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L'article examine la participation des agriculteurs aux forums de développement rural (Mesas de Desarrollo Rural (MDR)), dispositifs instaurés en Uruguay en 2007. Durant trois ans (2015-2017), plusieurs MDR ont été étudiées dans trois départements du pays à partir de l'application d'une grille d'analyse des variables de l'action publique. Les principales conclusions indiquent la flexibilité et l'adaptation de ces dispositifs aux conditions des territoires et des producteurs, leur ouverture à d'autres institutions sectorielles non agricoles et, dans plusieurs cas, des difficultés de maintien ou de renouvellement de la dynamique de participation, en particulier, des représentants des agriculteurs.

International audience; Building inclusive businesses with small-scale producers in the agro-food sector presents challenges, most notably in terms of governance and sustainability. These issues were explored through a Danone Egypt Ecosystem Project that sought to promote a replicable business model of milk collection centers to secure a dairy plant's sourcing while contributing to the socio-economic development of smallholders. Quality management was used to link a value chain approach and a localised agri-food system approach. The study showed that an inclusive business relying on non-inclusive coordination had limited efficiency. Decreasing power asymmetries and distances between partners seems central to ensuring sustainability.

The objective of this study was to analyse the sustainability of different livestock systems in the Brazilian Pampa biome, from the perspective of the rangeland dilemma. We used the indicator-based framework for evaluating the sustainability of natural resource management systems (MESMIS). These were constructed for social, economic and environmental dimensions, and they were measured across a study suite of 115 establishments, representing the rangeland livestock system (RLS), intensive livestock system, and livestock–agricultural system (ALS). Indicator averages were compared between three systems via ANOVA and Tukey test. The results allocated a higher level of sustainability to RLS. When the three land-use systems were analysed across the dimensions, significant differences were found in their environmental sustainability, with the ALS presenting poorer results. Within each dimension, there were significant differences in the indicators for production systems, social participation and capital flow. We discussed two main points: the results found through the concept of the rangeland dilemma, by exploring its conditions, in addition to exposing the concept of functional integrity. In conclusion, an approach to develop policies for the Pampa is to recognize the rangeland as a “common good”, to generate income and stimulate the local economy.

O Uruguai, inserido no bioma Pampa, tem como principal atividade a pecuária desde o século XVII, mas mostra nas últimas décadas uma mudança no uso do solo. A soja e o arroz substituem pouco a pouco o campo nativo. Quais são as atuais funções da pecuária em sistema extensivo baseado em pastagens naturais no Uruguai frente à concorrência com o agronegócio? Uma revisão da literatura e entrevistas com produtores do Norte do país permitiram destacar cinco metafunções da pecuária: a função social; a função de produção de bens e serviços; a função de serviços ecossistêmicos; a função de segurança e a função de desenvolvimento territorial. Identificar as funções da pecuária extensiva no Uruguai pode ajudar legisladores e os responsáveis por tomadas de decisões a proteger essa atividade e fomentar sua sustentabilidade.

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender como são constituídos os mercados da pecuária familiar para a comercialização de terneiros e novilhos, mediante uma análise das características que orientam as interações entre os atores sociais dos distintos canais de comercialização e das razões de sua estruturação. O método de pesquisa foi do tipo descritivo explicativo, tendo como principal instrumento de pesquisa a entrevista em profundidade, aplicada para 39 pecuaristas familiares distribuídos nos municípios de Bagé, Dom Pedrito e Pinheiro Machado, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, associado ao registro por meio da observação participante em locais e eventos que configuravam comercialização de animais. Os resultados apontam que os principais canais de comercialização acessados pelos pecuaristas familiares para comercialização do terneiro e novilho são corretor (43,6%), terminador (41%), remate (33,3%) e intermediário (23,1%). As principais convenções que orientam as escolhas são confiabilidade, colaboração e credibilidade. De modo geral, busca-se máxima redução de incertezas e dependências, o que explica a comercialização de uma mesma categoria animal para mais de um canal de comercialização.

Sheep and goats production in the MENA region faces economic, environmental and social pressures causing major shifts in the production systems. This study investigates the main constraints affecting small ruminant production in the West Bekaa of Lebanon as perceived by the farmers, and their reported adaptive strategies. Four semi-sedentary systems were identified i) with landless shepherds, small herds and access to crop residues, ii) with small herds and no access to crop residues, iii) with medium sized herds and access to crop residues and iv) with large herds. Farmers from all systems perceived production constraints as related to pasture access and quality (25% of reported answers), and climate variability (22.5% of reported answers). Market and political uncertainties (24.5% of reported answers), on-farm socio-economic conditions and animal health were also reported as production challenges. Systems with larger herds were more affected by fluctuations in market prices and labor cost than systems with small herds. In the absence of the government support, farmers from all systems developed short-term adaptive strategies which mainly involved more time spent on pastures (88% of farmers), more feed supplementation (67% of farmers supplemented an average of 1 kg of barley/animal/day), and a decrease in herd size (61% of farmers). Changing herd movement was also practiced but to a lesser extent due to restricted access to pastures and local policies. Small ruminant systems in the West Bekaa are becoming more sedentary under environmental pressures and market uncertainties as perceived by the farmers, while diversifying their coping strategies.

