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In an era marked by a growing emphasis on sustainability and innovation, the quest for eco‐friendly solutions to energy conversion devices capable of harnessing visible light has gained paramount importance. In response to this critical demand, we demonstrate visible light‐responsive photoswitching from molybdenum trioxide nanobelt arrays in the photoconductive device fabricated using solution‐processing technique. We exploit the visible light‐driven modulation of conductivity in the reversibly switchable photochromic state of MoO3 to develop a photochromism‐assisted photoconductive photodetector with fast response (<0.1 s), significant photocurrent on/off ratio and excellent responsivity (41 AW−1 at 459 nm) under the applied bias of 5 V. The light harvesting strategy presented herein holds the potential for efficient energy generation by harnessing visible light, even under low‐light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of high‐performance electrode material without compromising energy and power density is critical for the advancement in hybrid electric vehicle technology. In this perspective, we have fabricated a MnO2 loaded activated charcoal‐based electrode on graphite paper as an endeavour to improve the energy storage capabilities. The electrode material is synthesized by employing a sustainable route and the structural, microstructural, and textural properties have been investigated. The electrochemical performance for energy storage is evaluated and the fabricated electrode on graphite paper exhibits remarkably high‐power density (811 W kg−1) maintaining high energy density (106 Wh kg−1) at the same time, along with high gravimetric specific capacitance value of 768 F g−1 at 2 mA cm−2. The obtained results demonstrate the excellent performance of the electrode material, suggesting MnO2 loaded activated charcoal as a prospective electrode material to meet the demand of hybrid electric vehicles as well as to contribute to our transitioning towards low‐to‐zero carbon emission technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose silver oxide as a cost‐effective and sustainable alternative to noble metals for the catalytic reduction of nitroaromatics. In the present investigation, we adopt a facile and green synthetic route for the synthesis of silver oxide nanostructures. The prepared nanostructures were found to crystallize in the cuprite phase and exhibit absorbance across the entire visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The catalytic potential of the silver oxide was evaluated by following the kinetics of nitrophenol reduction under ambient conditions and is observed to follow pseudo‐first order kinetics with the apparent rate constant kapp=4.24×10-3 ${{k}_{app}=4.24\ \times {10}^{-3}}$ s−1 at minimum concentration of the catalyst. We attribute the observed catalytic activity to the freshly generated catalytic surface featuring a partially reduced form of silver oxide during reaction. The findings highlight the efficacy of silver oxide in mitigating the environmental pollution originating from the recalcitrant nitroarenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report the existence of room temperature ferromagnetic ordering in pristine cuprous oxide nanocrystals mediated by native point defects present in the material. To demonstrate defect‐induced magnetism, cuprous oxide nanocrystals were synthesized in a simple and sustainable route employing hydroxylamine as the reducing agent. The crystalline phase of the as‐synthesized nanocrystals was investigated and was found to have crystallized in cuprite crystal structure. The optical absorption characteristics exhibits absorption features in the visible region between 400 and 600 nm signifying the presence of optically active defects. The morphology of the sample was examined, which reveals the shape to be corner‐truncated rhombic dodecahedral and the size to be in the range of 200–250 nm. The field‐dependent magnetization measurement at room temperature indicates the presence of collective ferromagnetism with hysteresis behavior (Ms = 210 memu g−1, Mr = 43 memu g−1, Hc = 16.37 mT) due to exchange interaction between the uncompensated spin moments present on the surface of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and development of multifunctional nanomaterials holds the key to unlocking new possibilities in water treatment technologies due to the exceptional properties that emerge at the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate the photocatalytic efficiency of silver orthophosphate in the UV region choosing Rhodamine B as the pollutant model. To begin with, a simple and scalable route was employed for the synthesis of silver orthophosphate nanoparticles. The cubic phase of the crystallized synthesized nanoparticles is revealed from powder X‐ray diffraction patterns and the optical absorbance exhibited onset of absorption at 522 nm in UV–visible spectrum. The microstructural analysis performed using scanning electron microscopy revealed the size of the particles to be in the range of 200–500 nm. The catalytic efficiency of the silver orthophosphate nanoparticles was assessed by following the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation and is observed to follow pseudo‐first order kinetics with the apparent rate constant kapp=3.69×10-2 ${{k}_{{\rm a}{\rm p}{\rm p}}=3.69\ \times {10}^{-2}}$ min−1. The findings underline the efficiency of silver orthophosphate nanoparticles as a sustainable catalyst in UV region for the photoremediation of water contaminated with organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare cancer of plasma cells characterized by the excessive production of immunoglobulin M (IgM). IgM-associated systemic amyloid light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia, characterized by the misfolding of lambda light chains that deposit in various organs, including the heart. We describe a case of progressive nonischemic cardiomyopathy secondary to Waldenström macroglobulinemia and IgM-associated AL amyloidosis that was refractory to medical therapy and highlight the challenges in diagnosis and management. Case Report: A 64-year-old male with hypertension presented with symptoms of heart failure. Diagnostic workup revealed evidence of Waldenström macroglobulinemia and IgM-associated systemic AL amyloidosis affecting the heart. Further investigations confirmed the presence of Waldenström macroglobulinemia with lambda-restricted lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in the bone marrow. Renal biopsy revealed amyloid nephropathy, and endomyocardial biopsy showed extensive deposits of fibrillary material consistent with cardiac amyloidosis. Because of the patient's advanced disease state and frailty, the decision was made to focus on comfort care with hospice. Conclusion: Waldenström macroglobulinemia-induced cardiac AL amyloidosis is a challenging clinical scenario characterized by the coexistence of 2 distinct hematologic disorders impacting cardiac function. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive evaluation, and management necessitates a multidisciplinary approach targeting both Waldenström macroglobulinemia and cardiac amyloidosis. Further research and collaboration are needed to improve diagnostic techniques, refine treatment approaches, and enhance patient outcomes for this rare and complex condition., (©2024 by the author(s); Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).)

