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Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a key method to monitor defects in semiconductors from nanophotonics to solar cell systems. Paradoxically, its great sensitivity to small variations of local environment becomes a handicap for heterogeneous systems, such as are encountered in environmental, medical, ancient materials sciences and engineering. Here we demonstrate that a novel full-field photoluminescence imaging approach allows accessing the spatial distribution of crystal defect fluctuations at the crystallite level across centimetre-wide fields of view. This capacity is illustrated in archaeology and material sciences. The coexistence of two hitherto indistinguishable non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide phases is revealed in a 6,000-year-old amulet from Mehrgarh (Baluchistan, Pakistan), identified as the oldest known artefact made by lost-wax casting and providing a better understanding of this fundamental invention. Low-concentration crystal defect fluctuations are readily mapped within ZnO nanowires. High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging holds great promise for the characterization of bulk heterogeneous systems across multiple disciplines., Photoluminescence is a powerful probe of chemical composition and structure, but it is challenging to image heterogeneous materials over large scale. Thoury et al. develop a full-field imaging approach to map two cuprous oxide phases in the earliest known lost-wax cast artefact manufactured 6,000 years ago.

Jean-François Brugère thanks bachelors’students for their help, more specifically Céline Vidal, Claire Ardaens,Adeline Régnier, and Amandine Maurin, and Sylvain Denis forhis valuable help concerning in vitro systems. In memory of GeorgeT MacFarlane (died in 2015) for all of his pioneering works on gut in vitro simulations systemsThis work was supported by the European Union (UE) through the Auvergne Council (FEDER) with a PhD and a postdoctoral Scholarship support respectively to William Tottey and to David Feria-Gervasio, and by a PhD scholarship support from the French "Ministere de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche" to Nadia Gaci; Background/Aims: Human gut microbiota harbors numerous metabolic properties essential for the host's health. Increased intestinal transit time affects a part of the population and is notably observed with human aging, which also corresponds to modifications of the gut microbiota. Thus we tested the metabolic and compositional changes of a human gut microbiota induced by an increased transit time simulated in vitro. Methods: The in vitro system, Environmental Control System for Intestinal Microbiota, was used to simulate the environmental conditions of 3 different anatomical parts of the human colon in a continuous process. The retention times of the chemostat conditions were established to correspond to a typical transit time of 48 hours next increased to 96 hours. The bacterial communities, short chain fatty acids and metabolite fingerprints were determined. Results: Increase of transit time resulted in a decrease of biomass and of diversity in the more distal compartments. Short chain fatty acid analyses and metabolite fingerprinting revealed increased activity corresponding to carbohydrate fermentation in the proximal compartments while protein fermentations were increased in the lower parts. Conclusions: This study provides the evidence that the increase of transit time, independently of other factors, affects the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. The transit time is one of the factors that explain some of the modifications seen in the gut microbiota of the elderly, as well as patients with slow transit time.

Jarrige Jean-François. Les carnets de route de Paul Pelliot (1906-1908) : Un document exceptionnel enfin publié. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 3, 2008. pp. 1273-1282.

Jarrige Jean-François. Paul Pelliot et le Musée Guimet. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 152e année, N. 3, 2008. pp. 1091-1095.

Summary Background & aims The aim of our study consisted to measure the pharmacokinetic parameters of methylprednisolone administered in a continuous infusion of a paediatric parenteral nutrition mixture for 24 h in the rabbit. Methods Fourteen rabbits were split into two groups and assigned a different administration vehicle (all-in-one or two-in-one nutrition mixture). We used USC PACK* pharmacokinetics software to compare the influence of the composition of the paediatric parenteral nutritional solutions on the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of methylprednisolone. Results Neither the steady-state plasma concentrations of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate nor the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of methylprednisolone differed significantly when administered in two-in-one or all-in-one nutrition mixtures. Conclusions The composition of the nutritional medium had no discernable effect on the bioavailability of methylprednisolone. Neither the speed at which the steady-state plasma concentration was reached, nor the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of methylprednisolone were significantly modified.