The dynamics of the contemporary scenario of the agro-food sector has brought about transformations in the interpretations and conduct of the relations between producers and consumers of food. Food crises, price fluctuations, quality patterns are some of the re-identified criteria around the resumption or revaluation of closer relationships between farmers, food producers and final consumers. Around this debate, we seek to understand the conventions that guide the new / old markets of family agriculture in the context of two European countries, France and Italy, and in the south of Brazil. Based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation, cases of family agriculture markets were analyzed in these countries, which occur through direct marketing relationships between the producer and the final consumer. In this context, new markets come mainly from the constitution of a set of new conventions of quality and valorization of products, which are built in a process of co-participation between different actors and organizations, permeated mainly by processes and relationships that involve producers and consumers.Keywords: markets; family farm; Brazil; Italy; France.VENDRUSCOLO, Rafaela; MATTE, Alessandra; VENTURA, Flaminia; TOURRAND, Jean Francois; WAQUIL, Paulo Dabdab. Entre a reconexao e a revalorizacao: a constituicao de convencoes em mercados da agricultura familiar no Brasil, na Italia e na Franca. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, v. 26, n. 3, p. 495-516, out. 2018.Submitted in march 2018.Accepted in august 2018.

International audience; The Rural Development Forum (MDRs) were created in Uruguay in 2011 with the process of decentralization of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (MGAP). Based on a territorial and participatory rural development approach, this public policy seeks to consolidate and favor the permanence of family farming in the rural territories of the country. The objective of this paper is to characterize the operation and the territorial contribution of the MDRs in three departments: Río Negro, Rivera and Salto. The methodology consisted of applying an analysis guide in the MDRs of the three departments through individual and collective interviews, supplemented by documental and bibliography review. The results show that the policy allowed to move from a sector treatment to an inter-sector and territorial approach, where the demands for basic social services are very important and always present, surpassing the technical-productive requirements. Beyond the heavy dependence of the Ministry of Livestock and Agriculture coordination, in the studied territories, the MDRs strengthened the local institutions, in order to contribute to the consolidation of the productive and social strategies of family farmers and their organizations.; Las Mesas de Desarrollo Rural (MDR) fueron creadas en Uruguay en 2011, en el marco de un proceso de descentralización de las acciones del Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP). Basada en un enfoque de desarrollo rural territorial y participativo, esa política pública busca consolidar y favorecer la permanencia de la producción familiar en los territorios rurales del país. El objetivo del artículo es caracterizar el funcionamiento y la contribución territorial de las MDR en tres departamentos: Río Negro, Rivera y Salto. La metodología consistió en aplicar una guía de análisis en las MDR mediante entrevistas individuales y colectivas, complementadas por revisión de documentos y bibliografía. Los resultados muestran que la política permitió pasar de un tratamiento sectorial a un enfoque intersectorial y territorial donde las demandas porservicios básicos sociales son muy importantes y están siempre presentes, superando los requerimientos técnico-productivos. Más allá de una coordinación dependiente del MGAP, en los territorios estudiados, las MDR fortalecieron la institucionalidad local como forma de contribuir a la consolidación de las estrategias productivas y sociales de los productores familiares y sus organizaciones.

Depuis le debut du troisieme millenaire, l’Uruguay connait un developpement soutenu des investissements sud-americains aussi bien dans la production agricole que dans la transformation agroalimentaire. Les facteurs de l’installation de ces acteurs venus, principalement, d’Argentine et du Bresil sont analyses ainsi que les impacts, marquants, sur l’utilisation du sol, l’organisation des filieres, les structures de production, la gouvernance de l’agriculture et la societe rurale dans son ensemble.

Why does the governance of pastoral systems need to be based on coviability? Below, brief comments are presented about the coviability concept in pastoral systems: a collective approach of viability due to: first, the permanent interactions between farming systems at various scales (household, family, tribe), and secondly the need to establish rules to avoid the tragedy of commons. Based on pastoral systems located in five contrasted contexts from bioclimatic and socio-economic points of view (Tibetan Plateau, Mediterranean, Sahel, Pampa and South Patagonia), the authors describe the strong interactions between the farming systems at different scales in diverse domains: herd management, innovation, strategies to face risks, marketing, lobbying, social and cultural issues, etc. Then, they demonstrate how the local societies progressively have been constrained to established rules to access the rangeland, firstly when resources were not sufficient (tragedy of the commons) and more recently with the new environmental challenge leading to functional integrity which is coviability at the level of the rangeland management. Indeed, functional integrity refers to the collective level in the sustainable management of rangeland resources: coordination, short and long term planning of the use of resources, promoting ecosystem services, control and prevention of conflicts, considering the hopes and the fears of the local people, etc. The authors conclude with three scenarios for pastoral systems according to the level of sustainable rangeland management goals and coviability adopted by breeder societies at a local scale: rapid disappearance in the global market, resistance and protection as heritage, sustainable rangeland management and gold coviability based on functional integrity.

The megalopolis that is Cairo now has a population of nearly 20 million inhabitants. Within the city and on its periphery are family farms engaged in various types of agricultural activity. This chapter sheds light on the functioning of these farms, which contribute to Cairo’s food supply, especially as regards dairy and market gardening products. The data used are from a study on milk supply in Cairo conducted as part of the Dairy project undertaken jointly by CIRAD, Ain Shams University and the Animal Production Research Institute (APRI).

