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Polymers are high molecular weight compounds consisting of monomers which are repeating small units’ offers as a backbone to the macromolecular structure. Natural polymers can be rendered water-soluble by chemical modification have been the subject of extensive technical reviews and original research reports, over the past fifty years. Early interests of natural polymers were associated with the food, paper, leather and textile industries and to a lesser extent, the cosmetics and Pharmaceutical industries. These natural polymers have advantages over synthetic polymers, since these are chemically inert, nontoxic, less expensive, biodegradable and widely available. Natural polymer can also be modified in different ways to obtain tailor made materials for drug-delivery systems and thus can compete with the available synthetic polymer. Moreover, the large number of pharma industry showed their interest towards these naturally derived polymers to discover, extract and purify such compounds from the natural origin. Modified polymers are the potent candidates to be used in various pharmaceutical dosages as a potential candidate for novel drug delivery system (NDDS). Therefore in this review, potential application of modified and non-modified natural polymers in various drug delivery systems has been described.

Background: Many variants detected after Wuhan-Hu-1 reference which were able to develop the resistance against the neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccine and may cause false negative results in diagnostic test. Novel variant B1.617 was detected in India and the Covid-19 cases hiked to its maximum; forcing the government towards approving a new vaccine for restricted use in emergency situation to cover a maximum population. Aims: This review looks at the efficacy, safety, and economical aspects of vaccines that have been authorized in India. Materials and methods: Wide-ranging assessment and analysis of accessible resources on online database. Results: The rAd26-s & rAd5-s demonstrate high efficacy as well as safety, followed by BBV152 and AZD1222. Various combinations of the vaccines with different platforms or vectors may induce wide range of immunity than a specific one. As per economical aspect, AZD1222 is more economical than the other two currently approved in India. Conclusion: There is a lack of clear end point to measure efficacy of the vaccine so the epidemiological studies with huge number of populations is required which may predict the perfect endpoint for efficacy measurement. Until then, inoculation with locally accessible vaccines and self-awareness about disease transmission prevention are the main options for reducing fatalities, protecting the health-care system, and eventually disease control.

For many years, the Government of India has worked hard to offer health services to people all around the country, and it remains dedicated to doing so. It has formed numerous programmes to achieve the goal of “Health for All.” As a result, in 2005, The Hon’ble Prime Minister formed the The National Rural Health Mission will provide the countries’ network with well-being administrations. The National Rural Health Mission, which went into effect in April 2005, is considered the backbone of the rural sector. They have been instilled with the belief that, as a result of their efforts, something special has appeared to assist the country dwellers in re-establishing their well-being. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) aims to provide rural populations, especially disadvantaged groups, with comprehensive, low-cost, and high-quality health care. Material & Method: We reviewed all of the articles published on PubMed, Scopus, BMJ, Google scholar, Nature, Web of science that were focusing on, National rural health mission services, to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Conclusion: This study compiles a list of all social need interventions that have been described in the literature to date. National health systems around the world are reforming to meet health goals, with a focus on cost containment, universal coverage, equity in access and quality, and resource efficiency and effectiveness. The primary purpose of the mission is to establish a fully operational, community-owned, decentralised health-care delivery system with cross-sectoral integration at all levels, enabling for simultaneous action on a wide variety of health determinants such as poverty and social equity.

Pharmaceuticals are beneficial to humankind and emerged as crucial arms to treat/manage multiple disease pathogenesis in the present era. In analogous, these medicines/ medical devices should be used cautiously as they possess a potential threat to induce multiple undesired effects that may be related to human health or the environment. Daunting effects may arise due to the improper disposal of unused/expired medicines. Hence, to minimize such harm, there should be adequate knowledge and practice among the population regarding the safe disposal of unused/expired medicines or related pharmaceutical devices. The lack of approved information regarding safe disposal of such substances may invite serious concerns like environmental pollution, which may induce immediate health hazards to the present population and upcoming future generations. There are numerous ways to dispose of, or manage the unused and expired pharmaceutical substances. Sharing the medicines among siblings, friends, and family members are never free from serious health risks. Storing the unused and expired medicines in the home increases the risk of intentional or accidental ingestion of such substances and may create a health emergency. Disposing medicines like household and municipal waste may lead to environmental pollution and harm to humans and animals. The present review finds the multiple unsafe ways of disposal of unutilized medications/tools. Furthermore, it also summarizes the disposal pattern of unutilized medications among the few developed and undeveloped nations.

Branchial cleft anomalies are rare diseases of head and neck region. Second branchial cleft anomalies represent more than 95% of all branchial cleft anomalies. Second branchial cleft cyst is a benign developmental cyst due to the incomplete obliteration of pharyngeal cleft. A 46-year-old female patient reported to hospital with a complaint of swelling over the left side of the neck since 4 to 5 months. On clinical examination, swelling was seen below and behind the angle of mandible on the left side. The patient was evaluated using ultrasound and contrast enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) of neck which revealed second left bronchial cleft cyst/enlarged cystic lymph-node. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the swelling showed features of cystic lesion. Type-I branchial cleft cyst is a rare condition with a significant risk of misdiagnosis. To avert misdiagnosis and surgical complications, thorough investigation must be performed prior to surgical intervention.