Resume On connaissait depuis longtemps de nombreux ensembles de sites mesolithiques dans diverses regions de l'Inde continentale ; mais la decouverte du site de Mehrgarh, fouille par une mission archeologique francaise de 1977 a 2000, a permis de mettre en evidence, a la bordure occidentale de la vallee de l'Indus, dans le Balochistan pakistanais, un processus de neolithisation dont le debut se situe au VIII e millenaire avant notre ere. Les etudes d'archeozoologie et de paleoethnobotanique permettent de suivre l'apparition d'une veritable economie agricole dans une importante agglomeration formee de bâtiments en briques crues, dont les plans sont relativement standardises. Le mobilier des differents niveaux de cimetieres, au cours du VII e millenaire avant notre ere, revele l'existence d'artisanats de tres grande qualite sur le plan technique. Les etudes palynologiques et anthracologiques contribuent a la restitution d'une couverture vegetale qui sert de base a l'hypothese de conditions climatiques, sans doute differentes de celles qui prevalent aujourd'hui dans ces regions. Pour citer cet article : J.-F. Jarrige, C. Jarrige, C. R. Palevol 5 (2006) .

Besenval Roland, Bernard Paul, Jarrige Jean-François. Carnet de route en images d'un voyage sur les sites archéologiques de la Bactriane afghane (mai 2002). In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 146ᵉ année, N. 4, 2002. pp. 1385-1428.

Depuis l’epoque des pionniers du xixe siecle, la recherche francaise a joue un role important dans les etudes archeologiques portant sur les Ameriques, tout d’abord au Mexique et au Perou, puis dans un nombre grandissant de pays. En organisant en 2001 une mission confiee a Francoise Audouze et a Pierre Chuvin, le ministere des Affaires etrangeres et la commission des fouilles ont souhaite faire le point sur l’archeologie francaise dans les Ameriques, marquant ainsi leur interet pour ce vaste ...

Jarrige Jean-François. La rénovation du musée Guimet. In: Arts asiatiques, tome 55, 2000. pp. 164-167.

Apres un rappel des fouilles realisees au XXe siecle dans le Balouchistan pakistanais, particulierement dans la deuxieme moitie du siecle, cet article presente un bilan des resultats des fouilles recentes realisees sur le site de Nausharo, dans le bassin de la Bolan. Outre les donnees chronologiques et culturelles sur le site lui-meme, ces recherches apportent de nouvelles informations sur les caracteristiques de la Civilisation de l'Indus, notamment sur ses profondes transformations culturelles et economiques

To evaluate the efficacy of mucoadhesive insulin-loaded whey protein (WP) /alginate (ALG) microparticles (MP) for oral insulin administration. Insulin-loaded microparticles (ins-MP) made of whey protein and alginate were prepared by a cold gelation technique and an adsorption method, without adjunction of organic solvent in order to develop a biocompatible vehicle for oral administration of insulin. In vitro characterization, evaluations of ins-MP in excised intestinal tissues and hypoglycaemic effects after intestinal administration in healthy rats were performed The release properties and swelling behaviors, investigated in different pH buffers, demonstrated a release based on diffusion mechanism following matrix swelling. Mucoadhesion studies in rabbits and insulin transport experiments with excised intestinal rat tissues revealed that encapsulation in microparticles with mucoadhesive properties promotes insulin absorption across duodenal membranes and bioactivity protection. In vivo experiments reinforced the interest of encapsulation in whey protein/alginate combination. Confocal microscopic observations associated with blood glucose levels bring to light duodenal absorption of insulin biologically active following in vivo administration. Insulin-loaded WP/ALG MP with high quantities of drug entrapped, in vitro matrix swelling and protective effect as well as excellent mucohadesive properties was developped. Improvement of intestinal delivery of insulin and increased in bioavailability were recorded.