International audience; L’Amazonie brésilienne est plus connue pour sa forêt que pour ses prairies. Celles-ci poursuivent pourtant, depuis cinq décennies de colonisation par la patte du bœuf, une expansion sans précédents dans le monde de pâturages cultivés, au détriment de la couverture forestière. Le long de fronts pionniers de déforestation, les éleveurs avancent et occupent les terres jusqu’alors publiques ou indigènes, amorçant l’émergence de nouveaux territoires en herbes. Les auteurs éclairent cette Amazonie des pâturages, méconnue, sous trois angles complémentaires. Ils expliquent en premier l’origine culturelle de l’expansion actuelle des pâturages, en la rattachant à la notion de frontière agricole, propre au Brésil depuis sa découverte par les navigateurs portugais. Le deuxième aspect est relatif aux mécanismes agronomiques qui conditionnent cette production fourragère équatoriale, la rendant à la fois attractive, risquée, changeante. Enfin, le lien aux territoires est explicité, montrant comment autour des pâturages naissant se construisent des territoires en herbes, qui pourront après cette phase initiale de conquête foncière se diversifier et consolider leurs institutions. Une dynamique nouvelle se fait jour actuellement, le pâturage dégradé devenant une réserve de terres arables pour alimenter le monde dans les prochaines décennies, et enrichir les investisseurs qui suivent les pionniers. C’est l’entrée de la chimie dans les pâturages et l’artificialisation des agroécosystèmes. Ainsi l’article s’attache à lire les liens entre évolutions des pâturages et des sociétés, ce point de vue permettant de conclure sur les conditions sociales d’émergence de systèmes d’intensification écologique.

Resumo As transformações mais profundas nos ecossistemas amazônicos foram produzidas pela expansão da fronteira agrícola. No norte de Mato Grosso, esse fenômeno contribuiu com a derrubada e queima de mais de 50% da floresta nativa. Os ecossistemas aquáticos foram contaminados com agrotóxicos e mercúrio. Objetivamos compreender como se comportou a saúde da população local em função dessas alterações ambientais. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, fundamentado pelos pilares da ecossaúde: transdisciplinaridade, participação social e equidade de gênero. Os resultados sugerem que, na fronteira agrícola amazônica de Mato Grosso, a degradação e a contaminação dos ecossistemas estão relacionadas à emergência de novas doenças. A crescente abertura da fronteira ao mercado global consolida a geração de riscos industriais, contribuindo com o aumento da incidência de doenças cronico degenerativas. Abstract In the Brazilian Amazonia, the most profound transformations of the ecosystems were produced by the expansion of the agricultural frontier. In the northern state of Mato Grosso, this phenomenon produced deforestation and the burning of more than 50% of the native forest. Aquatic ecosystems have been contaminated with pesticides and mercury. We aim to understand how people's health was affected by these environmental changes. To this end, we developed a case study based on key pillars of ecohealth: transdisciplinarity, social participation and gender equality. The results suggest that in the Amazonian agricultural frontier of Mato Grosso, the degradation and contamination of ecosystems are related to the emergence of new diseases. The increasing openness of the agricultural frontier to the global market consolidates the creation of industrial risks, contributing to the increased incidence of chronic degenerative diseases.

Following the tribal allocation of land in the 1920s and the development of agriculture in the wadi area, the last six decades have seen the settlement of the majority of Bedouin tribes in Egypt. In the two last decades, the Bedouin in the Coastal Zone of the Western Desert had to cope with a severe 15-year drought combined with major changes in link with tourism, urbanization, and agricultural development. Using data collected in surveys and interviews, we show that the adaptive processes of the Bedouin are embedded in their social organization and in their ability to adopt new activities.

The Coastal Zone of Western Desert (CZWD) Egypt, extended from Alexandria East to Libyan border West, is a hot dry area of

This article analyses the transformations occurring in the agrarian systems of two distinct zones (São Félix do Xingu in Brazil and Tacuarembó in Uruguay), where cattle breeding is known as a central activity for exportation, especially since the 1990’s. However the two regions are based in really different ecological, pedo-climatical and socio-structural situations, similar steps and processes of evolution can be seen in the transformations of agrarian systems. These mutations are concerning the arrival of new actors in production, the homogenization of agricultural territories, the specialization of the agroindustrial chain. In between these transformation processes, we are particularly underlining the movement of destruction of natural soil’s coverts, by forest exploration in Amazony and implantation of cellulose’s trees and soy bean in Uruguay, intensification of mechanizing and integration of agricultural production sector in the agroindustrial chain. By the way of laws, subventions and development of specific infrastructures, the national governments of the two countries were creat-ing attracting conditions for foreign capital investments in these marginalizedconsiderate regions. These dynamics were developed in both territories without consideration for ecologic and social potentialities, leading to a specific way of rural social deconstruction and ecological degradations. Este artigo analisa as transformações nos sistemas agrários de duas zonas distintas (São Félix do Xingu no Brasil e Tacuarembó no Uruguai), onde a produ- ção de carne bovina vem se destacando como importante atividade destinada à exportação, especialmente após os anos 1990. Embora as regiões sejam diferentes em termos ecológicos, pedoclimáticos e de trajetórias sociais de ocupa- ção, constatam-se processos de evolução similares nas transformações no nível de sistemas agrários. Essas mudanças traduzem-se pela chegada de novos atores, homogeneização dos espaços de produção e forte especialização na cadeia produtiva. Entre os processos de transformação destacamos a remoção da cobertura natural dos solos – plantio de pastagens após desmatamento na Amazônia e implantação de grãos e espécies madeireiras nos campos do Uruguai, a mecanização das terras e integração da produção bovina à cadeia agroindustrial. O apoio dos governos nacionais, por meio de incentivos e fortalecimento das infraestruturas necessárias à circulação dos produtos, foi importante para atrair inversão de capitais nacionais e estrangeiros nessas regiões consideradas marginais. Essas dinâmicas têm se desenvolvido sem levar em conta as potencialidades ecológicas e sociais de cada um dos territórios, provocando a desestruturação das populações rurais e degradação ambiental.

