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Nowadays, most of the neonatal screening programs for cystic fibrosis (CF) combine the assay of immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) with the analysis of the most common mutations of the CFTR gene. The efficiency of this strategy is now well established, but the identification of heterozygotes among neonates with increased IRT is perceived as a drawback. We proposed to assess the heterozygosity frequency among the children with hypertrypsinaemia detected through the CF screening program implemented in Brittany (France) 10 years ago, to describe the CFTR mutations detected in them and to determine the frequency of the IVS8-5T variant. The molecular analysis relies, in our protocol, on the systematic analysis of three exons of the gene (7-10-11). A total of 160,019 babies were screened for CF in western Brittany between 1992 and 1998. Of the 1964 newborns with increased IRT (1.2%), 60 were CF and 213 were carriers. Heterozygosity frequency was 12.8%), i.e. 3 times greater than in the general population (3.9%; p < 10(-6)), Variability of mutations detected in carriers was greater than in CF children (21 mutations versus 10) and a high proportion of mild mutations or variants (A349V, R297Q, R347H, V317A, G544S, R553G, etc) was observed in carriers. The allelic frequency of the 5T (5.6%) was not significantly increased in this cohort. This study is consistent with previous ones in finding a significantly higher rate of heterozygotes than expected among neonates with hypertrypsinaemia. The strategy of screening used here allows to highlight the variability of mutations detected in heterozygotes and to show that severe mutations, as well as mild mutations, have been observed in neonates with hypertrypsinaemia. If there is no doubt that neonatal hypertrypsinaemia is associated with an elevated frequency of carriers, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure.

AIM To determine whether pancreatitis associated protein (PAP) is a marker for cystic fibrosis which could be used in neonatal screening for the disease. METHODS PAP was assayed on screening cards from 202 807 neonates. Babies with PAP ⩾ 15 ng/ml, or ⩾ 11.5 ng/ml and immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) ⩾ 700 ng/ml were recalled for clinical examination, sweat testing, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene analysis. RESULTS Median PAP value was 2.8 ng/ml. Forty four cases of cystic fibrosis were recorded. Recalled neonates (n=398) included only 11 carriers. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that PAP above 8.0 ng/ml would select 0.76% of babies, including all those with cystic fibrosis, except for one with meconium ileus and two with mild CFTR mutations. Screening 27 146 babies with both PAP and IRT showed that only 0.12% had PAP > 8.0 ng/ml and IRT > 700 ng/ml, including all cases of cystic fibrosis. CONCLUSION PAP is increased in most neonates with cystic fibrosis and could be used for CF screening. Its combination with IRT looks promising. Key messages CF neonatal screening with PAP is technically feasible in the same environment as other neonatal screenings (PKU, hypothyroidism) CF neonatal screening with PAP alone performs similarly to screening with IRT alone, with less carrier detection Combining PAP with IRT for CF neonatal screening could be as efficient as the IRT/DNA strategy, but would be cheaper and incur limited carrier detection If a legal requirement for informed consent before DNA testing has expired, the PAP/IRT strategy would be an alternative to the IRT/DNA strategy

Summary Background Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis has been a subject of debate over the past few years. This study assesses 10 years of neonatal screening in Brittany, France, and examines its impact on prenatal screening of subsequent pregnancies in couples with an affected child. Methods The study included all the neonates screened for cystic fibrosis in Brittany from Jan 1, 1989, to Dec 31, 1998. The screening consisted of an immunoreactive trypsinogen assay from dried blood spots, plus, from 1993, mutation analysis. Data were collected on incidence of cystic fibrosis, and genotypic and biochemical characteristics. The use of prenatal screening of subsequent pregnancies in affected families was also investigated. Findings Of the 343 756 neonates screened, 118 children with cystic fibrosis were identified, giving an incidence of one in 2913. All mutated alleles were characterised: 34 different mutations resulting in 36 genotypes were detected. The introduction of DNA analysis into the protocol greatly reduced the recall rate and increased the sensitivity of the test. The mean cost of the screening programme was US$2·32 per screened child. 39 (34%) of the families identified by neonatal screening opted for subsequent prenatal diagnosis at least once. 12 couples would have benefited from this procedure while their first child was still symptom-free. 42 healthy children were born, and 18 pregnancies were terminated (therapeutic abortion rate of 100%). Interpretation We have shown the feasibility of neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis in Brittany. Through the detection of a large range of mutations, neonatal screening provides the opportunity for more reliable prenatal diagnosis and cascade screening. The neonatal screening programme described here could provide a good model for other countries intending to initiate such a scheme.

Electrophoresis on 10 % acrylamide-SDS gels showed that incubation of rat liver plasma membranes with certain detergents induces a proteolysis. The results obtained using different detergents, temperatures and pH levels, as well as the action of some protease inhibitors are in favor of an enzymatically-induced proteolysis. Since the proteolytic activity remains unchanged, even after the peripheral proteins have been released, it is proposed that this activity may reflect one of the integral proteins functions.

A woman treated for 15 days with bovine insulin for gestational diabetes presented with severe urticaria of the chest and back, distant from the injection site. She had neither local reaction nor general manifestations. Replacement of bovine NPH insulin by biosynthetic human NPH was followed by regression of urticaria. We isolated the circulating immune complex (CIC), mainly of IgG class, from the patient's serum. It disappeared when bovine insulin administration had been ceased for 48 h. There were no specific IgE-insulin-antibodies. The IgG-CIC were dissociated. Insulin was identified by RIA in the CIC. Insulin characterization was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which showed that the insulin in the complexes was injected bovine insulin.