In an article published in 2008 in Paléorient, a series of arguments have been listed which would allow dating the last phase of Period III and Period IV at Shahr-i Sokhta in the course of the second half of the 3rd millennium and the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. This would imply that the sites of the Helmand system, Shahr-i Sokhta and Mundigak, have interacted with the Indus civilization. This article offers an opportunity to go through the main questions concerning the chronology of the Indo-Iranian regions. Then, we review the arguments used by the authors to sustain that the sites of the “ Helmand” system at the time of Shahr-i Sokhta, Periods III-IV, and the Indus civilization would be contemporaneous. On the basis of the data provided in particular by sites at the western border of the Indus valley and from Makran, we examine the validity of the comparative elements between Shahr-i Sokhta and the Indus civilization., Dans un article publié en 2008 dans Paléorient, une série d’arguments a été présentée pour dater la phase finale de la période III et la période IV de Shahr-i Sokhta au cours de la seconde moitié du IIIe millénaire et au tout début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Une telle datation pourrait impliquer de possibles interactions entre les sites du système de l’Helmand (Shahr-i Sokhta et Mundigak) et la civilisation de l’Indus. Cet article nous conduit tout d’abord à un examen d’ensemble des questions chronologiques à l’échelle des régions indo-iraniennes. Nous passons ensuite en revue les éléments utilisés par les auteurs de l’article précédent pour soutenir une contemporanéité entre les sites de l’Helmand aux périodes III et IV de Shahr-i Sokhta et la civilisation de l’Indus. Puis, en nous fondant notamment sur la séquence des sites de la bordure occidentale de la vallée de l’Indus et du Makran, nous examinons le bienfondé de ces rapprochements proposés entre Shahr-i Sokhta et les sites de la civilisation de l’Indus., Jarrige Jean-François, Didier Aurore, Quivron Gonzague. Shahr-i Sokhta and the chronology of the Indo-Iranian regions . In: Paléorient, 2011, vol. 37, n°2. pp. 7-34.

Jarrige Jean-François. L’art khmer au Musée Guimet : histoire d’une collection. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 154e année, N. 1, 2010. pp. 487-498.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats, exposed to a long (18L:6D) or a short (6L:18D) photoperiod from 21 days of age, were mated when they reached 55 days of age. On Day 2 of gestation, dams were pinealectomized or sham-operated. Pre- and postnatal photoperiods were identical, and offspring were killed at 15 days of age. Maternal pinealectomy had no effect when rats were kept on 18L:6D. Rats born to sham-operated mothers and kept on 6L:18D had higher testicular testosterone and androstenedione content than offspring raised on the long photoperiod. This stimulatory effect of the short photoperiod was blocked by maternal pinealectomy and was not dependent on the offspring's own pineal since it was observed in both sham-operated and neonatally (on Day 5 after birth) pinealectomized rats. When sham-operated mothers housed on 18L:6D were treated daily during pregnancy and lactation by s.c. melatonin injection, there was an increase in the testicular testosterone content of offspring. It was concluded that when rats are maintained on a 6L:18D cycle the maternal pineal gland enhances the testicular testosterone and androstenedione content in 15-day-old offspring. This effect is probably mediated by maternally derived melatonin. At 15 days of age, the pineal of the offspring had no influence on testicular function.

To exert their health effect, phytochemicals such as carotenoids and vitamin E have to be bioavailable. We investigated the digestive stability and intestinal absorption of lycopene and alpha-tocopherol from a whole food containing red tomatoes and sunflower oil using, for the first time, the dynamic gastrointestinal system TNO gastrointestinal tract model (TIM) coupled with Caco-2 cells. Digestive samples were added to Caco-2 cells after appropriate ultracentrifugation, filtration, and dilution. alpha-Tocopherol was stable during digestion in the TIM, whereas a 25% loss was observed for lycopene. The absorption of both compounds was curvilinear, bidirectional, and concentration-dependent. The percentages of alpha-tocopherol absorbed, but not that of lycopene, were lower with digestas compared to those with pure compounds, suggesting competition for absorption with other components of the test meal. According to in vivo data, a lower bioavailability was found for lycopene compared to that for alpha-tocopherol. These results support the usefulness of this in vitro approach for estimating the bioavailability of active compounds from food.