Extensive livestock farming was the driver of agricultural colonization and territorial structuring in the Amazon. Since 2008, Amazonian agriculture has been faced with radical changes in Brazilian policies concerning agricultural land use and the preservation of forest areas. The very viability of livestock systems is threatened and there is thus an urgent need for feasible alternatives to enable the development of sustainable agriculture. Some alternatives are currently being tested by public extension services and private operators. The question is, can these alternatives really be considered as ecological intensification? Defined as ecologically friendly agricultural development, this new trend of intensification aims to reconcile cattle ranching and the protection of Amazon forest ecosystems. Our analysis, based on three contrasted municipalities in Para State, focuses on the points of view of different stakeholders in the livestock sector. Results show the dominance of classical intensification among the alternatives envisaged, but it is an option that small family farmers cannot easily afford. Alternatives based on land sharing, which promotes agricultural production and environmental preservation on the same areas, are less well known and will require more coordination among local actors.; L'elevage extensif a ete un moteur dans l'avancee des fronts agricoles et la construction des territoires en Amazonie bresilienne. Depuis 2008, l'agriculture amazonienne est confrontee a des changements radicaux de la politique bresilienne concernant l'usage des terres agricoles et la preservation des zones forestieres. La viabilite des systemes d'elevage est aujourd'hui menacee ; il est urgent de trouver et de mettre en oeuvre des solutions viables, techniques et sociales, pour permettre le developpement durable de l'agriculture en Amazonie. Une serie d'alternatives sont testees par les services publics, prives et des organisations non gouvernementales (bresiliennes et internationales) afin d'amorcer une trajectoire d'intensification tout en preservant la foret. Notre question est : les alternatives envisagees contribuent-elles a un mouvement d'intensification ecologique ? Defini comme developpement agricole respectueux de l'environnement, ce mouvement est considere comme un des facteurs d'une coexistence entre elevage et foret. Sur la base d'une etude realisee dans trois communes contrastees de l'Etat du Para, l'analyse porte sur la connaissance qu'ont les acteurs impliques dans le secteur de l'elevage sur ces alternatives. Nous analysons egalement en quoi les alternatives citees par les acteurs sont liees a l'intensification ecologique. Les resultats montrent qu'il s'agit la plupart du temps de methodes conventionnelles d'intensification, difficiles a atteindre pour les petits producteurs familiaux, et qui separent les zones de production intensive des zones a proteger. Les alternatives basees sur l'integration de la production agricole et de la protection de l'environnement sur les memes espaces sont moins connues et demandent une coordination plus grande entre les acteurs locaux.

The rapid increase in population of Egypt’s Nile Valley and Delta is leading to massive urbanisation and uncontrolled conversion of agricultural land. Food security appears to be a daily challenge in cities all over the country. Greater Cairo is home to approximately 20 million inhabitants. Most of the city’s expansion is occurring on arable land, absorbing outlying farm systems and questioning their sustainability. In an exploratory study of dairy farming systems in urban and peri-urban areas of the capital, four main types have been identified by their capacity to integrate crop and livestock production, and by their structural characteristics. These farming systems are facing several primary constraints: limited space and access to fodder, increases in feed concentrate prices, and manure management. Despite this difficult context, they are maintaining their activity by serving the community and taking advantage of its proximity: They are incorporating adaptive strategies for feeding systems, breeding systems, and inputs sourcing, and providing employment, food security, and waste recycling. These strategies appear to be initiated mainly at the scale of family farming systems. Although these systems are evolving rapidly, their future survival remains questionable in a context of the evolving demands of one of the world’s largest megalopolises.

Key messagesA governance approach, combining public policy and private initiatives was effective in slowing down deforestation, but was unable to support a transition to more sustainable production systems.New technical intensification models must be identified for low-productivity systems in degraded lands, adapted to the biophysical and sociotechnical conditions of the Amazonian landscapes.Multiple constraints inhibit progress toward sustainable intensification of cattle ranching, and reversing them requires that all such constraints be addressed in a coordinated way.Designing options that work for all stakeholders, and monitoring and verifying progress of territories toward sustainability is essential to support current public policies and private initiatives.