Racial disparities in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) outcomes have been reported. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these disparities remain unclear. We integrated imaging mass cytometry and spatial transcriptomics, to characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) of African American (AA) and European American (EA) patients with TNBC. The TME in AA patients was characterized by interactions between endothelial cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal-like cells, which were associated with poor patient survival. In contrast, the EA TNBC-associated niche is enriched in T-cells and neutrophils suggestive of an exhaustion and suppression of otherwise active T cell responses. Ligand-receptor and pathway analyses of race-associated niches found AA TNBC to be immune cold and hence immunotherapy resistant tumors, and EA TNBC as inflamed tumors that evolved a distinctive immunosuppressive mechanism. Our study revealed the presence of racially distinct tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive microenvironments in AA and EA patients with TNBC, which may explain the poor clinical outcomes.

Calcite-biochar composites are attractive materials with outstanding adsorption capabilities for removing various recalcitrant contaminants in wastewater treatment, however, the complexity of their synthesis limits their practical applications. In this work, we have prepared calcite-rich biochar (Ca-BC) from a single precursor (Tamarindus indica bark), which simplifies the synthetic route for preparing calcite-biochar composite. The as-synthesized composite is utilized to make a heterogeneous catalytic system containing the supported silver nanoparticles (Ag@Ca-BC) formed by the reduction of Ag + ions on the surface of the composite. The formation of Ag@Ca-BC is confirmed by various characterization techniques such as PXRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis, cyclic voltammetry, impedance measurement, SEM, and TEM analyses. Especially, the TEM analysis confirms the presence of Ag nanoparticles with size ranging between 20 and 50 nm on the surface of Ca-BC composite. The nano-catalyst Ag@Ca-BC efficiently promotes the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using NaBH 4 as the reductant in water within 24 minutes at room temperature, suggesting that Ag@Ca-BC can be an efficient catalyst to remove nitroaromatics from the industrial effluents. The straightforward synthesis of Ca-BC from a single precursor along with its utility as a catalytic support presents a compelling proposition for application in the field of materials synthesis, catalysis, and green chemistry., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

