 (20% Karanja biodiesel and 80% diesel by volume), B20G25, B20G50 and B20G75 (i.e.B20 with 25mg/L, 50mg/L and 75mg/L of graphene nanoparticles respectively). Results reported that blends with graphene particles were at par with diesel fuel with respect to performances and emissions. Inclusion of graphene nano particles facilitated in reducing the emissions such as CO, HC and NOx compared to diesel. B20G75 showed notable decrement in CO, NOx and HC emissions at higher loads.

The use of biodiesel reduces emissions like hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM); but increases nitrogen oxide emissions. Additives inculcated in diesel and biodiesel has served as one of the means to decrease NOx emissions. An attempt is made to investigate the effect of the addition of ethanol and clove oil, to Pongamia biodiesel, on performance and emission characteristics. Pongamia biodiesel was extracted by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. 5% Ethanol and 0.5 and 1 ml clove oil were added to the esters produced. B20 (20% biodiesel + 80% diesel), B20E5 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel +5% ethanol), B20E5CL0.5 ( 20% biodiesel +75% diesel+5% ethanol +0.5 ml Clove oil) and B20E5CL1 (20% biodiesel + 75% diesel+5% ethanol +1 ml Clove oil) were analysed. The test was performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine connected to an eddy current type dynamometer for loading. The addition of 1ml of antioxidant (clove oil) resulted in an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 8.9% and brake specific fuel consumption marginally by 1.53 %. At higher loads, the B20E5CL1 blend showed a 13% reduction in NOx emission. B20E5CL1 blend also resulted in a reduction in CO emission at higher loads. Ethanol addition to the biodiesel (B20E5 blend) resulted in the highest brake thermal efficiency but at the cost of NOx emissions. Blends with ethanol and clove oil reported good results at higher loads.

As the fossil fuels are depleting and green house gases are increasing usage of biodiesel came into existence. Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel which can be produced from vegetable oils. This project deals with study of emission and performance characteristics on diesel engine with blends of Neem oil as biodiesel. Biodiesel is prepared from Neem oil by transesterification process followed by adding 1% v/v H2SO4. The tests were performed with B10, B20, B30 blends on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, diesel engine. The result shows lower emissions and higher performance for B10 than the other blends and diesel. The brake thermal efficiency is higher than the diesel and CO, HC and NOX emissions were 23%, 8.5%, and 22% lesser than that of diesel.