International audience; Agricultural globalization is blamed for destructive impacts on small farms in developing countries. Yet, many local societies are proactive in the face of these changes and show high adaptive capacity. Investigating their transformations with an integrative perspective and enough hindsight may reveal some of the bases of their resilience and adaptive capacity. Using field data and the panarchy concept of resilience theory, we analyzed the territorial and social dynamics of quinoa growers' communities in southern Bolivia over the last four decades, a case study of regime shift in a poverty-stricken rural society which deliberately entered the global food market. Linking the dynamics of the household economy to the territorial and social subsystems over several decades, we gained insights into the interactions that shaped the rise of quinoa production in the region. We found that a vivid tradition of mobility allowing for pluriactivity on-and off-farm, combined with community self-governance, explains how local populations succeeded in articulating individual agency with collective control over their commons of land, seed resources, and social rules. Our vulnerability analysis points to landscape homogenization, social inequity, and increased dependence on external factors as potential sources of unsustainability. We conclude that, to cope with the changes of unprecedented magnitude they are facing, local producers should retain social cohesion and autonomous governance, without giving up on their heritage of mobility and economic redundancy. As regards theory, we identified cross-scale subsystem configurations critical for regime shifts, and confirm the value of panarchy in capturing complex socioecological dynamics.

En ce début de millénaire, l'Égypte est en prise directe avec de multiples changements d'ordre économique (forte croissance démographique et urbanisation qui gagne la côte nord-ouest [Zdruli, 2012]), climatique, à la suite du renforcement des sécheresses dans le sud méditerranéen [Christensen et al., 2007], et sociopolitique, en raison des incertitudes induites par le " Printemps arabe ". Bien que l'Égypte soit un pays de tradition agricole, l'importation assure une part significative de l'alimentation de ses 85 millions d'habitants (50 % des céréales et près de 30 % de la viande bovine [Ubifrance et les missions économiques, 2009, 2011]). Si l'Égypte est reconnue pour ses performances agricoles dans le delta et la vallée du Nil, peu de travaux de recherche portent sur les systèmes pluviaux gérés par les communautés bédouines. En l'absence d'irrigation, ces communautés, vulnérables au changement climatique, ont élaboré un savoir de la gestion de la sécheresse en jouant sur la mobilité et les multiples fonctions des troupeaux et la diversification des activités. Elles ont su également maintenir leurs réseaux sociaux tribaux tout en s'adaptant au changement social et politique. Elles apparaissent donc comme innovantes, en particulier à la lisière des zones irriguées.

Reviewing the situation of quinoa production in southern Bolivia, Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390) argues that the booming export market has a negative effect on the environment and on the home consumption of quinoa, thereby leading to an environmental disaster in the region. In view of the scarcity of scientific knowledge on the rapid social and environmental dynamics in the region, we consider that Jacobsen’s review misrepresents the situation of quinoa production in southern Bolivia. Specifically, we argue that (i) the data presented by Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390) do not support any drop in quinoa crop yield supposed to reflect soil degradation and (ii) his demonstration regarding home consumption of quinoa is ill-founded from both a nutritional and a cultural point of view. We suggest that the diffusion of the arguments exposed by Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390), because of their flaws, might have strong negative impacts on those concerned with sustainable food production and fair-trade with developing countries. We conclude that, rather than reinforced agro-technical controls on local farmers, the rising competition in the international quinoa market requires a shift towards an ethical economy and ethical research cooperation with quinoa producers.

International audience; Livestock production systems in the Amazon have caused substantial environmental damage. With the pressure to improve and increase production on limited lands, and the new ways of evaluating systems, farmers are looking for alternatives to livestock production. The scientific community began to promote incorporating trees as a component of livestock systems, as an alternative to livestock specialization. However, these systems were not adopted as expected. One of the hypotheses is that this alternative requires a complicated management. In this context, the objective of this study was to describe the implications for the management of cattle farms and the work necessary to include an integrated crop-livestock-forestry system (CLFIS) in cattle farms in Roraima State. To address this objective, we used secondary government data, interviews, and farm monitoring. The results showed that, regardless of the scale of production, more components in the CLFIS result in more activity differentiation, more diversification of knowledge and work, and a more complicated management. In conclusion, the adoption of a CLFIS to replace the exclusive production of livestock results in losing the flexibility and characteristics of livestock production in Amazonia. The increase in the average age and the low level of schooling of farmers and rural workers are factors that make it difficult for them to internalize, understand and adopt CLFIS. Labour and management are complicating factors contributing to the low level of CLFIS adoption by Roraima State farmers.

En Amazonie, l’élevage bovin contribue à la construction d’un nouveau territoire du fait et en dépit des impacts qu’il a sur un écosystème forestier dont la préservation fait la quasi-unanimité. Il existe en effet un profond fossé entre d’une part des acteurs locaux, pionniers à la recherche de meilleures conditions de vie, pour lesquels la forêt est une simple réserve de fertilité et, d’autre part, la communauté internationale soucieuse des impacts environnementaux de cette déforestation à grande échelle. Nous avons conçu un système multi-agents (SMA) qui permet de rendre compte des stratégies des éleveurs et agriculteurs qui sont les acteurs clés de cette déforestation, et d’en simuler les impacts. Nos résultats éclairent d’un jour nouveau les questions et enjeux relatifs à` l’intensification agroécologique et l’élaboration de politiques publiques durables pour le développement des fronts pionniers sur la Transamazonienne. Nos travaux ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour le partage d’information entre leurs diverses parties prenantes. Bien que conçu pour représenter des dynamiques locales, le modèle apparaît suffisamment générique pour être applique´ a` d’autres situations amazoniennes., In Amazonia, cattle ranching plays a particular role in the construction of new territory, especially because it affects the Amazon Rainforest, the conservation of which represents very high stakes. There is a wide and obvious gap between on the one hand local actors, pioneers seeking better living conditions and for whom the natural forest is perceived as a simple reserve of fertility and, on the other hand, the international community concerned by environmental impact. We describe several versions of a multi-agent model and their results as information sharing between stakeholders as along with new research questions regarding agro-ecological intensification and the drawing up of durable public policies. Although it has been designed to represent local dynamics, this model could probably be used in other Amazonian areas.