DNA adducts and strand breaks are induced by various exogenous and endogenous agents. Accumulation of DNA damage is implicated in many disease processes, including cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration. The continuous acquisition of DNA damage from exogenous and endogenous stressors coupled with defects in DNA repair pathways contribute to the accumulation of DNA damage within the genome and genomic instability. While mutational burden offers some insight into the level of DNA damage a cell may have experienced and subsequently repaired, it does not quantify DNA adducts and strand breaks. Mutational burden also infers the identity of the DNA damage. With advances in DNA adduct detection and quantification methods, there is an opportunity to identify DNA adducts driving mutagenesis and correlate with a known exposome. However, most DNA adduct detection methods require isolation or separation of the DNA and its adducts from the context of the nuclei. Mass spectrometry, comet assays, and other techniques precisely quantify lesion types but lose the nuclear context and even tissue context of the DNA damage. The growth in spatial analysis technologies offers a novel opportunity to leverage DNA damage detection with nuclear and tissue context. However, we lack a wealth of techniques capable of detecting DNA damage in situ. Here, we review the limited existing in situ DNA damage detection methods and examine their potential to offer spatial analysis of DNA adducts in tumors or other tissues. We also offer a perspective on the need for spatial analysis of DNA damage in situ and highlight Repair Assisted Damage Detection (RADD) as an in situ DNA adduct technique with the potential to integrate with spatial analysis and the challenges to be addressed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Specific learning disability (SLD) is a cognitive neurobiological disorder caused by atypical brain functioning. SLD is recognized when the individual's achievement in school is below that expected for age, schooling, and level of intelligence. Screening millions of students with SLD by health personnel is a logistical impossibility. Awareness and knowledge about learning disorders among schoolteachers may play a major role in the early identification and management of children with these disorders. Therefore, the assessment of teachers' knowledge and perceptions about learning disabilities (LDs) is relevant., Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among teachers in government/government-aided and private schools in Vellore, India. The participants were selected by a simple random sampling method. There was a total of 80 teachers included in the study. Data capture was done using a questionnaire. A Chi-square test was done to test the association and the odds ratio test helped determine the strength of the association. A P- value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant., Results: The majority of the teachers (70%) had adequate general knowledge regarding LDs. When analyzed separately, 82.5% of government/aided teachers and only 57.5% of teachers were having adequate general knowledge regarding LDs. There was a significant association between the type of school and general knowledge regarding LDs. Government/aided teachers had better general knowledge regarding LDs and dyslexia than private teachers., Conclusions: Among 80 teachers, 70% (56) of them had adequate general knowledge regarding LDs. When analyzed separately, 82.5% (33) of government/aided teachers and only 57.5% (23) teachers were having adequate general knowledge regarding LDs. The government/aided schoolteachers had significantly higher levels of knowledge in most domains of the general knowledge section as compared to private schoolteachers. If teachers are having adequate knowledge regarding LDs, it will significantly increase the chances of children with LDs getting detected early and undergoing the treatment they require. Teacher education programs and workshops are needed to be conducted at regular intervals to improve the knowledge regarding SLDs among teachers., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Benign müllerian inclusions are frequently encountered within infra-diaphragmatic locations such as pelvic lymph nodes, bladder, cervix and vagina. Supra-diaphragmatic müllerian inclusions, especially endocervicosis, are exceedingly rare. We report a case of endocervicosis within an intramammary lymph node in a 49-year-old woman. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second reported case.

Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with the incidence ranging from 0.5% to 80%, due to diverse pathologies including acute tubular injury, collapsing glomerulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). While macrovascular thrombosis is common in these individuals, the frequent finding of extensive microvascular thromboses in several series and case reports raises the possibility of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) being a contributing factor in the thrombotic and multiorgan complications of the disease. TMA has been described as either the primary finding or in concert with other pathologic findings in COVID-19 patients and carries a poor prognosis, with all patients requiring dialysis. We present a case of TMA with retinal injury and bowel perforation in addition to pulmonary and renal manifestations., (Copyright © 2021 Baylor University Medical Center.)