An innovative “biodrug” concept based on oral administration of living recombinant microorganisms as a vehicle to deliver active compounds directly into the digestive tract has recently been developed. To validate this concept, we studied a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in order to investigate its viability and its ability to produce a protein (glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-V5H6) in the rat. Following oral administration, the recombinant yeast showed a survival rate of around 40% in the upper parts of the digestive tract, but was more sensitive to the conditions in the large intestinal, where viability dropped to 1%. Western blot analysis was able to detect the model protein throughout the digestive tract, including stomach, duodenum, jejunum (proximal, median and distal), ileum, cecum and colon. The gastrointestinal sac technique was employed to quantify GST-V5H6 in all the digestive compartments. These results suggest that S. cerevisiae may represent a useful host for producing compounds of interest directly in the digestive tract.

An innovative “biodrug” concept, based on the oral administration of living recombinant microorganisms, has recently emerged for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. An engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain expressing plant P450 73A1 (cinnamate-4-hydroxylase [CA4H] activity) was used, and its survival and ability to convert trans -cinnamic acid (CIN) into p -coumaric acid (COU) were investigated in vivo. In rats, the recombinant yeast was resistant to gastric and small intestinal secretions but was more sensitive to the conditions found in the large intestine. After oral administration of yeast and CIN, the CA4H activity was shown in vivo, with COU being found throughout the rat's digestive tract and in its urine. The bioconversion reaction occurred very fast, with most of the COU being produced within the first 5 min. The gastrointestinal sac technique demonstrated that the recombinant yeast was able to convert CIN into COU (conversion rate ranging from 2 to 5%) in all the organs of the rat's digestive tract: stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. These results promise new opportunities for the development of drug delivery systems based on engineered yeasts catalyzing a bioconversion reaction directly in the digestive tract.

trans-Cinnamic acid (CIN) and p-coumaric acid (COU) are ingested by humans in their diet. While the metabolism and health benefits of CIN have been widely documented, little is known about its absorption sites, and there have been few studies dedicated to COU. The gastrointestinal sac technique demonstrated that CIN and COU are absorbed by all digestive organs in rats and partially transported via MCT-mediated carrier. Absorption was lowest in the stomach. Regardless of the organs that were studied, CIN was more efficiently absorbed than COU. After their individual oral administration to rats, CIN and COU were excreted in 0-24 h urine (0.3% and 23% of ingested CIN and COU, respectively). This suggests that COU was less metabolized than CIN. CIN and COU are absorbed across the digestive epithelium and subsequently interact with target tissues. Despite its lower gastrointestinal absorption, COU may have greater health benefits because it seems to be less metabolized than CIN.

Many drugs can be administered in parenteral nutrient mixtures, but no work on the delivery of corticoids by such means is reported. We studied the influence of pediatric parenteral nutrient mixtures on the kinetic parameters of the corticoid methylprednisolone injected in an intravenous bolus in rabbits as its sodium succinate ester. Four groups of six male New Zealand rabbits were used. After extraction, the plasma drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The distribution volume of the ester and the clearance rates of the two entities (ester and methylprednisolone) were lowered in the presence of a lipid emulsion. The description of these pharmacokinetic parameters provides a basis for a preclinical study of 24h administration of methylprednisolone in a parenteral nutrient mixture.

Female rats exposed to long (LD 18:6) or short (LD 6:18) photoperiods from 21 days of age were mated when they reached 55 days of age. On day 2 of gestation animals of each group were either pinealectomized or sham-operated. Lighting regimens were not changed during the course of the study. Male offspring of the four groups of dams were sacrificed on day 70 after birth. Rats that were maintained on long photoperiod had higher testicular testosterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone content than those raised on a LD 6:18 cycle. Whatever the breeding photoperiod used, maternal pinealectomy induced no modification of reproductive function. Among rats kept in short photoperiod, neonatal pinealectomy (on day 5 after birth) resulted in an enhanced testicular androgen content without any modification of plasma androgen concentration. These results indicate that (1) the previously reported effect of the mother's pineal on pubertal rat testicular function is not present in adulthood and (2) the pineal of the offspring is required to maintain normal testicular androgen content in the adult rat but exerts no influence on circulating androgens.