On the basis of the results of the ELVULMED, MOUVE, and CLIMED research projects, this chapter presents a long-term analysis of the Bedouin society in the northwestern coastal zone (NWCZ) of Egypt, especially the resilience of the Bedouin social–ecological system facing global change. Located along the Mediterranean coast, the NWCZ is bordered by Libya to west, the hinterland of the Nile Valley to the east, and the northeastern Sahara to the south. Settled by Bedouin tribes, the NWCZ is a typical case study of the North African pastoral area. Global change in this arid region is characterized by frequent droughts and water scarcity, structural deficit in food security, strong demographic growth, rural exodus, new social demands, especially from the youth, and serious social challenges currently linked to the Arab Spring. The first part of this chapter presents some elements relevant to the history of the NWCZ, from the Roman period until the beginning of the twentieth century, to give a better understanding of the context of the establishment of the Bedouin society. Many of these elements are not specific to the NWCZ, and they concern the entire North African and western Asian region. The second part describes the major events that have occurred during the twentieth century in the NWCZ, with the objectives to better define the main phases of the Bedouin social–ecological system and to understand the drivers of long-term change and, consequently, define possible key factors for sustainable development in the face of the new context of global change, including rangeland recuperation and management. The third part considers the Bedouin strategies in the face of global change, especially the 15-year drought from 1995 to 2010, and the changes in the socioeconomic context linked to the building of infrastructures for water supply, tourism development, information and communication technologies, the new demands of the local society, mainly the youth, and more recently the Arab Spring. Maybe the main change is the weak role of the rangeland in the new Bedouin society. In the fourth part, three scenarios for the future are described and which have been drafted with the perceptions of different local stakeholders. The fifth and final part presents some concluding remarks, focused specifically on the future of the rangeland, its management, and the role of the Bedouin society, and more generally the future of the pastoral society in the new North African changing context. The results presented in this chapter come from data collected during three successive research projects conducted from 2011 to 2013. The first project was a survey based on a large questionnaire completed by 180 breeders in six villages in the NWCZ. The questionnaire included data about the history and structure of the family, the tribe, the land, the crop and livestock farming system, the family and local networks, the perception of change, and the family's projects for the future, etc. The second project was a more detailed survey, based on the same questionnaire with 50 families in the Nagamish wadi located in the central part of the NWCZ, near the city of Marsa Matruh. This project used several tools from diverse disciplines, including crop and livestock farming systems, geography, economics, water management, and policy science. The third project involved a set of interviews with 25 local stakeholders in the NWCZ focusing on the following topics: their mental models about livestock, their perceptions regarding diverse topics such as regional trends, the main drivers of change, past, current, and future functions of livestock on a local scale, their hopes and fears for the local society, current challenges and conflicts, especially those linked to drought, water supply, and rangeland management, and their scenarios for the future.

On the basis of research conducted in three contrasting South American ecoregions (southern Patagonia, Argentina; the central Pampas and Campos, Uruguay; and western Amazonia, Brazil), this chapter aims to better understand the complex sets of reasons that have recently led local societies to adopt more sustainable pasture management in South America. After a brief overview of each of the three biomes, representative social–ecological systems of pastoralism are identified with the objective to describe their respective pasture management history, especially the colonization process and the settlement of the pioneers, and the successive farming systems, mainly the practices related to herd and pasture management, are compared. Finally, the main local and national policies regarding the livestock sector and landownership are analyzed. The evolution of the social–ecological systems of pastoralism in these ecoregions was assessed with a three-dimensional model of vulnerability based on the agroecosystem resilience, livelihood improvement, and institutional capability. The evolution of the mental models about livestock has also been analyzed to better understand the current perceptions of the local people and their scenarios for the future of livestock in their social–ecological systems. The results focused on the dynamics of rangeland management, the vulnerability of the pastoral social–ecological systems, and the evolution of the mental models of local people about livestock, so as to discuss the different rhythms of transformation and the existence of critical thresholds. Besides diverse land and social issues, it is imperative to intensify livestock production and increase the offer of new technologies, as well as to identify some relevant human dimension factors, such as the demand of local societies for collective livelihood improvement, the recent national and international environmental policies related to global warming and biodiversity, and the stronger awareness of consumers for sustainable development. In the context of global change, the practices of rangeland management will change in a more sustainable way, resulting in better society–environment interaction and human–nature integration. Fil: Morales, Hermes. Instituto Plan Agropecuario; Uruguay Fil: Coronato, Fernando Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Carvalho, Soraya. Universidade Federal do Pará; Brasil Fil: Saravia, Alejandro. Instituto Plan Agropecuario; Uruguay Fil: Schweitzer, Alejandro Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Santa Cruz. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Santa Cruz; Argentina Fil: Burlamaqui, Amaury. Ministerio da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento de Brasil; Brasil Fil: Tourrand, Jean Francois. Centre de Coopèration Internationale en Reserche Agronomique pour le Dèveloppement; Francia