Background: As per the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Report 2017, among the 9.6 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) that occur annually in the world, 2.8 million are found in India. TB is the biggest killer in the 15 to 49 years age group-an age range during which people are the most productive. It is a disease that creates and thrives in poverty. Several studies have shown that TB has a negative impact on the socioeconomic status of patients. Limited data are available on the long-term impact of this disease on the families of patients., Aims: This study aimed to analyze the impact of TB on the socioeconomic condition and educational status of the family members of patients and the nutritional status of children younger than 12 years in the family of the patient., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India in the month of March 2017. The exposed group consisted of families with a member who completed treatment for TB in the past 5 years obtained from two tuberculosis units under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. The unexposed group was composed of families in the same neighborhood as the exposed families, matched for the age of one child., Results: Upon analysis, the multifaceted impact of TB led to an increased risk of "financial crises," delayed and disrupted education among children, and wasting among children younger than 5 years (as measured by weight-for-height Z scores). Older children and adults were also at a higher risk of being undernourished as assessed by BMI-for-age Z scores and BMI, respectively. Reduced social participation as a marker of stigma was found to be higher but not statistically significant., Conclusions: This study found that despite the obvious multifaceted impact of TB on the family, the screening and protective measures often fail to encompass the scope of the disease. These are of great importance to the primary physician, often the only contact of the medical fraternity with the family members of patients., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Membranous nephropathy is a glomerular disease characterized by diffuse subepithelial immune complex deposition along the glomerular basement membrane. It can be both primary and secondary to malignancy and various drugs. An emerging area of concern is heavy metal exposure from use of largely unregulated natural health products. Here we present a case of biopsy-proven membranous nephropathy due to natural health products contaminated with mercury., (Copyright © 2020 Baylor University Medical Center.)

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040 . 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2019.)

Cancer-induced immune responses affect tumour progression and therapeutic response. In multiple murine models and clinical datasets, we identified large variations of neutrophils and macrophages that define 'immune subtypes' of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), including neutrophil-enriched (NES) and macrophage-enriched subtypes (MES). Different tumour-intrinsic pathways and mutual regulation between macrophages (or monocytes) and neutrophils contribute to the development of a dichotomous myeloid compartment. MES contains predominantly macrophages that are CCR2-dependent and exhibit variable responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). NES exhibits systemic and local accumulation of immunosuppressive neutrophils (or granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells), is resistant to ICB, and contains a minority of macrophages that seem to be unaffected by CCR2 knockout. A MES-to-NES conversion mediated acquired ICB resistance of initially sensitive MES models. Our results demonstrate diverse myeloid cell frequencies, functionality and potential roles in immunotherapies, and highlight the need to better understand the inter-patient heterogeneity of the myeloid compartment.

Acute fibrinous organising pneumonia is distinct from the classic diffuse alveolar damage, organising pneumonia and eosinophilic pneumonia. A 52-year-old woman presented with fever, productive cough, night sweats and left-sided pleuritic chest pain for a week. Physical examination was significant only for decreased breath sounds in the left infraclavicular area laterally. Imaging studies revealed a peripheral thick-walled left upper lobe cavitary lesion, left lower lobe consolidation and an enlarged subcarinal lymph node. She was treated with doxycycline for 10 days without improvement. Pertinent laboratory tests, microbiologic workup and fibre-optic bronchoscopy were non-diagnostic and a CT-guided left upper lobe lung biopsy revealed acute fibrinous organising pneumonia. She was treated with azithromycin with complete resolution of symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of acute fibrinous organising pneumonia presenting as a cavitary lung lesion and the first with treatment response to azithromycin., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and CMV disease are significant contributors to increased morbidity, mortality, and cost for immunocompromised solid organ transplant recipients. Although the most significant risk for CMV transmission is the CMV serological status of the transplant donor and recipient, exposure to blood products is another potential risk factor. Before the era of leukocyte reduction, CMV seronegative products were issued to reduce the risk of CMV transmission, thus rendering the products CMV safe. This approach requires maintenance of two inventories of blood products and continuous donor testing. Leukocyte-reduced cellular transfusion products are also considered CMV safe and are essentially universally available. To minimize the risk of CMV infection in transplant recipients, strategies include use of seronegative blood products or prestorage leukocyte reduction. However, no recent randomized prospective controlled trial directly compares the two CMV safety approaches for transplant recipients. Hence, current policy relies on historic trials and more recent observational studies. As a consequence, though generally considered equivalent approaches, preferred practice varies between centers. This review provides guidance to inform an acceptable practice approach.

Dabigatran, a new oral anticoagulant, is a direct thrombin inhibitor used as an alternative to warfarin to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We report a case of a man who resumed dabigatran after 6 weeks of prior therapy and began experiencing hematuria with worsening kidney function. Renal biopsy with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed mesangial deposits consistent with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. With discontinuation of dabigatran and addition of methylprednisolone, the gross hematuria cleared and urine output improved.