The direct effect of increasing doses of melatonin (10−8 to 10−5 m) on testosterone production by superfused rat interstitial cells was studied. A constant basal testosterone output was observed for approximately 3 h after the initial high release. A continuous hypothalamo-pituitary stimulation induced a rapid testosterone response reaching peak values in 40–60 min, then decreasing progressively. Basal testosterone release was not modified by 20 or 140 min melatonin infusions. Furthermore, melatonin induced no alteration of the stimulative testosterone response when directly infusing the cells. This study demonstrates that melatonin in vitro has no direct effect on testosterone production by adult rat interstitial cells. It would seem, therefore, that the well known inhibitory influence of melatonin on rat reproductive function is not produced by a direct effect on Leydig cells.

Excavations at Mehrgarh, in central Pakistan, have revealed farming settlements dating back to the early Neolithic period. Rich archaeological finds from several periods include five figurines of unfired clay which are the earliest yet discovered in southern Asia. -- AATA

En vertu des corrélations établies entre le site de Mehrgarh au Balouchistan et de nombreux sites en Iran et en Asie centrale, il est impossible de se fier au C 14 pour dater les différentes phases d'occupation du site. Il n'est plus possible par ailleurs d'invoquer le diffusionisme pour expliquer un développement tardif de cette région qui, en fait, a connu une évolution synchrone avec celle de l'Asie occidentale et centrale.

After a revision of the archaeological and geographical data, it has been attempted to present a general review of the question of the disappearance of the Harappean civilization. Several explanations have been proposed : either based on invasions or natural catastrophes ; a more recent theory is that of the progressive impoverishment due to an overexploitation of the resources of the Indus Valley. A new approach of the problem is suggested., Après un rappel des données archéologiques et géographiques un examen d'ensemble du problème de la disparition de la civilisation harappéenne est tenté ici. Plusieurs types d'explications ont été proposés faisant appel soit à des invasions, soit à des catastrophes naturelles ; récemment, une nouvelle théorie est apparue expliquant l'appauvrissement progressif de la Vallée de l'Indus par suite d'une surexploitation des ressources. Le but de cet article est d'aborder le problème sur des bases nouvelles., Jarrige Jean-François. La Fin de la civilisation harappéenne. In: Paléorient, 1973, vol. 1, n°2. pp. 263-287.

Jarrige Jean-François, Tissot Francine. Aarhus : huitième conférence internationale des archéologues de l'Asie du Sud. In: Arts asiatiques, tome 41, 1986. pp. 118-120.

Tissot Francine, Jarrige Jean-François. Bruxelles : Septième conférence internationale de la Société d'Archéologues. In: Arts asiatiques, tome 39, 1984. pp. 105-107.

Situation geographique et historique du site decouvert par R. Raikes en 1960 qui recueillit un materiel de surface (poterie a la main decoree de motifs geometriques peints| associee a des lames de silex. Sondages de Jean-Marie Casal 1967-1968: couches d'habitation de la seconde moitie du II millenaire et de la premiere moitie du I| trace d'une premiere occupation contemporaine des cultures du Balouchistan au III millenaire et de la civilisation de Harappa| hiatus important entre les traces d'un etablissement ancien qui remonterait au III millenaire et l'occupation "Pirak" de la seconde moitie du II. Elements de cette culture etrangers aux traditions (taureau qui n'apparait que sous forme de figurines en terre crue, en revanche, cheval et chameau a deux bosses souvent atteste| cavalier a tete d'animal). Paralleles avec l'Asie Centrale. Poterie grise tournee de Pirak III remplacant la poterie peinte faite a la main.

Tissot Francine, Jarrige Jean-François. Paris : Le centenaire de la naissance d'Henri Maspero. In: Arts asiatiques, tome 39, 1984. p. 107.

Cleuziou Serge, Lavallée Danièle, Jarrige Jean-François. L'archéologie française à l'étranger. In: Les Nouvelles de l'archéologie, numéro spécial n°1, octobre 1981. Colloque National sur la Recherche et la Technologie. Assises Régionales. pp. 13-14.