[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]DTAM [Axe_IRSTEA]DTAM3-ECOPRA; International audience; Localised animal food systems tend to be perceived as more environmentally sustainable than non-localised systems. However, these initiatives span a diverse array of projects, and the way ecological issues are considered may vary greatly depending on the actors and systems involved. With re-localisation of food chains considered a way of fostering sustainable development, this diversity should prompt a closer look at the real environmental dimension of sustainable development through livestock farming. In order to understand better how food system re-localisation trends can support environmentally sustainable development, this paper analyses the importance and place that the environmental issues may hold in localised animal food systems. We mobilize the concept of ‘ecological embeddedness’ to help consider how, why and to what extent natural environment influences development and shapes relationships between agents within food networks. We use the analytical framework developed by Morris and Kirwan (2011) to compare five initiatives designed to differentiate animal food products by linking their qualities to the place of production in three countries: France, Morocco, and Senegal. The comparison of the way food-systems stakeholders understand, realise, utilise, and negotiate the ecological dimensions of food production shows three different forms of ecological embeddedness depending on the way the ecological dimensions of production are linked with environmental protection issues. The first form corresponds to the Moissac case in which practices linked with ecology are very consciously highlighted as environmentally-friendly practices. The second form reflects cases in which environmentally-friendly practices and values associated to ecology exist and are highlighted through their impact on products quality, not as participating in environment protection. The third form concerns the Senegalese case in which food systems seem to be engaged in a process of ecological ‘dis-embeddedness’. Finally, the comparison of different cases underlines the non-systematic coexistence between Localised Food Systems and ecological embeddedness. The “broad” systemic approach adopted here also unlocks insight into the ecological embeddedness of food systems. This analysis of collective initiatives involving different stakeholders led to consider the roles they can play in shaping the ecological embeddedness of the livestock food systems.

This edited volume summarizes information about the situational context, threats, problems, challenges and solutions for sustainable pastoralism at a global scale. The book has four goals. The first goal is to summarize the information about the history, distribution and patterns of pastoralism and to identify the importance of pastoralism from social, economic and environmental perspectives. The results of an empirical investigation of the environmental and socio-economic implications of pastoralism in representative pastoral regions in the world are also incorporated. The second goal is to argue that breaking coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism leads to degradation of pastoral ecosystems and to create an analysis framework to assess the vulnerability of worldwide pastoralism. Our analysis framework provides approaches to help comprehensively understand the transitions and the impacts of human-natural systems in the pastoral regions in the world. The third goal is to identify the successful models in promoting coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism, and to learn lessons of breaking coupled human-cultural pastoralism systems through examining the representative cases in regions including Central Asia, Southern and Eastern Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, the European Alps and South America. The fourth goal is to identify the strategies to build the resilience of the coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism worldwide. We hope that our book can facilitate the further examination of sustainable development of coupled human-natural systems of pastoralism by providing the summaries of existing data and information related to the pastoralism development, and by offering a framework for better understanding and analysis of their social, economic and environmental implications. (Resume d'auteur)

Nos últimos anos, tem-se observado uma forte tendência de pecuarização da agricultura familiar em Uruará, PA (região transamazônica), cujo reflexo no agroecossistema é desconhecido. Estudar o sistema de produção como um todo, identificar limitações e testar soluções, envolvendo os parceiros locais, é uma forma de adequar a pesquisa na região, ainda monodisciplinar, restrita à estação experimental e pouco relacionada à problemática dos produtores. O convênio EMBRAPA-CPATU/UFPa/CIRAD-EMVT está apoiando esse trabalho. Em menos de dois anos, a pesquisa-desenvolvimento em sistemas agrícolas com forte componente pecuário alcançou resultados bastante promissores. No início traçou-se um perfil do sistema de produção, enfatizando o componente pecuário, definindo prioridades para a etapa seguinte com difusão de tecnologia em manejo e recuperação de pastagem, ervas tóxicas e suplementação mineral; formulação de mistura mineral e implementação de infra-estrutura de processamento pelas organizações dos produtores; testes de germoplasma forrageiro promissor (gramíneas e leguminosas); e avaliação de desempenho do rebanho nos estabelecimentos. Novos temas como a criação de suínos, aves, e animais silvestres deverão ser incluídos. Ajustes institucionais devem ser feitos para estimular projetos nessa linha, considerada prioritária na EMBRAPA-CPATU. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura familiar; região transamazônica; sistema de produção. A strong tendency to cattle growing is being observed in family agriculture in Uruará, PA (Transamazon region, Brazil), and its effect on agroecosystem is unknown. Research in this region is still monodisciplinar, restricted to experiment station and not related to growers problems. EMBRAPA-CPATU/UFPa/CIRAD-EMVT are studying production system as a whole, identifying limits and trying to solve problems, involving local partners. In less than two years this research reached promising results. At first, a production system profile was done, emphasizing cattle component, defining priorities for technology spread on pasture, toxic herbs and mineral supply; mineral mix formulation and processing basement by growers organizations; promising pasture germplasm testing (gramineae and leguminosae); and cattle performance evaluation. New subjects as the raising of swine, birds and wild animals should be included. Institutional adjusting must be done to improve this project, which is priority for EMBRAPA-CPATU. KEY-WORDS: Family agriculture; Transamazon region; production system.

A strong tendency to cattle growing is being observed in family agriculture in Uruará, PA (Transamazon region, Brazil), and its effect on agroecosystem is unknown. Research in this region is still monodisciplinar, restricted to experiment station and not related to growers problems. EMBRAPA-CPATU/UFPa/CIRAD-EMVT are studying production system as a whole, identifying limits and trying to solve problems, involving local partners. In less than two years this research reached promising results. At first, a production system profile was done, emphasizing cattle component, defining priorities for technology spread on pasture, toxic herbs and mineral supply; mineral mix formulation and processing basement by growers organizations; promising pasture germplasm testing (gramineae and leguminosae); and cattle performance evaluation. New subjects as the raising of swine, birds and wild animals should be included. Institutional adjusting must be done to improve this project, which is priority for EMBRAPA-CPATU. KEY-WORDS: Family agriculture; Transamazon region; production system. Nos últimos anos, tem-se observado uma forte tendência de pecuarização da agricultura familiar em Uruará, PA (região transamazônica), cujo reflexo no agroecossistema é desconhecido. Estudar o sistema de produção como um todo, identificar limitações e testar soluções, envolvendo os parceiros locais, é uma forma de adequar a pesquisa na região, ainda monodisciplinar, restrita à estação experimental e pouco relacionada à problemática dos produtores. O convênio EMBRAPA-CPATU/UFPa/CIRAD-EMVT está apoiando esse trabalho. Em menos de dois anos, a pesquisa-desenvolvimento em sistemas agrícolas com forte componente pecuário alcançou resultados bastante promissores. No início traçou-se um perfil do sistema de produção, enfatizando o componente pecuário, definindo prioridades para a etapa seguinte com difusão de tecnologia em manejo e recuperação de pastagem, ervas tóxicas e suplementação mineral; formulação de mistura mineral e implementação de infra-estrutura de processamento pelas organizações dos produtores; testes de germoplasma forrageiro promissor (gramíneas e leguminosas); e avaliação de desempenho do rebanho nos estabelecimentos. Novos temas como a criação de suínos, aves, e animais silvestres deverão ser incluídos. Ajustes institucionais devem ser feitos para estimular projetos nessa linha, considerada prioritária na EMBRAPA-CPATU. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Agricultura familiar; região transamazônica; sistema de produção.

Les récentes politiques publiques en faveur de l’agriculture familiale en Uruguay sont confrontées à une tension très forte avec la logique néolibérale dominant l’agriculture uruguayenne. L’article analyse les innovations des politiques publiques en matière de gestion des ressources naturelles, aménagement du territoire et décentralisation du développement rural et examine leurs effets, en particulier sur le secteur de l’élevage familial. La recherche a été conduite en croisant l’analyse d’archives et des entretiens avec les principaux décideurs, acteurs et bénéficiaires des politiques étudiées. L’Uruguay est en train d’intégrer rapidement les normes internationales de transversalité en matière de politiques environnementales (préservation de l’eau et des sols) territoriales et de développement durable. Mais l’implantation de nouveaux instruments de régulation (territoriale, environnementale, foncière, etc.) rencontre des difficultés, car ils entrent en tension ou opposition avec les intérêts du secteur entrepreneurial ou encore avec l’identité des éleveurs familiaux., Recent public policies in favor of family farming in Uruguay face a lot of tension with the dominant neoliberal logic of Uruguayan agriculture. This paper analyzes the public policy innovations in the management of natural resources, land use and rural development decentralization. It also examines their effects, especially on the area of family livestock farming. The research was conducted by crossing archives analysis and interviews with key decision makers, stakeholders and beneficiaries of the studied policies. Uruguay is in the process of integrating international standards in environmental policies (conservation of water and soil) and regional sustainable development. But the implementation of new regulatory instruments (territorial, environmental, land use, etc.) has problems as they come in tension or conflict with the interests of the corporate sector or with the identity of livestock family farmers.

Apres la Colombie et avant la Bolivie, le piemont andin peruvien a ete faconne par l’alliance entre le narcotrafic et le terrorisme. L’histoire du Alto Huallaga montre comment l’agriculture familiale a bascule a la fin des annees soixante-dix dans une production massive de coca, et comment s’est constituee une filiere organisant les migrations de paysans depuis la Sierra et de la Costa vers l’Amazonie, pour y etre planteurs de coca, et exportant vers le premier monde le produit fini. Cela fut aussi favorise par la transformation de la guerilla du Sentier lumineux en mouvement terroriste a la solde du narcotrafic et par la forte implication dans le systeme mafieux de leaders politiques comme du systeme bancaire national et international. Puis, dans les annees quatre-vingt-dix, l’Etat s’est lance dans une guerre impitoyable contre le narcotrafic, detruisant plus de 80 % des surfaces de coca. La violence des affrontements a ete telle qu’aujourd’hui chaque famille compte des morts, tandis que l’espace est en grande partie deforeste et les terres tres degradees. Pourtant, rien n’est joue, et d’autres cultures illicites ne demandent qu’a remplacer la coca, utilisant des filieres similaires.

Capitulo 10; Sostenibilidad de la producción de quinua en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia: un enfoque desde la panarquía